英汉对比-练习题

Chapter 1 Ⅰ. Answer Questions

Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary. 1. What are synthetic languages(综合语)? How are they characterized? 2. What are analytical languages（分析语）? How are they characterized? 3. How man formal changes are possible to English words? Is there any formal change（形态变化） in Chinese language?

4. Why English language is more flexible is word order（语序）? Why is it not so in Chinese?

5. What is the usual word order in English sentences? Which are the nine types of inversion in English sentences?

6. What are the E—C differences in formal words（形式词）? 7. How many kinds of formal words （形式词）are there in English language? 8. How is English phonological system(语音系统) formed? How is Chinese one?

9. Does Chinese phonological and characteristic system have any advantage in literary forms?

10. Why Chinese is called Tone Language（声调语言）? Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook. 11. 综合语的特征是 ，

分析语的特征是 。 12. 英语有 变化，词序比汉语 ，但相对 。 13. 英语属于 语言。

14. 、 和 是表达语法意义的

三大手段。

15. 形态变化就是词的 变化，包括 形态和 形

态。

16. 现代英语的变化主要包括 、 、 、 、 、 、 、 等变化。 17. 汉语的数量助词有 ，动态助词有 、 和 等。 18. 汉语结构助词 、 、 类似于应用英语形态变化，但

缺乏普遍性。

19. 英汉语在主谓宾的排列上都是 顺序。

20. 汉语的定语一般放在名词的 ，英语的定语一般放在名词

的 。

21. 汉语没有形态变化，少用或不用 词，没有 从句，名词

之前定语的长度 。

22. 汉语的实践顺序和逻辑顺序是按照 、 、 的

顺序。

23. 英语的虚词包括 、 、 、 、 。 24. 汉语的虚词包括 、 和 。

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25. 英语的语音系统由 、 、 和 组

成。

26. 汉语的语音系统由 、 和 组成 Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages

Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to the use of omission strategy. Try to make your translation brief. 27. 中国人也好，外国人也好，死人也好，活人也好，对的就是对的，不

对的就是不对的。（what is right is right, what is wrong is wrong, no matter he is a Chinese or foreigner, dead or alive）.

28. 她有野心，她姐姐野心更大，想成为一个大明星。

29. 在当今中国，人人都在练功夫，功夫课也成为中国中部地区一些中学

的必修课。

30. 上学的，上学了；下海的，下海了。(some went to college, and the

other got into business)

31. 这是一部美国的热门影片。 32. 周恩来举止优雅，待人体贴。

33. 如蒙早日寄来样品和报价，我方将不胜感激。 34. 我们大家都看出他能说会道。

35. 这笔资金注入，将给这个城市带来活力。 36. 骄傲使人落后。

37. 一把大火把整个村子烧成了白地。 38. 我们必须阻止陌生人靠近。 39. 我觉得自己就要死了样的。

40. 他觉得全身上下的肌肉都在颤动。 41. 这种结果真让我郁闷。

42. 该型汽车速度快，效率高，行动灵活。

43. 新疆产地毯图案新颖，色调雅致，备受青睐。

44. According to John, my cousin, London was most beautiful then. 45. In three hours we reached Washington monument, our destination 46. Chinese understandably spoke with proud of their achievements

in the last decade.

47. I asked him to teach me French.

48. I invited him for a dinner at my home.

49. The earthquake reduced all the houses into pieces.

Chapter 2

Ⅰ. Answer Questions

Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary. 1. Why English is called compact（聚集） language while Chinese diffuse（流散） one?

2. What is the basic structure in English sentence?

3. How many basic sentence types are there in English language?

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4. In which way English sentences can be enlarged?

5. In which means can the compactness of English sentence be guaranteed? 6. Which is the characteristic of Chinese predicates? 7. What are the regular types of Chinese sentence?

8. Why there are many illogical expressions in Chinese? Give some examples. 9. How is Chinese sentence variation embodied?

10. How do you understand the quotation in the end of the paragraph?

Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook. 11. 英语的主谓结构由 和 组成。 12. 英语的主谓结构。可以归结为五种基本句型，

即 、 、 、 和 。 13. 英语基本句型的变式有 、 和 。 14. 英语基本句型的扩展可以通过 和 进行。 15. 英语句子不流散的原则是一致原则，包括 一致、 一

致和 一致。 Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages

Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay

attention to the choice of subject in your translation. Try to make your translation brief.

