2011年胡敏考研英语阅读模板！！有了它你阅读不得满分才怪呢

阅读综合辅导

SAMPLE 1 [经济学类]

题目序号 第1题 第2题 第3题 第4题 第5题

Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities — as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.

Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.

Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.

A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.

Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often run the danger of becoming- and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.

1. The primary purpose of the text is to

[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies. [B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks. [C] propose a temporary solution to a problem. [D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.

2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result

题型归类 中心主旨题型 反推题型 关键词语题型 反论题型 关键词语题型 quickly in orders might causes it to

[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm. [B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.

[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government. [D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.

3. It can be inferred from the text that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage

goals set by “some federal and local agencies” (line 9, paragraph 1) are [A] more popular with large corporations. [B] more concrete. [C] less controversial.

[D] less expensive to enforce.

4. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s assertion that, in the 1970’s,

corporate response to federal requirements (line 1, paragraph 2) was substantial? [A] Corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.

[B] Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by

25 percent.

[C] The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with

minority-owned businesses.

[D] The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as

did $77 million in 1972.

5. The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate

response to working with minority subcontractors?

[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce

their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.

[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses

in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.

[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and

conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.

[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage

of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible.

[答案与考点解析]

1. 【答案】B

【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。破解本题的关键在于考生是否完全理解本文第一段首句的内容，尤其是第一句中破折号后面的内容。破折号后面的内容和选项B中的 “its potential drawbacks”是相互吻合的。望考生注意培养捕捉全文中心主旨句的能力。

2. 【答案】A

【考点解析】这是一道逻辑思维上的反推题，也可以说是逆向思维题。本题反推即逆向思维的信息依据在第三段的最后一句。该句在谈论小的企业，大概内容是“??一个小企业的投资要马上在定货中反映出效果，否则其士气和财政前景都将深受影响”。根据小的企业的状况，我们可以推导出大的企业所面临的处境。希望考生加强逆向思维即反推的解题能力。

3. 【答案】B

【考点解析】本题是一道关键词语的理解题目，其答案信息来源在第一段的尾句，原文当中的 “specific”一词是本题的答案所在。考生要加强对原文中重点形容词和副词的理解。

4. 【答案】D

【考点解析】这是一道反论题。这种题的关键在于利用原文的信息否定原文所要表达的观点。原文讲“少数民族企业签订的合同金额由1972年的7700万美元升至1977年的11亿美元”。原文所要表达的观点是合同金额的增长。选项D正是利用原文的信息否定了原文所要表达的观点。选项D所表达的信息是变化增长数字背后的不变。这种题属于较难的题型，希望考生加以重视。

5. 【答案】C

【考点解析】这是一道关键词语理解题。本题的答案信息在第二段的尾句，句中 “letup”一词决定了本题的正确答案是C，因为该词的含义是“停顿，减弱”。考生在备考过程中要尽力扩大自己的词汇量。

[参考译文]

最近几年美国少数民族所有的企业可以说是空前的机会和重大风险并存。人权活动家早就指出过：黑人，拉美裔美国人，以及其他少数民族难以在生意场中立足的主要原因是他们缺少能得到有规模的订货或与大公司分合同的机会。现在议会以一致意见通过法律，要求企业获得价值50万美元以上的联邦合同后要尽最大可能来寻找少数民族合作者，并且需将他们在此点上的成效如何在政府中存档立案。实际上，一些联邦和地方机构走得更远，它们甚至规定了公共合同有多少比例要分给少数民族公司。

企业对此的反应是强烈的。从1977年统计的数据看，与少数民族企业签订的合同金额由1972年的7700万美元升至1977年的11亿美元。预计此金额要在80年代前期达到每年30亿美元以上，在下一个10年中看来也不会停止。

尽管这对少数民族企业来说前途光明，这种增加的财源也给它们带来了危险。首先，少数民族企业冒着过快膨胀和财政上力不从心的危险，因为它们大部分是小企业，和大企业不同之外在于它们为履行合同常需要在厂房、人员、设备（以及诸如此类）等上做一大笔投资。如果其后由于某种原因其合同量减少，它们将会遇到潜在的财政危机。对于被要求做正式评估和投标的小企业来说，市场供求情况有可能令人非常沮丧。评估和投标都消耗时间、资源，而且一个小企业的投资要马上在定货中反映出效果，否则其士气和财政前景都将深受影响。

