自学考试复习题国际商务英语

作者：ZHANGJIAN

仅供个人学习，勿做商业用途

自学考试复习题国际商务英语

全真模拟演练（一）

I . Translate the following words and expressions: ( 20 % )

1.per capita income 人均收入

51eaae005bcfa1c7aa00b52acfc789eb162d9e75pound duties混合税

3.counter trade 对销贸易，反向贸易

4.gold standard金本位制

5. correspondent banlck往来行，关系行

6.tax holiday免税期

7.force majeure不可抗力8. economic integration经济一体化9.capital market资本市场10. securities有价证券

11.关税区Customs area 12.东道国host countries

13.借方debit 14.折扣discount

15.追溯到be traced back to 16.贸易惯例trading practices

17..光票信用证clean credit 18.免责条款escape clauses

19.初级产品primary commodities 20.货物原产地港口port of origin

全真模拟演练（二）

Translate the following words and expressions: ( 20 %)

1. legal entity法人实体

2.confirmed credit保兑信用证

3.counter offer还盘

4.gold tranche黄金份额

5.terms of trade贸易条件

6. tariff schedule税率表，税则

7.partial shipment分批装运8.hyperinflation极度通货膨胀

9.intellectual property知识产权10. long-term capital长期资本

11.（汇率）间接标价indirect quote 12.中间产品intermediate product

13.反倾销anti-dumping 14.共同市场common market

15.大路货staple goods 16.绝对利益absolute advantage

17.远期信用证usance credit 18.价格条件terms of sale

19.受票人drawee 20.结关

customs clearance

全真模拟演练（三）

I . Translate the following words and expressions: ( 20 % )

51eaae005bcfa1c7aa00b52acfc789eb162d9e75parative advantage比较利益

2. negotiable transport document可转让装运单据

51eaae005bcfa1c7aa00b52acfc789eb162d9e75 positions实际头寸

4. most-favoured-nation treatment最惠国待遇

5. income distribution收入分布

6.bill of exchange汇票

7.opening bank开证银行8.exchange rate汇率

9. balance of payment国际收支10. parent MNC跨国公司母公司

11.无形贸易invisible trade 12．商品交易会trade fairs．

13.非贸易结算non-trade settlement 14.唛头shipping marks

15.产品自然领域natural product provinces 16.风险转移risk transfer

17.配额限制quota restrictions 18.客户流动customer mobility

19.关税配额tariff quota 20.无差别待遇原则non-discrimination principle

全真模拟演练（四）

I . Translate the following words and expressions: ( 20 % )

1.Irrevocable credit不可撤销信用证

2.par value平价

3.trade policy贸易政策

4.grace period优惠期，宽限期

5.equity investment股权投资

6.market floor交易场地

7.shareholders股东8.national treatment国民待遇

9. preferential customs tariffs特惠税10. portfolio investment证券投资

11.关税壁垒tariff barriers 12.询盘enquiry

13.竞争性贬值competitive devaluation 14.提单bill of lading

15.通知行advising bank 16.签字signature

17.即时库存just-in-time inventory 18.代位追偿subrogation

19.基础设施infrastructure 20.规模经济economies of scale

全真模拟演练（五）

I . Translate the following words and expressions: ( 20 % )

1.ad valorem duties从价税

2. cen trally planned economies中央计划经济国家

3.tariff rates关税税率

4.dirty float肮脏浮动

5.joint verttne合资企业

6. listed market挂牌证券交易市场

7. Generalized System of Preferences普惠制8. transfer of technology技术转让

9.free trade area自由贸易区10. endowment of nature自然的赋予

11.缔约方contracting parties 12.付款交单documents against payment

13.保兑行confirming bank 14.起运港port of shipment

15.退税drawback 16.寄售consignment

17.欧洲支付联盟European Payment Union 18.财务状况financial standing

19.全球化globalization 20.保险单insurance policy

全真模拟演练（六）

I .Translate the following words and expressions ：(20 %)

1.policy objectives政策目标

2. document collection跟单托收

3. special drawing right特别提款权

4.gilt- edged stocks金边证券

5.roll on-roll off滚装滚卸的

6.expertise专门知识

7. credit worthiness资信可靠状况51eaae005bcfa1c7aa00b52acfc789eb162d9e75ance draft.远期汇票

9.clean draft光票10. certificate of origin产地证书

11.关税同盟customs. Union 12．关税减让the most-favored nation clause

13.最惠国条款the most-favored nation clause 14.从量税specific duties

15.货号article number 16.可撤销信用证revocahle credit

17.佣金commission 18.公共承运人common carrier

19.中间人middJeman 20.储备货币reserve currency

全真模拟演练（七)

I . Translate the following words and expressions: ( 20 % )

Documents against acceptance承兑交单 2.Business line业务范围

3.barter易货贸易

4.cost economies节约成本（成本节约）

5.clean float清洁浮动

6. investment returns投资回报

7.documentary draft跟单汇票8. standing committee常务委员会

9. institutional strength制度（行政）力量10. new international economic order国际经济新秩序

11.金融市场Financial market 12.贴现率discount rate

13．反补贴措施counter-veiling measures 14.进口关税import duties

15.循环贷款证revolving credit 16.空运收据airway bill

17.所得税income tax 18.差别待遇differential[ treatment 19.有形贸易visible trade 20.外汇储备foreign currency reserves

全真模拟演练（八）

Translate the following words and expressions:( 20%)

1.clearing system清算系统

2.counter purchase反向购买，互购

3.idle funds游资

4. the greenfield strategy绿地战略

5.practitioner开业者

6.national income国民收人

7. sovereign state主权国家8.sales contract销售合同

9.beneficiary受益人10. cash in advance预付现金

11．充分就业Full employment 12.非关税壁垒Non-tariff barrier

13.海关发票custoro invoice 14.制成品finished products

15.董事会board of directors 16.自然资源16. natural resources

17.装船通知17 shipping advice 18.面值face value

19.货物保险cargo insurance 20.可保利益insurable interest

考前深度密押(一)