16. The unexpected return of his wife gave him a big surprise. 17. I am glad that you close the door when you leave. 18. He who pollutes pays

19. The town was visited by a storm.

20. Punishment should be given to the violators of laws. 21. 这种自行车价廉物美，在中东很畅销。

22. 中国地大物博人口众多，中国人过去也常常以此自豪。 23. 教高年级的翻译课，我不是很有经验。 24. 婚姻的事，年轻人自己做主了。 25. 女儿的心事，做娘的清楚得很。 26. 这件事我还被蒙在鼓里呢。 27. 钱，我来想办法。

28. 改革的目的是为了发展生产力。 29. 她很喜欢中国画。

30. 他点点头，意思是他听见了，但没表示同意或不同意。 31. 我们深信，我方的产品会受到欧洲市场的欢迎。 32. 我很荣幸今天有机会参加这个派对。

33. 一个外表和谈吐都很美国化的中年人，坐到了车里。 34. 吃苦在前，享受在后。

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Chapter 3

Ⅰ. Answer Questions

Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary. 1. What is the definition in Chinese of hypotaxis（形合）? 2. What is the definition in Chinese of parataxis（意合）?

3. What is relative? What is conjunction? What are their functions? 4. What are the functions of preposition?

5. What are the advantageous of hypotaxis in your opinion? 6. Why Chinese tend to use covert cohesion?

7. What are the regularities in Chinese language organization? 8. What means of parataxis are used in Chinese language?

9. How to turn English into Chinese in terms of their meaning and structure? 10. What are the characteristics in hypotactic structure?

Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook. 11. 汉语意合法采取的手段包括 、 、 和 。 12. 英译汉时，往往要先分析句子的 、 ，才能确定句子

的功能、意义。

13. 英语的形合手段包括 、 和 。

14. 关系词包括 、 、 和 。 15. 英语常常综合应用 、 、 和 ，把各种成分连接起来，构筑成长短句子，表达一定的语法关系。 Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages

Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay

attention to the choice of subject in your translation, lest incoherence subjects are used. Note that English sentences are often constructed with connections, and Chinese ones, without. Try to make your translation brief. 16. 他很有能力。

17. 这个问题至关重要。

18. 中国成功地加入了WTO，对世界的经济格局造成了深刻的影响。 19. 中国正在发生着日新月异的变化。 20. 克林顿总统的演说给人的印象深刻。

21. 柯灵，生于1909年，浙江绍兴人，中国现代作家。 22. 孟轲慢慢长大了。但是他非常贪玩，不爱学习。 23. 尽管如此，我们仍应小心从事。 24. 我在上海工作的时候认识她的。

25. 我谨代表你们所有的美国客人向你们表示感谢，感谢你们无与伦比的

盛情款待。

26. 他们兄弟二人自小就是孤儿。 27. 我国少数民族大约有五千万人。 28. 同一个世界，同一个梦想。

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29. 是人都会犯错误。

30. It is the goal to be realized in near future.

31. The device should meet/satisfy the condition required. 32. The guests present include some foreign visitors. 33. The teacher who is having class is a new comer.

34. Interestingly, the writer said that he had never been against romanticism. 35. The football match was put off because of rain.

36. In spite of the title, the article will really on how not to grow old.

Chapter 4

Ⅰ. Answer Questions

Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary. 1. Why English language is characterized in subordination（从属结构）? 2. What are the grammatical reasons for complex English? 3. What is tree-structure（树形结构）? 4. What is bamboo structure（竹形结构）?

5. what is“散句”、“松句”、“紧缩句”、“省略句”、“流水句”? 6. What is end open（尾开放）? What is front open（首开放）?

7. What make Chinese sentence simplex? In which way can Chinese clause be

called simplex?

8. How to break and rearrange English complex sentence to make a good E-C

translation?

9. How to build up the simplex Chinese sentence into a complicated English one? 10. How significant is rewriting in understanding complex English sentences? Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook. 11. 汉语句子的长度以 为宜。

12. 英语句子呈 封闭， 开放。 13. 汉语句子呈 开放， 收缩。

14. 根据英语和汉语在句子结构上的差异， 要破句重

组， 。

15. 英语句子一般可称为 结构，汉语句子 结

构。

16. 汉语造句一般采用 纪事法，常用分句或流水句来逐层叙

述思维的各个过程。 Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages

Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Try

to make your translation brief. Pay attention to the choice of antecedent in a subordinate structure.