第二个危险是有些白人企业想通过和少数民族企业合资也能享受更好的待遇。当然，在许多时候，合资是有正当理由的；显然，白人和少数民族企业可以联合起来做成任何一方都无法单独完成的事业。但是人权组织和少数民族企业主已经向议会报怨：少数民族企业常在合资中成为白人操纵者的前台傀儡，而不是平等的合作伙伴。

第三，已获得一个大客户的生意的少数民族企业常会有陷入依赖性的危险。即使在最好的环境下，来自更大、更完备的对手的竞争常使一个小企业很难扩展自己的客户；当这样的企业已拥有来自一个客户的近乎稳定的定货时，它们确实需要和眼前的胜利所滋生出的自满做斗争。

SAMPLE 2 [生物学类]

题目序号 题型归类 第1题 审题定位题型 第2题 句间关系题型 第3题 审题定位题型 第4题 归纳推导题型 第5题 段落结构题型

The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries. How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight,

and exactly what these creatures were — reptiles or birds — are among the questions scientists have puzzled over.

Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a winglike membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharpclaws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only turn upward in an extended inverted V shape along each side of the animal’s body.

The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.

Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T. H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.

Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs’ hind feet resembled a bat’s and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. The wind that made such waves however, might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.

1. It can be inferred from the text that scientist now generally agree that the

[A] enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances.

[B] structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to

bats.

[C] fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight. [D] pterosaurs were reptiles.

2. The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds

created by waves as [A] revolutionary. [B] unlikely. [C] unassailable. [D] probable.

3. According to the text, the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by

the

[A] size of its wingspan.

[B] presence of hollow spaces in its bones. [C] anatomic origin of its wing strut.

[D] presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet.

4. The ideas attributed to T. H. Huxley in the text suggest that he would most likely agree with

which of the following statements?

[A] An animal’s brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.

[B] An animal’s appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical

capabilities.

[C] Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically

over a period of time.

[D] The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental development rather than the outcome

of specialization or adaptation.

5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the text?

[A] New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.

[B] Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented and each is disputed by means of

specific information.

[C] Three hypotheses are outlined and evidence supporting each is given.

[D] Recent discoveries are described and their implications for future study are projected.

[答案与考点解析]

1. 【答案】D

【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题型。该题的答案信息在第二段的第一句，根据本句的内容即可得出本题的正确答案是D。考生要加强对题干的理解和认识，并且要善于找到原文和题干相吻合之处，否则就会失去解题思路。

2. 【答案】B

【考点解析】本题是一道句间关系题型。本题的答案信息在尾段的第一、二句和尾段的倒数第一、二句。从尾段的第二句 “Each hypothesis has its difficulties” (每种假设都有缺陷)可以判断：作者认为“从浪尖上伴轻风飞起”是不可能的。考生要加强对句子之间语意关系的理解。

3. 【答案】C

【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题。其答案信息在第三段。题干中问翼龙和鸟类骨骼方面的“不同”。原文第三段中涉及两者相同与不同。第三段的尾句暗示本题的正确答案是C。考生在解题时应加强审题定位的能力。

4. 【答案】B

【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。本题的正确答案在第四段的第一、二、三句。这三句话的内容暗示本题的正确答案是B，即动物的外型通常受环境要求和生理能力的影响。考生在解题时应注意提高对原文信息的归纳推导能力。

5. 【答案】B

【考点解析】本题是一道段落结构识别题。尾段的第一句对所谈现象提出了三种解释，然后针对每一种解释进行科学上的否定。可见本题的正确答案是B。考生在复习中应该加强对段落结构的识别能力。

[参考译文]

第一批会飞的脊椎动物——翼龙的化石，已经让古生物学家感兴趣达两个多世纪了。这种有时和大型滑翔机一样重，而且翅膀展开达8—12米宽的庞然大物是如何克服飞行时的重力，以及这种生物到底是属于鸟类还是爬行动物，对科学家们来讲仍旧是个谜。