I . Translate the following words and expressions: ( 20 % )

1.title to the goods货物所有权

2.entrepreneur企业家

3.direct quote直接标价

4.stock exchange证券交易所

5.creditor country债权国

6. multi-polarizatio多极化

7.Xerox Corporation施乐公司8.processing trade加工贸易

9.debtor债务人10. capital turnover资金周转

11.补偿贸易compensation trade 12.古迹places of historical interest

13.领事发票consular invoice 14.期权options

15.生活standards of living 16.合同正文contract proper

17.主要银行leading bank 18.可转让信用证transferable credit

19.保险公司underwriters 20.借款权borrowing power

考前深度密押（二）

I . Translate the following words and expressions: (20 % )

1.middle rate中间价

2. secondary capital market二级资本诈场

3. trade credit accounts贸易信贷往来账户

4. VAT( Value Added Tax)增值税

5. signatory签字人，签字国

6.economies of scale规模经济

7. trade terms贸易术语8.validity period有效期

9. firm offer实盘10. protectionism贸易保护主义

11.运输工具means of transport 12.自给自足self-sufficient

13.双部长会议Dual-Ministerial Meeting 14.农产品farnn produ

15.进口关税import duties 16.租赁贸易leasing trade

17.分阶段付款periodic payments18.货物收据cargo receipt

19.价格条款price terms20.即期信用证sight credit.

2014年4月全国高等教育自学考试试题

I.Translate the foIlowhe wortlb,nd exlrQsKD,8 from English into Chinese.(10%)

1.Economic glohalization经济全球化

2.political entity政治实体

3.free trade area自由贸易区

4.banknotes钞票

5.Legal obligationss，法律责任（P153）

6.BOT建设、经营、移交

7.tra demark商标8. staple goods大路货

9.council of ministers部长理事10. parent company母公司

11.货号article number 12.初级产品primary commodities 13.销售合同Sales contract 14.混合关税compound duties

15.货舱cargo compartment 16.汇款Remittance

17.红利bonus 18.仲裁arbitration

19.远期汇票usance draft ‘tenor draft/term draft 20.证券投资portfolio investment

2014年10月全国高等教育自学考试试题

L.Transl9C the following words and expressions from Enghsh into Chinese.(10%)

1.Foreign currency reserves外汇储备

2.customs clearance结关

3.foreign exchange shortage外汇短缺

4.documentary credit跟单信用证

5.utmost good faith最大诚信

6.Legal entity法人实体

7.hedge套期保值8.escape clause免责条款

9.European Commission欧盟委员套10.portfolio investment证券投资

11.基础设施infrastructure 12.专业化specialization

13.集装箱container 14.金融市场financial market

15 .商业风险commercial risk 16.贴现率discount rate

17.所得税income tax 18.反倾销anti-dumpins

19.产地证书certincate of origin 20.关税待遇tariff treatment

2015年4月全国高等教育自学考试试题

I.Tuu slate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese.(10%)

1.Primary commodities初级产品

2.Exchange rate fluctuationl汇率波动

3.Insurance policy保险单

4.Economic conflict经济摩擦

5.Voluntary export restriction自动出口限制

6.market floor交易场地

7. counter-vailing measures反补贴措施8.consum preference消费偏好

9.bulk goods大宗货物10. European Parliament欧洲议会

11.预付现金cash in advance 12.报价quotation offer

13.唛头shipping marks 14.储备货币resene currency

15 .并购Acquisition 16.长期资本Iong-term capital

17.关税区customs area 18.双边贸易DilUera. X84e

19.即期汇票sight draft 20.工业化industrialization

全真模拟演练（一）

The term Triad refers to the three richest regions of the world. The United States, the European Union and Japan that offer the most important business opportuities. Any international enter-prise must bear Triad in mind if they want to be successfuJ in the increasinglj competitive wurld market.

术语Triad是指世界上最富有的三大市场：美国，欧盟和日本。这些市场提供着最重要的商业机会。任何跨国企业要想在竞争日益激烈的世界市场上成功，都应当密切关注这三大市场。

In choosing a transportation mode for a particular product, shippers consider as many as six criteria: speed, frequency, dependability, capability, availability and cost. Thus if a shipper seeks speed, air and truck are the prime contenders. If the goal is low cost, then water and pipeline are the prime contenders. Shippers are increasingly combining two or more transporta- tion modes, thanks to containerization. Containerization consists of putting the goods in boxes or trailers that are easy to transfer between two transportation modes. Each coordinatect mode of transportation offers specific advantages to the shipper.

为了给某种产品选定一种运输方式，货主要考虑六个问题：速度、频率、可靠性、能力、便利性和成本。这样，若货主要求速度，空运和汽车运输是首要选择。如果目标是低成本，那么水运和管道运输最好。由于集装箱化的发展，货主越来越多地将两种或更多的运输方式结合在一起；集装比是指将货切装入便于在两种运输方式间互换的箱子里或拖车上。每种联运都为货主提供了某些便利。

52.经济联盟的成员不仅要在税收、政府开支、产业政策等方面保持一致，而且还要使用统一的货币。

The members d an economic union are required not only to harmonize their taxation,govemment expendi-

ture,industry policies,etc. ,but also use the same currency.

53.包装需按运输的要求进行，在大多数情况下，卖方明确地知道把货物安全地运到目的地所需要的特定包装类型。

Packing should be made according to the require-ment of transportation. In most cases, the seller knows clearly the particular type of packing required Ior transporting the goods safely to destination.