17. 因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这种隔绝

状态，由于通讯工具不足，就变得更加严重了。

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18. 我们的第一个目标是解决温饱问题，这个目标已经实现了。 19. 一个人的生命究竟有多大意义，这又什么标准可以衡量吗？ 20. 钓鱼是一项陶冶情操的运动，有益于身心健康。 21. 那棵树花小，叶子大，很难看，我没买。

22. 他头发淡黄，面色苍白，无精打采，但仍略有风度。

23. The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the

inside.

24. A food safety program is a document which tells what steps you and your

business are you taking so as to make sure that all the food you sell are safe.

25. Somehow our path took us toward the park across the bridge high above

the rolling waters of the water.

26. The WIPO is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva.

Chapter 5

Ⅰ. Answer Questions

Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary. 1. How do you understand Leech’s remarks on page 76?

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of impersonal style? 3. Why Englishmen tend to use impersonal subject? 4. What terms can serve as impersonal subject?

5. What’s your opinion on the use of structure of impersonal subject and

animate predicate?

6. Why Chinese tend to use personal subjects and predicates? 7. What is the relationship between impersonality and formality?

8. What are the advantages of freedom in selection of subjects in translating? 9. How will the problem be solved in Chinese that an agent of action is

unknown or absent?

10. What relationships are there between passive voice and impersonal style? Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook. 11. 物称表达法的优点是 ， 缺点是 。 12. 人称表达法的优点是 ， 缺点是 。 13. 物称作主语的情况一般有三，即： 、 和 。 14. 常用“无灵主语”搭配“有灵动词”。

15. 物称主语常常与 语态搭配使用，这样造成客观正式的感觉。 16. 在汉英转换中，用 代替 常常是一种有效的手段。 Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages

Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay

attention to the choice of impersonal subject which makes a coherent and brief sentence. Try to make your translation brief. 17. 四川省有座峨眉山，山顶有个舍身塔。

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18. 门口站着两个卫兵，严峻冷漠。 19. 远处山谷里有一条河从山上流下来。 20. 台上坐着主席团。

21. 将来中国富强了，也永远不称霸。

22. 在单位，他教训手下，在家里，老婆教育他。 23. 我爱别人， 别人也爱我， 我想要是就是这些。 24. 为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？ 25. 众所周知，狗是永远成不了猫的。 26. 她打开窗户让新鲜空气进来。 27. 我不敢肯定伤员是否能抢救过来。 28. 很高兴收到来信。 29. 去把头发剪了。

30. 我们已经把计划做好了。 31. 可把我累坏了。

32. 他把那小女孩吓得哭了。. 33. 这天气把人热得睡都睡不好。 34. 有人。

35. 有七八个领奖的人。

36. 有机会就抓住，不能迟疑。

37. She paid another visit to the Summer Palace.

38. The news broadcasting made no mention of the riot.

39. She had high praise of Dr. Hopkins, though she had no idea of his theory. 40. He went away with the lights on. 41. Don’t forget have your shoes on.

Chapter 6

Ⅰ. Answer Questions

Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary. 1. Please retell Baker’s remarks on page 86.

2. What are the agentive reasons（施事原因） for use of passive structure? 3. In what syntactic consideration will a passive structure be required to use? 4. What rhetoric effects the use of passive structure is aimed to achieve? 5. In what text genres passive structure is regularly used?

6. How many types can texts be classified into in terms of functions? What

are they?

7. What are the disadvantages of passive structure?

8. Why the use of passive structure is limited in Chinese?

9. What means are there in Chinese language to avoid passive structure? 10. How would the problem be solved when agent is absent?

Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook.

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11. 英语中多采用被动结构的原因有 原因、 要求， 考

虑和 需要。

12. 被动结构常用于信息类文体，这类问题主要有 文体、 文

体、 文体和 文体。

13. 意义被动式是指用 结构表达 意义。

14. 汉语中避免使用被动结构的方法有： 、 、 和 。 Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages

Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay

attention to whether active or passive voice should be applied. Try to make your translation brief.

15. 埃德加斯诺因为同情红色中国而遭到迫害。 16. 他们受到热烈的欢迎。

17. 他的建议已经为政府所接受。 18. 几天时间这个国家就武装起来了。 19. 大火把整家旅馆给毁了。

20. 自然光实际是由许多颜色组成的。 21. 大坝使江河得到控制。 22. 最终达成了一项协议。

23. 你最好在月底之前把这台机器修好。 24. The bowl is broken.