可能，最少引起争论的意见就是翼龙是爬行动物。它们的头盖骨、骨盆以及后腿都是爬行动物类型。对它们翅膀的解剖学研究证明它们尚未进化为鸟。翼龙每个前肢的大大延长的第四指支撑一个翅膀状的薄膜，其它指头小，而且是典型的爬行动物式，有尖爪。而鸟类的第二指进化成为翅膀的主要支架，翅膀也主要是羽毛构成的。当翼龙四肢爬行时，其它指可以用来抓取。而当它行走或不动时，第四指，连同翅膀，只能向上伸展，在身体两侧呈倒转的V字型。

翼龙和鸟类以及蝙蝠在总体结构及比例上很相似。这并不奇怪，因为任何飞翔脊椎动物

都要受空气动力的约束。翼龙和鸟都有中空的骨头，这是为了节省重量。不过在鸟类中，这种骨头受内部支柱影响，重量大大增加。

尽管爬行动物通常全身鳞片，翼龙却可能拥有毛发。赫胥黎对此解释说，飞翔脊椎动物肯定已经是热血动物，因为飞翔要求一个高新陈代谢率，后者要求一个较高的体温。赫氏设想一层毛发覆盖物可以隔绝身体热量的损失，从而使身体在减轻飞行重量方面更为有效。最近一些有又长又密且厚的毛发的翼龙化石的发现，终于明白无误地证明赫氏的观点是对的。

解释翼龙怎样起飞的努力产生以下设想：它们从悬崖上起跳，或从树上起跳或者甚至从浪尖上伴轻风飞起。每种假设都有缺陷。第一种错误地设想翼龙的后爪象蝙蝠一样，钩子似的挂着为飞行做准备。第二种看来也不可能，因为大型翼龙不可能降在树上而不伤害它们的翅膀。第三种假设必须要有高浪来形成上升气流才能实现。然而，能产生此种大浪的风可能对翼龙来说过于猛烈，以至于它一旦升空，就无法控制自己。

SAMPLE 3 [历史学]

题目序号 题型归类 第1题 中心主旨题型 第2题 细节推导题型 第3题 段落间关系题型 第4题 审题定位题型 第5题 段落间关系与指代词题型

Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D., the Byzantine Empire staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times threatened to take Constantinople and extinguished the empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced.

To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.

The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.

No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first. Economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the 860’s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire’s favor. The beginning of the empire’s economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830. Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Thus the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.

1. Which of the following best states the central idea of the text?

[A] The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and

economic revival preceding cultural revival was reversed.

[B] The economic, cultural, and military revival in the Byzantine Empire between the eighth

and eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the sequence of revival in Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens.

[C] After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and, later, cultural expansion

that lasted until 1453.

[D] The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows

cultural rebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse of the generally accepted sequence of progress.

2. It can be inferred from the text that the Byzantine Empire sustained significant territorial

losses

[A] in 600.

[B] during the seventh century.

[C] a century after the cultural achievements of the Byzantine Empire had been lost. [D] soon after the revival of Byzantine learning.

3. In the third paragraph, the author most probably provides an explanation of the apparent

connections among economic, military, and cultural development in order to [A] suggest that the process of revival in Byzantium accords with this model.

[B] set up an order of events that is then shown to be not generally applicable to the case of

Byzantium.

[C] cast aspersions on traditional historical scholarship about Byzantium.

[D] suggest that Byzantium represents a case for which no historical precedent exists.

4. Which of the following does the author mention as crucial evidence concerning the manner in

which the Byzantine revival began?

[A] The Byzantine military revival of the 860’s led to economic and cultural advances. [B] The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.

[C] The Byzantine economic recovery began in the 900’s.

[D] The revival of Byzantine learning began toward the end of the eighth century.

5. According to the author, “The common explanation” (line 1, paragraph 3) of connections

between economic, military, and cultural development is

[A] revolutionary and too new to have been applied to the history of the Byzantine Empire. [B] reasonable, but an antiquated theory of the nature of progress.

[C] not applicable to the Byzantine revival as a whole, but does perhaps accurately describe

limited periods during the revival.

[D] equally applicable to the Byzantine case as a whole and to the history of military,

economic, and cultural advances in ancient Greece and Rome.