54.在国际贸易中已经出现了为解决不同情况下付款问题的各种各样的付款方式。

Various methods of payment na,e beer婁乙qcd to cope with different situations in international trade.

55.保险是一种风险转移机制。通过保险个人或企业可以将生活中一些不确定因素转移给其他人。

Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism,by which the inpidual or the business enterprise can shift sorme of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others.

56.事实上，较不发达国家的目标在于建立一种他们所说的“国际经济新秩序”。

In fact,the target at which the less-developed coun- ies are aiming is what they describe as “a new international economic order”.

全真模拟演练（二）

It should be noted, however, that the existence of a letter of credit is not a guarantee of payment to anyone. Its existence only aSSUres payment to the beneficiary if the terms and condi- tions of the letter of credit are fulfilled. In addition, a letter of crecHt does not insure that the aterials purchased will be those invoiced or shipped.

然而应该注意，有了信用证并不能保证对任何人付款，信用证只保证在其条款得到满足的情况下对受益人付款。另外，信用证不担保发票载明的货物或实际装运的货物就是所购货物。

Allowing foreign banks to enter the Chinese market will exert a positive influence on domes- tic banks, making Chinese banks more competitive, introducing new technology and information and providing additional funds. But in the short and not-so-long term future after foreign banks enter the Chinese market, these banks will be able ro use lower prices and efficient services, in- cludmg such services as tele-banking, to win over a large number of customers from domestic banks, especially prized customers. This will resulr in a cut in the amount of funds in the hands toughest challenge the government will face will be to eliminate bad debts, implemert cautious and standard risk management models, and tighten up bank adminis- tration so that domestic banks can adapt to international competition.

允许外国银行进入中国市场将对国内银行产生积极影响，使其更具竞争力，引进新技术、新信息，并提供更多资金。但是在短期和不太长的时期内，外国银行进入中国市场将能利用低廉的价格和高效的服务，包括远程银行服务，从国内银行拉走大量客户，尤其是受重视的客户。这将导致国内银行手中掌握的资金减少。政府面临的最严峻的挑战是消除坏账，执行谨慎、规范的风险管理模式，加强对银行的管理，以使国内银行能适应国际竞争。

52.国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及许多因素，因而比国内贸易复杂得多。

International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. N involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.

53.尽管母公司的日常管理工作下放到跨国企业的子公司，但重要决策，如有关公司目标和新投资等都由母公司束决定。

Although the day-to-day running of corporate opera- tions may be decentralized to the affiliate MNCs,the major decisions,such a3 those on corporate goals and new investments are made by the parent company.

54.对销贸易据称是发展中国家和中央计划经济国家广泛使用的一种特殊形式的交易。

Counter trade is a peculiw form of transaction allegedly popular in less-developed countries and in centrally planned economies.

55.根据商品性质及各国具体规定不同，可能需要各种证书。

Various certificates may be required depending on the nature of the commodity and the stipulations of the specific countries.

56.一旦发盘或还盘被接受，使认为是达成了交易。

Transaction is considered concluded onco oKer or a counter offer is accepted.

全真模拟演练（三）

Documentary collection is a means of payment ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.

The exporter sends the bill of exchange and the shipping documents to his bank, which for- wards them to a bank in the customer’s country. This bank, or the exporter’s agents in the country concerned, takes the documents to the cusomer. If it is a sight bill, the customer pays the amount directly. If it is a time bill, he signs the bill, which means he has “accepted”it for payment within a certain specified time. In return for either payment or acceptance of payment, the custner is handed the shipping documents which give title to the goods.

跟单托收是一种付款方法，当汇票所示金额付清后，或客户承兑汇票作为指定日期付款的契约时，货物才交给买方。

出口商把汇票和货运单据交给他的银行，该银行再将汇票和单据交给客户所在国的银行。该银行或出口商在有关国家的代理把单据交给客户。如果是即期汇票，客户便直接支付。如果是远期汇票，他在汇票上签字，意思是承兑该汇票，在指定的时间内付款。无论已付款或承兑付款，此时客户便可获取货运单据，借此拥有货物。

UNCTAD is the intergovernmental body within the UN system for comprehensive ‘review of trade, development and other related issues. UNCTAD is designed to promote trade and economic development of all countries, particularly the developing countries. Over the 40-plus years since its founding, UNCTAD has played an important role in fostering North-South dialogue and cooperation, promoting trade and economic development of the developing countries and assisting them in speeding up integration into the multilateral trading economy.

联合国贸易与发展会议是联合国系统内政府间的机构，它的设立是为了全面回顾、发展贸易并进行其他有关事项。贸发会议旨在促进所有国家，尤其是发展中国家经济和贸易的发展。它自成立40多年来，在促进南北对话和合作、促进发展中国家经济贸易发展、帮助这些国家加快步仿融人多边贸易经济体系上都起到了重要的作用。

52.高收入国家和地区是高档消费品的主要市场，在吸引外资和对外投资方面都处于有利地位。

High-income countries and regions offer prime mar-kets for expensive consumer goods and are both attractive sources and destinations of investment.

53.在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。

In the complex economic world,no country can be completely self-sufficient.

54.在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险，因为总存在对方不履约的可能。

In international trade,both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the

other party may fail to fulfill the contract.

55.信用证不能给缔约双方提供绝对的安全。

the letter of credit cannot provide absolute security for the contracting parties.

56.合同是在双方所达成的协议的基础上触定的，而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结果。

The contract is based on agreement, which is the result of business negotiations.

全真模拟演练（四）

5o.A contract is an agreement by which two parties mutually promise to buy or sell some products. In practice,some informal contracts may be reached orally. This is understandable ,but may lead to unfortunate consequences. A reasonable exporter should at least insist on strict observance of the legal requirements in case of orders that are not routine transactions. When the goods ordered represent a considerable value,a formal contract embodying all terms of the agree- ment should be prepared in duplicate;each copy should be signed by both parties,and each party should retain a copy of the contract.