25. The house was surrounded by trees.

26. We would be outdated by the developing world if we stop progressing. 27. My glasses were taken away.

28. The danger of global nuclear war has been greatly reduced.

29. Some people are toiled to death，some worried to death and some bored to

death.

30. The pilots were trained in Florida.

31. His body was found at the end of the road. 32. Voltage is not controlled with this switch.

33. A new oil field with storage of more than 1000 million tons was found in

Tangshan, Hebei Province.

34. No work can be done without energy.

35. The President was asked why he had ordered to attack Iraq on basis of false

intelligences.

36. He was shown around the park near the camp.

37. He was given a dinner in his honor during his trip to China.

38. It must be pointed out that we have fully carried out the duty on my part

stipulated in the contract.

39. Flint was used in pottery industry. 40. She was blamed for her sister’s fault. 41. The ship was destined for Shanghai. 42. I am afraid that I will be laughed at.

43. Rockets have been widely used in exploration of the universe.

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Chapter 7

Ⅰ. Answer Questions

Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary. 1. Please retell the English passage on page 106.

2. Why stative expressions occur more in English than in Chinese?

3. What is nominalization? What are its advantages in sentence arrangement? 4. What are the disadvantages of nominalization? Demonstrate them with

some examples.

5. How agentive nouns can be used for replacement of verbs?

6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of nouns in replacement of

adjectives in headline phrases?

7. How many ways are possible in descriptions of action, activity or changing

state?

8. Why dynamic expressions are more used in Chinese language?

9. How to succeed in translation between stative and dynamic expressions? 10. What characterizes Chinese repetition and parallel of verbs?

Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook. 11. 名词化是指用 来表达原来属于 表达的概念。 12. 英语常采用抽象表达法的原因有三，一是 ，

二是 ，三是因为本身有很多虚化手段。 13. 英语中一词多义的现象十分普遍，如power 一词可以表

示 、 、 和 等。

14. 句子过多使用抽象名词容易造成冗长、死板的印象，若用 ，则

可使句自显得轻松、活泼。

15. a hard worker 若用句子可表示为： 。 16. 常常造成介词在使用频率上的优势。

Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages

Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay

attention to the conversion of part of speeches between verb, noun, preposition, adjective and adver . Try to make your translation brief. 17. 他表示希望再到中国来。

18. 这表明他主要关心的是政治。

19. 他是个骗子,这种可能性总是存在的。 20. 我们不得不面对这样的事实：前景不妙。 21. 按我表哥约翰的说法，伦敦这个时候最漂亮。 22. I treated you as distinguished guests. 23. He mistook Mr. Wang for his uncle. 24. I am really angry.

25. Pass me this salt, please. 26. They are politely sad.

27. China denied up-floating its RMB exchange rate as expected.

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28. Yet, the fact that I was alive was ignored.

29. There was the possibility that a small electrical spark might by pass the

most careful made circuit.

Chapter 8

Ⅰ. Answer Questions

Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary. 1. How do you think about Young’s remarks on page 128?

2. Why abstract expressions are widely used in English language? 3. Is there any grammatical reason for the English expression trend? 4. What grammatical means are available to form abstract nouns?

5. What is polysemy(一词多义)? Give some examples of word with poleseme. 6. Why abstract expression is not prevailing in Chinese language?

7. How to concrete the abstract English expression in Chinese specific ones? 8. How to avoid abusive use of abstract words? 9. What advantages do abstract expressions have? 10. Name some examples of abstract formulation.

Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook. 11. 英语抽象的表达法主要体现在 。 12. 英语有大量的词义虚化手段，比如hood可以表

示 、 、 和 等。

13. 一般说来，英语词义内涵比较广泛，词的用法比较灵活， 和

的现象非常普遍。

14. 与英语相比，汉语用词倾向具体，常常以 的形式表达 的概念。

15. 在英汉转换中，汉语常用 、 、 等

手段来表达英语的抽象意义： Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages

Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay

attention to the use of certain functional words for signification of actions and the ascertainment of word meaning in terms of polysemy. Try to make your translation brief. 16. 我回家去吃中饭。 17. 我不是来赚钱的。

18. 观众热烈鼓掌要那位明星出来。

19. 第二天早晨，她腋下夹者几本书回来了。 20. 我们应当起来保卫自己的合法权力。

21. 周恩来笑了起来，说：“一点点”，一面说，一面用食指和拇指比画着。 22. 她抱住女儿的头痛哭。他拉过一把椅子放在客人的背后。暑假他坐火

车去西安参观。

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