[答案与考点解析]

1. 【答案】D

【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。本文的中心主旨句在尾段的倒数第二句。如果考生能够识别出本文的中心主旨句，就会迅速地推导出本题的正确答案D。考生在解题时应首先寻找出全文的中心主旨句。

2. 【答案】B

【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题。从题干中的“territorial losses”可迅速确定本题答案信息的来源在第一段的第二句。通过仔细阅读本句的内容并且进行深入的推导就可得出本题的正确选项B。考生在解题时应该善于依据原文的内容进行深入地推导。

3. 【答案】B

【考点解析】本题是一道段落之间的关系题型。旨在考察学生的语言基本功，尤其是考察学生对段落之间相互关系理解和掌握的能力，这是一道比较难的题。本文第三段主要向我们介绍一种“common explanation”（通常的解释）。根据一般的行文规律，介绍“common”（通常的）是为了文章接下来阐述“不通常的”内容做一个铺垫，也是为了进行鲜明的对照和对比。这是考生在解答阅读题时需要掌握的一个规律。如果考生懂得这个规律并且把第三段和第四联系起来加以阅读和理解就不难得出本文的正确选项B。考生在解题时一定要牢记平时所积累的解题技巧和方法，尤其是要注意一些规律性的解题技巧和方法。

4. 【答案】D

【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。根据题干中的“concerning the manner in which the Byzantine revival began”可将本题的答案信息迅速确定在本文的尾段。本题具体的答案信息在尾段的倒数第三句。因为尾段的倒数第二句是全文的中心主旨句，所以支持全文中心主旨句的最主要证据本应在该句之前。由于本题的题干涉及“Byzantine revival began”，故本题的答案应该是强调“拜占庭帝国文化复兴开始时间”的选项D。考生在解题时一定要对段落的行文发展和结构有所把握，这样才能迅速地审题定位。

5. 【答案】C

【考点解析】这是一道段落间关系与指代词题型。题干中的“common explanation”将我们带到了本文的第三段。但是本文提到“common explanation”的目的是要讲这种“common explanation”不能完全应用到拜占庭帝国的复兴。第四段的前三句是作者对这种“common explanation”的具体态度和观点。尾段首句中的指代词“this”和“at times”对我们推导本题的正确选项C起了重要的作用。考生在解题时一定要牢记原文作者的写作意图，要十分重视段落之间的相互关系。

[参考译文]

在8—11世纪之间，拜占庭帝国出现了一次无与伦比的经济和文化复兴，这次复兴之所以引人注目是因为它出现在一次严重的内部衰落之后。8世纪时，帝国失去了它600年时所拥有领土的大约2/3。仅存的部分也受到阿拉伯人和保加利亚人的侵袭，这些国家经常威胁说要攻占首都君士坦丁堡，把拜占庭彻底消灭掉。帝国的财富和臣民大幅减少，文学艺术也实际上陷于停顿。不过，到了11世纪初期，帝国重新收回了沦陷领土的几乎一半，新的边界是安定的，其影响远及疆土之外。经济也恢复了，国库充实，文学艺术也向前发展。

把拜占庭军事、文艺以及经济上的复兴理解为同一现象的不同表现是合理的。毕竟，这三者在相当多的同家中是一同出现的。奥古斯都统治下的罗马和公元前五世纪的雅典就是古代社会最好的例证。而且，对三者之间次第出现的联系做一番考察也有助于解释历史变化的原因。

通常，对于拜占庭帝国中三者复兴的联系会这样解释：当帝国已击退敌人的进攻并反攻到敌国疆土之时，拜占庭的财富自然就会增长，从而有更多的金钱可用来投资于文化艺术事业。因此，帝国军事成就促进经济昌盛，后者又引起了文化繁荣。

毫无疑问，这种假设能够解释复兴中的一些现象。但是我们不能明确地认为军事成就一定最先出现，经济其次，文化最后。（事实上）860年左右拜占庭帝国开始收复阿拉伯人占领的失地，直到872年，和哈里发阿拉伯国家的军事对比才有利于帝国。而经济的复兴在810—830年间就已开始。文化的复兴更早，早在788年，一批有名的学者、作家就出现了，8世纪最后十年，文化复兴已达极盛，并一直延续到1453年君士坦丁堡的陷落。因此，通常所认为的军事、经济、文化复兴三者次第出现的顺序在拜占庭是完全颠倒的。实际上，拜占庭文化的复兴可能反而影响了后来的经济、军事进步。

SAMPLE 4 [考古学类]

题目序号 第1题 第2题 第3题 第4题 第5题 题型归类 中心主旨题型 细节推导题型 句间关系题型 审题定位题型 细节推导题型

Archaeology as a profession faces two major problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry sums are available for excavating and even less is available for publishing the results and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.