一份合同是买卖双方共同保证买卖某些产品的协定。在商业行为中，有些非正式合同是口头达成的。这是可以理解的，但可能酿成严重后果。乚个明智的出口商至少应在遇到非同寻常的订货时坚持严格要求按法规履约。当订购货物金额较大时，应准备体现所有协议条款的合同一式两份，在每份合同上双方均需签字，然后每方保留一份。

51.There is a general misconception that market-seeking FDI in domestic sectors such as retail yields little development impact. The opposite is true. FDI in retail has been a key driver of pro- ductivity growth in Brazil, Poland, and Thailand, resulting in lower prices and higher consump- lion. Large-scale foreign retailers are also forcing wholesalers and food processors to improve.And they are now becoming important sources of exports: Tesco in Thailand and Wal-Mart in Brazil are increasingly turning to local products to feed their global supply chains. Retail also happens to be a pillar of the tourism industry.

一般有一种误解，认为寻找市场的外国直接投资进入零售业等国内行业对发展起不了多少推动作用。事实正好相反，巴西、波兰、泰国零售业中的外国直接投资是促进三国生产发展的主要因素，使价格下降，消费上升。大型外国零售商还促使批发商和食品加工商加快发展。现在，它们正成为重要的出口来源。

进入泰国的特斯科，进人巴西的沃尔玛正越来越多地把当地产品纳入他们的全球供应链。零售业还正好是旅游业的支柱。

52.技术、资本和现成的市场是跨国企业组织带给不发达国家的利益。

technology, capUal and ready markets are sort of benefits MNEs bring to less-developed host countries.

53.贸易可能产生于规模经济，即大规模生产的成本优势。

Trade may occur out of economies of sthat is,the cost advantages of large-scale production.

54.你不能为邻居的车投保，因为它如果损坏，你不会受到任何损失。

You cannot msure your neighbor’s car,for if it is naged you will not suffer any loss.

55．就出口商的利益而言，即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利。

So far as the exporter’s interest is concerned, D/P at sight is more favourable than D/P after sight.

56.比较利益学说在这个问题上提供了一个令人满意的答案。

The theory of comparative advantage has offered a satisfactory answer to this question.

全真模拟演练（五）

The transferable credit is designed to meet the requirements of international trade.It enables a middleman who is receiving payment from a buyer under a documentary credit to transfer his claim under that credit to his own supplier.In this way he can carry out traanmsssactions with’only a limited outlay of his own funds. A transferable credit may only be transferred once.lhe second beneficiary may not further transfer it unless there is an express provision to this effect in the original credit. This limit on transferability is intended to prevent abuse.

可转让信用证是为适合国际贸易的需要而设计的。它使在跟单信用证项下从买方收取货款的中间商能够把自己信用证项下的权利转让给他的供货商。这样，他就可以只凭开支有限的资金而进行交易。可转让信用证只可转让一次。除非原信用证有明确规定，第二受益人不可以再转让信用证。这种对转让作出的限制是为了防止滥用转让。

The IFC was established in 1 956. Its function is to assist the economic development of less- developed countries by promoting growth in the private sector of their econom,es and helping to mobilize domestic and foreign capital for this purpose. Membership in the IBRD is a prerequisite for membership in the IFC.

国际金融组织成立于1956年，其宗旨是通过促进私营企业的经济增长并为此目的帮助调动国内外资本，从而援助不发达国家的经济发展。参加国际金融组织的会员必须是国际复兴开发银行的会员。

52.APEC建立于在澳大利亚首都召开的一次部长级会议，当时有12个成员国出席。

APEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting heldd in the Australian capital attended by 12 members of countries.

53.贸易不是建立在两个国家生产能力的差异上，而是建立在不同的消费爱好上。

Ill be based not on differences in the pro-duction capabilities of the two countries but on dif-con’sumption preferences.

54.要么因为信用证金额太大，要么因为对开证行不完全信任，出口商有时可能需要保兑信用证。

Either because the credit amount is too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening bank,the exporter may sometimes require a confinrmroed letter of credit.

55.《国际贸易术语解释通则》的目的在于为外贸业务中使用最普遍的贸易术语提供一套国际解释通则。

The purpose of Incoterms is to provide a set of inter- national rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade.

56.合同依法实施，未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制作出赔偿。

A contract is enforceable by law,and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.

全真模拟演练（六）

A straight bill of lading is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill. This consignee is designated by the shipper. The carrier has to hand over the cargo to the named consignee, not to any third party in possession of the bill. This kind of bill of lading is not transferable. The shipper can’t pass the bill to a third party by endorsement. Because of the limited functions, this bill is in very restricted applicatiS. When goods are shipped on a non-commercial basis, such as samples or exhibits, or when the goods are extremely valuable, a straight bill of lading is generally issued.

记名提单是为了只让规定的收货人提取该提单项下的货物。收货人是由托运人指定的。承运人必须把货

物交给指定的收货人，而不能交给任何持有该提单的第三方。这种提单是不可转让的，托运人不能通过背书将其转给第三方。由于作用受到限制，这种提单使用很有限，一般是?运输样品、展品之类的非赢利目的的箩物，或特别贵重商品时使用记名提单。

The practical advantages exist due to the peculiar environment within which counter trade usually takes place. They quite likely disappear when the environment changes-as is happening now in many countries. Restructuring and the development of markets may therefore mean that the environment within which counter trade usually takes place is changing so as to reduce its frequency. Reduced ownership restrictions are likely to shift the organizational forms toward joint ventures and wholly-owned enterprises毛ich, possess production facilities. Improved knowledge, experience, and legal enforcement of con raractual obligations will likely mean increasing use of longer term and more sophisticated explicit transaction contracts.

实际好处的存在是因为对销贸易所产生的特殊环境。当这种环境改变时，这种好处?可能不复存在——就像目前许多国家的情况一样。经济结构调整和市场的发展也许意味着产生对销贸易的环境正在变化从而减少了对销贸易产生的频率。对所有权限制的减少有可能将组织形式朝着合资企业和拥有生产设施的独资企业方向改变。对合同责任认识的提高、经验的丰富和依法实施的改善将有可能意味着越来越多地使用更长期、更复杂详细的交易合同。

52.在当今世界，跨国企业是，种可以跨越边界转移资源的非常重要的途径。

In our world today,the multinational enterprises are very important vehicles for the transfer of resources are very important vehicles for the transfer of resources across national boundaries.

53.绝对利希理诊认确二釉商黑熄在首拓輯资源成本低的国家进行生产。

the theory of absolute advantage holds that a corn-modity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources.

54.还盘可以针对发盘中的价格、付款条件、装运时间或其他条款提出。

A counter-offer may be made in relation to the price, terms of payment, time of shipment or other terms and conditions of the offer.

55.清洁提单指货物在表面状况良好的情况下装船，这意味着提单上未加任何有关包装或货物外表不良的批注。

A clean bill of lading refers to one that indicates the good8 have been shipped in apparent good order and condition.It means that the document is devoid of any qualifying remarks concerning the packing and the outer appearance of the goods.

56.国际股票交易所提供了一种途径，使人们的存款能够为那些需要资金的人所利用。

The International Stock Exchange provides a a ca chcha-nel through which the savings can reach those who need Unance.

全真模拟演练(七)

Proposal forms are not custonuuy in cargo insurance,but many firmB do use a. transit appli- cation form which lists the information they require. Since the-fullest information reduces the pos- sibility of any breach of utmost good faith,it is better to supply full details than to restrict oneself to the bare ruinimurn. Every material circumstance must be disclosed and what is “material” will depend upon the facts of every consignment.

货物保险习惯上虽不使用建议书，但许多公司的礁使舟过渡性的申请书列出他们所需的信息。因为信息越详细就越有可能减少违反最大减信原则，因此最好是提供充分的信息而不要只局限于提供最低限度的情况。必须公开每个实质性的事项并根据每一批货物的情况来决定“实质性的”事项是什么。

Most multinational corporations are ma&! up of vast numbers of foreign subsidiaries,cornpa- nies in which over 50 percent is owned by the parent company. Like all corporations,MNCs are organized according to the goals they set for themselves. They strive to retain access to the neces- sary resources:raw material,rnanpower,and capital. Furthermore,they try to grow through global cooperation by increasing their access to world resources. This leads them to expand their foreign market position,in other words,to increase their market share. MNCs grew into strong entities by reinvesting their profits prudently so as to further increase access to resources. They had to hire more and more talented local people abroad,and they had to purchase raw materials in foreign countries.

多数跨国公司都是由很多国外子公司组成的，母公司拥有子公司50% 以上的股份。如所有公司一样，跨国公司也是按照它们的目标来组织的。它们努力得到必需的资源：原料、劳动力和资金，而且它{rf通过在世界范围内获得更多资源，通过全球范围内的合作获得发展。这使它们不断提高自己在国外市场的地位，即增加它们的市场份额。通过将利润谨慎地再进行投资以获取更多资源，跨国公司发展成强大的实体。它们不得不雇用更多的当地人才并从外国购买原料。

52.固定汇率制降低了国际贸易中的风险，并且是抑制通货膨胀的重要手段。

The fixed exchange rate system reduces the riski-ness of international business and is also an important measure to curb inflation.

53.商业发票，一般称“发票”-搜赫照抿对货物的质量和数量以及单价和总价进行概括性描述。

The commercial invoice, generally called the invoice makes a general description of the quality, quantity,unit price, and total price of the goods.

54.很大一部分政府支出是诵讨所得税-增值税、企业税和其他税收来筹集的。

A large proportionof the government spending is raised through incormt’ tav-, VAT, corporation tax and other taxes.

55.反倾销调杏显示，中国是贸易保护措施的最士辱率若。这些贸易保护措施目前仍在一些国家盛行。

As shown in the anti-dumping investigations, China is the largest victim of the protectionist measures which are prevalent in some countries.

56.直接在国外经营提高了一个公司产品的能见度，使当地客户对他们所购买的商品更加放心。

Operating directly abroad enhances the visibility of a firm’ s products, making local customers feel more assured about the things they buy.

全真模拟演练（八）

International business is business conducted in more than one country, including buying and selling goods and services. Other international. Business activities include marketing, manu-ring, mining, and farming. In sum, international business is all the practices a business in a single country does,. but at the international level.

国际商务是两国或更多国家间进行的商务活动，包括买卖货物和服务。其他国际商务形式还包括营销、制造、采矿和农业。总之，国际商务包括一个国家内进行的所有的商务活动，只不过这些活动是在国际间进行的。

51.Utmost good faith is a very important principle. The people who decide what premium is fair for a particular cover do so on the basis of written statements made in a proposal form. If this statement is untrue,then the premium agreed on will not be a fair one. Suppose I say that a crate contains copper,when in fact it contains platinum. The premium required to cover the cheaper metal will be an unfair premium for the more valuable cargo. The mis-statement is a fraud,and the policy is voidable by the party wl a is rn sled. Even if the mis-statement was unintentional,the underwriter would still be deceived and the policy voidable.