I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific archeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for the excavation and preservation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. At the same time, they would break the illegal excavator’s grip on the market, thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal activities.

You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply, everything that comes out of the ground has scientific value. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong.

I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard. Even precious royal seal impressions known as melekh handles have been found in abundance — more than 4,000 examples so far.

The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be photographed and the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could even be required to agree to return the piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.

It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal digging would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market. But the demand for the clandestine product would be substantially reduced. Who would want an unmarked pot when another was available whose provenance was known, and that was dated stratigraphically by the professional archaeologist who excavated it?

1. The primary purpose of the text is to propose

[A] an alternative to museum display of artifacts.

[B] a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological profession.

[C] a way to distinguish artifacts with scientific value from those that have no such value. [D] the governmental regulation of archaeological sites.

2. Which of the following is mentioned in the text as a disadvantage of storing artifacts in

museum basements?

[A] Museum officials rarely allow scholars access to such artifacts. [B] Space that could be better used for display is taken up for storage.

[C] Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.

[D] Such artifacts’ often remain uncatalogued and thus cannot be located once they are put in

storage.

3. The author mentions the excavation in Cyprus (line 2, paragraph 4) to emphasize which of the

following points?

[A] Ancient lamps and pottery vessels are less valuable, although more rare, than royal seal

impressions.

[B] Artifacts that are very similar to each other present cataloguing difficulties to

archaeologists.

[C] Artifacts that are not uniquely valuable, and therefore could be sold, are available in large

quantities.

[D] Cyprus is the most important location for unearthing large quantities of salable artifacts.

4. The author’s argument concerning the effect of the official sale of duplicate artifacts on illegal

excavation is based on which of the following assumptions?

[A] Prospective purchasers would prefer to buy authenticated artifacts. [B] The price of illegally excavated artifacts would rise. [C] Computers could be used to trace sold artifacts.

[D] Illegal excavators would be forced to sell only duplicate artifacts.

5. The author anticipates which of the following initial denials of his proposal?

[A] Museum officials will become unwilling to store artifacts.

[B] An oversupply of salable artifacts will result and the demand for them will fall.

[C] Artifacts that would have been displayed in public places will be sold to private collectors. [D] Illegal excavators will have an even larger supply of artifacts for resale.

[答案与考点解析]

1. 【答案】B

【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。本文的中心主旨句在第二段的第一、二句。从这两句话中我们可以推断出本题的正确选项是B。考生在破解此类题型时一定要首先识别出全文的中心主旨句。

2. 【答案】D

【考点解析】本题是一道细节推导题。根据本题题干中的“museum basements”可将本题的答案信息迅速确定在第五段首句。通过阅读和理解第五段的首句和第二句，尤其是第二句，我们可推导出本题的正确选项应该是D。考生在解题时一定要善于审题定位，并且要善于联系上下句所陈述的内容。

3. 【答案】C

【考点解析】这是一道句间关系题。本题题干已将本题的答案信息来源确定在第四段第二句，通过仔细阅读第四段的三句话，并结合第三段结尾的四句话，我们可以推断出涉及“价值”、“数量大”等内容的选项C应该成为本题的正确选项。考生在解题时应十分重视句子之间的相互关系，并且要深入理解和归纳原文所谈论的实质内容。

4. 【答案】A

【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。本题题干并没有明确暗示本题的答案信息来源在原文的位置。这是一道较难的试题。但是敏感的考生会根据题干中的“the official sale of duplicate artifacts on illegal excavation”将本的答案信息来源确定在尾段，因为尾段的第一句含有“artifacts were sold on the open market”。尾段的第二句就是题干中所涉及的“effect”。尾段的最后一句就是本题要求考生所寻找出的“assumptions”。可见本题的正确选项应该是强调“authenticated”（被证实，被鉴定的）一词的选项A。考生在解题时一定要善于迅速审题定位，更要善于归纳和推导原文的内容。