最大诚信原则是条非常重要的原则。人们根据提议形式的书面声明，决定某项保险费是否合理。如果这

份文件不真实，商定的保险费就不会合理。假如有人说箱子里装的是铜，但实际上是白金，那么将廉价金属需要的保费用于贵重金就不合理。错误的陈述是欺骗，被误导的可认为保险单元效。即使无意犯了陈述的错误，保险公司还是受到了欺骗，保险单也就无效。

52.信用证的目的是通过银行信誉为国际支付提供便利。

The objective of an L/C is to facilitate international payment by means of the creditworthiness of the bank. 53.对企业来说，损失的价值要比个人高得多，因此保险费也比一栋房子或者一辆车高出许多。

In the case of business enterprises, the values exposed to loss are usually much higher,and the premm charged is substantially higher than that for a house ora car.

54.可保利益原则就是如=果搬叫某的案两得到了保护，投能人制火这种保护中得到利益。

Insurable interest holds that if the thing insured is preserved the insured will derive a benefit from its preservation.

55.互购贸易和回购贸易之间另一个重要的区别在于回购贸易一般比互购贸易要延续更长一段时间。

Another.imp昀nt difference between counter pur-chase and buyback 18 thata bayback deal usually stretches over a lon媳er period of time than a counter purchase deal.

56.即时库存管理系统的引进能最大限度地降低库存从而提高经营效率。

The introduction of JIT inventory management system can minimize the inventory of the stock so as to increaSie the efficiency of the operation.

考前深度密押（一）

International trade is the exchange of goods between nations. It took place for many reasons. The rirst is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Countries that lack some re- sources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Second,a country not have enough of a particular item to meet iLs needs and has to import some to satisfy its requirement. Third ,one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries and will also buy what it needs from those countries that have a comparative advantage in the desired items. Finally,even though a country can produce enough of an item at reasonable costs to meet its own demand,it may still import some from other countries for innovation or variety of style.

国际贸易是国家之间进行的商品交换。它的产生有许多原因。首先，没有一个国家能生产它所需要的全部产品。缺少某些资源的国家必须从那些出亡I该资源的国家购买。第二，一个国家往往没有足够多的某项产品来满足其所需，而必须进口一些来满足需要。第三，一个国家能够比别的国家以较低成本销售某些产品，而且还从对有关产品具有比较优势的国家购买所需产品。最后，即使一个国家可以以合理的成本生产足够的产品满足本国的需要，它仍可能为了革新或调剂品种而从别的国家进口一些。

51. Another motivation for FDI’ is customer mobility. When an important client of a company en- gages in Fl)l and starts a tactory in a foreign market,the firm,either a parts supplier or service provider,may very likely follow its client and make FDI overseas so as not to lose the business to its competitors. The building of factories and warehouses by Japanese parts suppliers in the United States, following the construction of auto assembly plants by major Japanese automakers in the country is an example of such kind of FDI.The introduction of JIT inventory management system increases the necessity of such investment,since the system is meant to minimize the inventory to increase efficiency,putting the suppliers at disadvantage to make supply from a distant foreign country.

客户流动是企业对外直接投资的另一个动机。当某一个公司的重要客户从事对外直接投资、在国外市场建厂时，作为其零件供应商或服务提供商，该公司很可能会追随客户也在国外投资。这样才不会让竞争对手抢去生意。随着日本主要汽车制造商在美国建立汽车装配厂，日本的零件供应商也在美国建立工厂和仓库，

就是此类投资的一个例子。即时库存管理系统的引进使此类投资更加必要，因为该系统意在把库存降至最低以提高效率。如果供应商还从遥远的国外供货，他们将处于不利地位。

52.在国际贸易中几乎不可能使付款和实际交货同时进行。

In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with physical delivery of the goods.

53.控制成本是一些企业进行对外投资的主要动机之一，而降低生产成本是其考虑的一个重要方面。

Controlling costs is one of the major motivations for some enterprises to engage in FDI. And lowering production costs is an important consideration.

53.要评估某一市场的潜力，人们往往要看其收入水平，因为它为那里居民的购买力提供了依据。

In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides s about the purchasing power of its residents.

55.有效期对于实盘是必不可少的。在规定的时间之高，或在被对方接受或拒绝之前实盘一直是有效的。

The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer An offer remains valid until趴stipulated time or until it is accept.ed or rejected.

56.不管人们喜欢与否，经济全球化已成为世界经济发展的一个客观趋势。

Like it or not, ecorumic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development.

考前深度密押（二）

50. Counter purchase:The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through sepa- rate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country. The contract is usually stipulated to be fulfilled within a given period of time,e. g. ,5 years , and the goods or services received in return are usually pre-specified in a list and are subject to availability and changes made by the original importing country. In essence, then,counter purchase is an intertemporal direct exchange of goods and services. For example,in 1977 Volkswagen sold io,ooo cars to the former East Germany and agreed to purchase goods from a list set up by the former East Germans over the next 2 years,up to the value of the cars sold to the former East Germany.

互购贸易：出口商承担能转移的责任，通过分立的但相互联系的合同接受进口商或进口国的货物和服务作为全部或部分付款。通常规定交易在一定时期内完成，比如，五年内。所购回的货物和服务一般在合同中要预先说明，但要视原进口国能否供货及是否变更供货为准。实质上，互购贸易是不同时的商品和服务的直接交换。例：1977年大众汽车公司向前东德出售了一万辆小汽车并同意在此后两年中从前东德购回相当于小汽车价值的商品。

The main stimulus to enterprise is the release of funds,now available for investment in the piOdUcuve siae of a business,which would otherwise need to be held in easily accessible reserves if the firm had not transferred the risk to an insurer. Medium and large firms would probably cieate reserve nmu, iOi: emergencies which might put their whole future viability in jeopardy. The premium payable to an insurer,however,would only be a small proportion of the fund required because of the pooling anrangements,and so most ofthis money could be invested in new plants, dings or stock.