5. 【答案】C

【考点解析】本题是一道细节推导题。本题题干中的“denials”一词把本题的答案信息

来源确定在第四段的首句，因为该句中包含“object”（反对，否定）一词。通过仔细阅读第四段的首句，以及其扩展句（第四段的第二句），我们可以推导出本题的正确选项是C。考生在解题时一定要注意原文的细节以及句子之间的关系。

[参考译文]

考古学作为一门专业面临两个主要问题。首先，它是穷穷行业中最穷的。只有微不足道的一些资金用来发掘，而可供出版研究成果和保护已发掘遗址的资金就更为可怜。可是考古学家们每天是在和无价之宝打交道。第二，有非法盗掘现象，造成了有收藏价值的文物流入出高价者手中。

我的一个或许不合道德的想法，却可以一举为考古发现提供资金和减少非法盗掘现象，我建议，科学考古队或政府部门可以公开出售发掘的文物。这种出售将为考古发掘、文物保存以及成果出版提供充足的资金。同时，还能斩断非法挖掘者对市场的垄断，从而消减这一非法行当对人们的诱惑力。

你或许会提出反对：职业考古是为了求知，而不是赚钱。而且，古代文物是全人类文化遗产的一部分，应该留给所有的人来欣赏，而不是要给出高价的人。这我同意。应该卖那些没有独特的艺术、科学价值的文物。不过，你可能会回应说，所有从地里出土的文物都是有科学价值的。这就是我们的不合之处了。理论上说，你认为所有文物都有潜在的科学价值是正确的，实际上，你是错的。

我这么说指的是成千上万的古代陶器、灯具之类，它们基本上是同一个模子的复制品。塞浦路斯的一次小型发掘中，考古学家新近发现了一个庭院中有2000件实际上无法区分的小水罐。就是很珍贵的王室御玺的护柄也很多见——多于4000件。

博物馆储存室绝对不够放置那些将来还会发现的大量文物。甚至没有足够的钱把它们分门别类；结果，它们常会不易查找，难以再让人接触，好像从不曾被发掘出来。实际上，在计算机的帮助下，已售出的文物比藏在博物馆拥挤不堪的储存室中的反而更容易查找到。出售之前，每样文物可被拍照，买主的资料输入计算机。如果已被卖的文物需要用于科学目的，还可以要求买主将它们归还。

如果设想公开出售文物后，非法开掘会停止，那是不切实际。但是，对来历不明的产品的需求将下降。如果有一件来源清晰，并被发现它的专业考古学家用地层分析法确定年代的文物存在，谁还会去买一个毫无标志的水罐呢？

SAMPLE 5 [管理学类]

题目序号 题型归类 第1题 归纳推导题型 第2题 句间关系题型 第3题 审题定位题型 第4题 审题定位题型 第5题 段落结构题型

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed “intuition” to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking.

Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.

Isenberg’s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers’ intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct

ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an “Aha!” experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.

One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that “thinking” is inseparable from acting. Since managers often “know” what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.

Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.

1. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to

[A] speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem. [B] identify a problem.

[C] bring together disparate facts. [D] stipulate clear goals.

2. The text suggests which of the following about the “writers on management” mentioned in

line 1, paragraph 2?

[A] They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision

analysis.

[B] They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.

[C] They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what

managers do.

[D] They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.

3. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major

difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?

[A] Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.

[B] Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y

does not.

[C] Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does

not.

[D] Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem;

Manager X does not.

4. The text provides support for which of the following statements?

[A] Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal

decision analysis.

[B] Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.

[C] Managers’ intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.

[D] Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.

5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text?

[A] An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given. [B] A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced. [C] The results of recent research are introduced and summarized. [D] Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.

[答案与考点解析]

1. 【答案】D

【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。本题题干中的“senior managers”暗示本题的答案信息在第三段，因为第三段首句包含题干中的“senior managers”。通过仔细阅读和理解本段中所谈到的五点，我们可推导出本题的正确选项是选项D。本题选项A、B、C所涉及的内容分别在本段的第五点、第一点和第三点提到。考生在解题时一定要学会认真归纳和总结原文所表达的每一层含义。

2. 【答案】D

【考点解析】这是一道句间关系题。题干已将本题的答案信息圈定在第二段。本段中的第二句是本题答案信息的最主要来源，通过阅读和理解此句，我们可推导出本题的正确选项是D。考生在解题时一定要适当理解上下句之间的关系。

3. 【答案】C

【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题。题干中的“who uses intuition to reach decisions”暗示本题的答案信息在第四段，因为第四段首句含有和题干中“who uses intuition to reach decisions”大致相同的“the intuitive style of executive management”。通过仔细阅读和理解第四段的每一句话，我们可发现第四段的第一句话都在强调“act”（行动），可见本题的正确选项应该是强调行动的选项C。本题的答案信息来源是第四段的第二句话。考生在解题时一定要首先准确地审题定位，然后要善于归纳和理解原文中的中心主旨信息。

4. 【答案】D

【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题。题干中并没有明确指出本题答案信息在原文的准确位置。在这种情况下，考生往往迷失解题思路。在考生迷失解题思路时一定要牢记全文中心主旨，并且抓住各段的核心句。本文的中心主旨句在第一段的尾句。如果考生能够抓住第一段的尾句，并结合第三段的第四、五句，就可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是D。考生在解题时，尤其是在迷失解题思路时，一定要首先抓全文的中心主旨句，同时还要抓一些明确表示启承转合关系的句子结构。

5. 【答案】B

【考点解析】本题是一道段落结构题。第一句话中的“do not”和第二句句首的“rather”是破解本题的关键。抓住这两个关键就可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是B。考生在解题时一定要注意表示否定的词语以及表示启承转合的词语，更要注意句子之间的相互关系。

[参考译文]

大部分成功的高层管理人员并不拘泥于传统的推理模式，即：首先确定目标，然后估定问题，摆出各种可能性，估计成功率，再做决定，最后才付诸行动去实施。相反，在这些人的日常决策过程中，他们靠一种定义模糊的“直觉”应付大量相关问题，这些问题使他们必须在一堆含糊不清，自相矛盾，奇特无比或者令人惊异的事物中做抉择，而且在考虑过程中就要有相应的行动。

管理学作品的写作者早就注意到了实践当中一些管理者对直觉依赖很强。不过总的来说，这些写作者未曾表达出什么叫做直觉。有些人将其视作理性的对立面，还有人认为它是

反复无常的（做法、性格）的一个借口。

Isenberg最近对高层管理人员认知过程的研究揭示了管理者的直觉并不是上述的任何一种情况。高层管理者是在五个不同的方面使用直觉。首先，他们直觉地感到有问题存在。第二，依靠直觉，管理者们能很快表现出有教养的行为方式。这种直觉并不是任意，非理性的，而是在多年实践磨练，和亲身体验培养出的技能的基础上形成。第三，直觉把一些零散的数据和实际情况组合为一个完整画面，这经常表现为一声“Aha”式的体验。第四，有些管理者也应用直觉来检验更理性化分析的结果。大部分高层管理人员熟知传统的决策分析模式和工具，那些使用这些正式的系统化方法做出决定的人经常会对一种情况保持警惕，那就是有时此方法得出的结论和他们对正确行为的感觉不符。最后，管理者可通过直觉绕开深奥的分析而快速产生一个可能的解决办法。这么使用时，直觉几乎是一个瞬间的思维过程，这一模式为管理者所熟悉。

这些管理者用直觉方式的一个特点是“思考”和行动不能分开。由于（在这种方式中）管理者在分析和解释问题之前就已经“明白”应该怎么去做，他们经常是先行动，后解释。在思考—行动的循环中，分析是必不可少的。在这其中管理者们不是靠分析他们面对的形势来思考其公司、组织的情况，而是行动和分析在高度一致地进行。

由于管理者们经常面对许多不确定的情况，他们鼓励采取各种行动来对问题作一番深入了解。他们藉此对问题做出更深的体会。这种思考行为循环的一个特点即：行动是确定问题的一部分，而不只是解决问题的步骤。

SAMPLE 6 [历史学类]

题目序号 题型归类 第1题 审题定位题型 第2题 细节理解题型 第3题 归纳推导题型 第4题 细节理解题型 第5题 审题定位题型

Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions.

The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a “natural spillover”. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English — they would rather have stayed home — by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably.

Bailyn’s third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730’s, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans.

Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and

institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.

Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.