企业投保的主要动力是他们可以腾出资金留作企业其他生产项目的投资。如果公司不将风险转移给承保人，这笔资金就要留下作为可随时使用的储备金。大中型企业可能为危害其未来生存的突发事件设立准备基金，但是在共同基金下只需将该基金中的一小部分付给承保人，大部分钱款可彭于投资新厂房、设备或进行股票买卖。

52.国外直接投资主要有三种形式：建立新企业、购买现有设施和建立合资公司。

FDI is mainly practiced in three forms: building new enterprises, purchasing existing facilities and forming joint ventures.

53．随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另—卟刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。

With the development of manufacturing and technolo-gy, there arose another incentive for trade, i. e.in-ternational specialization.

54.没有可保利益的保险合同是无效的。而任何根据这类合同提出的索赔都不会被受理。

An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained.

55.在知识产权保护不力的国家，最好不要采用国际许可经营。

It is not advisable to use licensing in countries with weak intellectual property protection.

56.与以往做法不同，现在的对销贸易中双方不一定互相熟悉，交换的产品有时为纵向有联系的货物。

Different from the old practice, current counter trade partners are not necessarily familiar partners and goods exchanged are sometimes veically related.

全真模拟演练（一）

31.World company

A world company is a multinational company whose national identity has been blurred.

32.Incoterms

Incoterms are a set of international rules for the in-terpretation of trade terms.

33.Contract

A Contract is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.

34.Bill of exchange

the bill of exchange, is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.

35.FDI

Foreign Direct Investments

全真模拟演练（二）

31.Opening. Bank

An opening bank is the bank that issues a letter of credit.

32.Firm offer

A firm offer is a promise to sell goods at a stated price.

33.Insurance policy

An insurance policy is a document used for covering possible risks.

34.Intellectual property

It means ceflain non-tangible asset8 held,principal-ly coveringtb areas of patent protection,restered trade marks

and designs,and copyright.

35.ICC

The International Chamber of Commerce

全真模拟演练（三）

31.Inflation

inflation meansa rise in prices brought about by the ex-cess demand, expansion of money supply,credit etc.

32.free trade area

Free trade area is the loosest form of regonal eco-nomic integration in which barriers to trade are re-moved among members while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders.

33.Options

Options are contracts giving the right to buy and sell a security’at an agreed price within a particular period of time.

34.gross domestic product( GDP)

GDP measures the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.

35.FOB

Free on Board

全真模拟演练（四）

31.Gold reserves

cold reserves refer to the stock of gold coin and bul-lion(gold bars) held by a note-issuing bank in a country on the gold standard.

32.Applicant of an L/C

It means the importer that goes to a bank for the es-tablishment of an I\C.

33.Drawer

Drawer is the person who draws the draft，usually the exporter.

34.specific duties

Specific duties are duties levied on the basis of quzn.tity,weight,size etc. Of the goods.

35.BOT

Build, Operate, Transfer

全真模拟演练（五）

31.Indemnity

Indemnity is a principle of insurance which holds that a contract of insurance is one which restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred.

32.ahsolute advantage

The theory of absolute advantage holds that a com-modity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources ( capital, land and labour)．

33.Attainment

Attarrrent is the act of achieving, reaching,or accomplishing,

34.direct exchange rate

A direct exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency.

35.D/A

documents against acceptance

全真模拟演练（六）

31.Insurable interest

Insurable interest holds that no one may insure any-thing unlessln has an interest in it，which means that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a bene-preservation, but if it is in any way damaged or last the assured will be adversely aftected.

32.revolving credit

An revolving credit refers,o the credit whose amount can be renewed or reinstated withotrt specific amend-ment to the credit being made.

33.economic globalization

Economic globalization refers to the free flow of commodity, capital, technology, service and imfor-manon in the global context for optimized alloca-tion.

34.Premium

Premium is the amount of money which the insured pay to the insurance company for covera8e under the contract.

35.APEC

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

全真模拟演练（七）

31.Loans

Loans refer to sth. Lent. On condition of being re-turned,especially a sum of money lent at interest.

32.Draft

A draft means an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money.

33.Facilities

The facilities refer to sth. Designed,built or installed to serve a specific function or perform a particular service. 34.transferable credit

It is a credit which can be transferred by the oritjnal beneficiary to one or more parties.

35.CIF

Cost,Insurance and Freight

全真模拟演练（八）

31.Clean draft

CIean draftis the draft without any documents.

32.Middleman trader

Middleman trader is the person through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumer.

33.trade barriers

Trdle barriers refer to various forrns of bars to freedom esp. Of international trade.

34.Licenser

A licenser a person or company granting a license.

35.VAT

Value Added Tax

考前深度密押（一）

31.Bundling

Bundling means that the exchanges of goods ar senrices are tied together.

32.sight creclit

A sight credit is one by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable docu-ents by the beneficiary to the bank.

33.cargo insurance

Cargo insurance refers to an activity which aims at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exporters and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters

34.legal action

Legal action is an action taken against someone in accordance with the law.

35.IMF

lnternationaI Monetary Fund

考前深度密押（二）

31.Tariffs

Tariffs mean customs duties levied by a government on imports or exports.

32.customer mobility

Customer mobility refers to the fact that an impor-tant client of a company engages in FDI and starts a factory in a foreign market, and then the firm, either a parts supplier or service provider,may very likely follow its client and make FDI overseas so as not to lose the business to its competitors.

33.intermediate products

Intermediate products refer to semi-manufactures, the products that are situated or coming between raw materials and finished products

34.notify party

The notify party is the party to be advised after ani-val of the goods at the port of destination.

35. FCA

Fr Carrier

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46.What does international business refer to?

International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries.

47.Describe briefly the characteristics of MNEs.

Firstly, they are enormous in size. Secondly, they have wide geographical spread. Thirdly, another characteristic of MNEs is their longevity and rapid growth.

What are the factors that decide the twes of documents required for a particular transaction?

Different documents are required for different trans- actions; thus the following factors must be taken into consideration:the nature of the deal., the term of delivery, the type of commodity,stipulations of credit, regulations and practices in different coun- tries.

49.What is the Special Drawing Right? How was it created’?

The Special Drawing RigIU is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transactions at the IMF.

With the increase of foreign dollar holdings to finance trade expansion, the faith of dollar holders decreased in the ability of the United States to redeem the dollar for gold. To reduce the demand for the dollar as a reserve currency, the Special Drawing Right was created.

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What is licensing? Why do firms sometimes choose it as a means of entering a foreign market?

In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intel-lectual property to a firm in another country. Finm choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Besidea., they can benefit from Iocational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management.

47.What are the functions of insurance?

The functions of insurance are that through insur-ance,a group of inpiduals transfer risk and pro-vide for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.

Without insurance what kind of uncertainty may be experienced by an inpidual or an enter- prise?

Without insurance,there would be a great deal of un-certainty experienced by an inpidual or an enterprise,not only 6s to whether a loss would occur,but also as to what size it would be if it did occur.

What are the major factors that may influence the exchange rate? Explain briefly.

There are three major factors influencing the ex-change rate:(1) International balance of payment.It has a direct bearing on the supply and demand of foreign exchange. (2)lnflation. It is closely related to the real value of the currency and the competi-trveness of the commodity. (3)Interest rate. Under specific conditions, high interest rate will attract short-term international fund, increasing the exchange rate of one’s own currency and vice versa.

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What was the main reason for the 1990 revision of Incoterms?

The main reason for the 1990 revision of Jncoterms was the desire to adapt terms to the increasing use of electronic data interchange.

Why is controlling costs a major motivation for firms to undertake FDI?

Lowering production costs- is 80 important consider-ation. A foreign country rnay have lower land prices, tax rates or cost of labor, all of which will reduce the production costs to a considerable degree, making foreign locations more attractive.

48 . How do you define“transportation”?

In a broad sense,transportation’is defined as the movement of freight and passengers from oe Ioca-tion Lo another.

49.Explain the concepts of GNP and GDP respectively and point out their major dfference.

GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indicate a country’ s total income. GNefe’rs to indicate a country’s total income.GNP refers tothe market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. GDP measures the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy. The major difference between GNP and GDP is that the former focuses on owner- ship of the factors of production while the latter con- centrates on the place where production takes place.

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Is an enquiry binding on the enquirer? What is a first enquiry, and what information should be given in it?

An enquiry is not binding on the enquirer. A first enquiry is an enquiry sent to an exporter whom the importer has never dealt 51eaae005bcfa1c7aa00b52acfc789eb162d9e75rmation should be given in the first enquiry as to how the name and address of the exporter have been obtained, the business line and usual practice of the imporler, to facilitate the exporter’s work.

47.What is meant by “investment instruments”’?

Investments are those tools for the inves-tors by which investors can reach the purpose of his investment--making profits.

Describe the main four parts of the World Bank Croup.

The four parts are:the International Bank for Recon- stmction and Development (IBRD) ,the International Development Association(IDA),the International Fi- nance Corporation (IFC) and the Multilateral Invest- ment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA).

49. What does the term “Triad”refer to? What does the term “Quad”mean?

Triad refers to the three richest regions of the world, the United States, the European Union and Japan that offer the most important business oppor- iities. Quad extends the scope of Triad to include Canada.

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What is a firm offer7 What contents should be included in a firm offer?

A firm offer is a promise tp sell goods at a stated price. The contents of a firm offer shoudd include the time of shipment and the mode of payment desired in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifica-tions, packing, etc.

47.What is the major function of the IMF?

The major function of the IMF is to provide tempo- rary financing for countries suffering cyclical,sea-sonal or random shocks that would weakeh its cur- rency.

Which is more favorable to a seller,D/A or D/p? Why?

D/P is more favorable than D/A. In the case of D/A ents are handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bin of exchange; while in D/P douments are transferred to the importer upon his payment.

What are the major factors that may influence the exchange rate?

Gactors influencing the exchange rate include inter-national balance of payment,inflation and interest rate.

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What is the difference between a sales contract and a purchase contract,and between a contract and a confirmation?

The difference between a sales contract and a pur-chase contract is that a sales contract is made by the “seller,and a purchase contractis madeb the buyer.The difference between a contract and a confirma-tion is that a confirmation is less detailed than a contract,covering only the essential terms of the transaction.

What are D/P at sight and D/P after sight? Which is more favourable for the exporter?

D/P at sight requires immediate payment by the im-porter to get hold of the documents. D/P after sight gives the importer a certain period after presentation of the documents, but documents are not released to him until he actually pays for the merchandise.D/P at sight is more favourable for the exporter.

48.What is foreign direct investnat?

. Foreign direct investment is the major form of inter-national investment,whereby residentB of one coun-try acquire assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.

What is the meaning of non-discrimination principle?

It is also called Principle d. 19SDn-discrimination Treatment. Jt refers to the practice or policy of refraining from disc.ination, i. e. basic princi- ple to treat all persons or parties equally no matter how rich or poor where no reasonable distinction can be found between those favored and those not favored. It may be reflected in treatment, service or rates.

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51eaae005bcfa1c7aa00b52acfc789eb162d9e75pare D/A and D/P after sight.

Both imply that payment will be effected at a later date after sight; but in D/A,documents are trans-ferred to the buyer against his acceptance,while in D/P after sight documents can only be handed over against the buyer’s payment.

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