1. Which of the following statements about migrants to colonial North America is supported by

information in the text?

[A] A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came as indentured servants

than as free agents interested in acquiring land.

[B] Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more successful at making

a livelihood than were farmers and artisans.

[C] Migrants to colonial North America were more successful at acquiring their own land

during the eighteenth century than during the seventeenth century.

[D] By the 1730’s, migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand by American

employers than were unskilled laborers.

2. The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to

[A] give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of the colonies and

England.

[B] describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved their culture in

the United States.

[C] take advantage of social research on the experiences of colonists who migrated to colonial

North America specifically to acquire land.

[D] relate the experience of the migrants to the political values that eventually shaped the

character of the United States.

3. Which of the following best summarizes the author’s evaluation of Bailyn’s fourth

proposition?

[A] It is totally implausible. [B] It is partially acceptable. [C] It is highly admirable.

[D] It is controversial though persuasive.

4. According to the text, Bailyn and the author agree on which of the following statements about

the culture of colonial New England?

[A] High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of England.

[B] The cultural achievements of colonial New England have generally been unrecognized by

historians.

[C] The colonists imitated the high culture of England, and did not develop a culture that was

uniquely their own.

[D] The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high culture of New England.

5. The author of the text would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements

about Bailyn’s work?

[A] Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North American culture. [B] Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the colonies on Great Britain.

[C] Bailyn’s description of the colonies as part of an Anglo-American empire is misleading

and incorrect.

[D] Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group of migrants to colonial North

America.

[答案与考点解析]

1. 【答案】D

【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。题干中的“migrants”一词暗示本题的答案信息在第一段或第三段，因为这两段的首句都含有“migrants”一词。又根据题干中的“supported”一词，我们可以推断出本题的答案信息来源应该在原文的第三段，因为作者应该在第三段提出相应证据来“支持”（supported）自己的观点。通过仔细阅读和理解第三段，尤其是第三段的尾句，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是D。考生在解题时一定要有审题定位的能力，更要具备善于理解原文中启承转合所传达的含义。

2. 【答案】D

【考点解析】这是一道细节理解题。题干中的“failed”一词暗示本题的答案信息应该在尾段，因为尾段中含有“fails”一词。根据阅读和理解首段尾句，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项是D。考生在解题时一定要善于理解原文中所传达的中心含义。

3. 【答案】B

【考点解析】本题是一道归纳推导题。本题题干中的“Bailyn’s fourth proposition”将本题的答案信息来源确定在原文的第四段。通过仔细阅读和理解本段的每一句话，尤其是第二、三句话和四、五句话，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是B。考生在解题时一定要善于归纳和推导原文的内容，更要善于体会上下句之间的语意关系。

4. 【答案】A

【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题。题干中的“culture”一词暗示本题的答案信息来源在第四段，因为第四段首句包含“culture”一词。通过仔细阅读和理解第四段的每一句话，尤其是第四句，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项应该是A。考生在解题时一定要注意原文中重点词语所表达的含义，以及重点词语在选项中的替换形式。

5. 【答案】A

【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。题干并没有明确指出本题答案信息在原文中的准确位置。在这种情况下，考生一定要抓住全文的中心主旨，以及每段的核心句。本题的答案信息来源在第四段的尾句，这是一个由转折词“however”引导的句子。通过仔细阅读理解本句，我们可以推导出本题的正确选项是A。考生在解题时一定要重视原文中表达启承转合的词语，因为这往往是出题的重点。

[参考译文]

Bernard Bailyn最近通过运用关于欧洲移民经历的新的社会研究成果重新解释了美国的早期历史。在他的重新解释中，迁徙成了重写北美前工业化历史的重要依据。其主张可分为四个独立的观点。

第一点断言，近代早期的英国居民经常在乡下流动，因此后来他们迁移到新大陆仅仅是一种“自然外流”。虽然最初时殖民地对英国人没有多少正面的诱惑力——他们宁愿留在本土。到18世纪时，移往美洲的人数却增加了，因为他们将那儿看作是充满机遇的地方。第二，Bailyn认为，和以往美国历史教材中惯用的观念相反，从来就没有过一个典型的新大陆社会，例如，早期新英格兰城镇中的经济和人口特点就很不相同。

Bailyn的第三个观点是，成千上万的移民中最常见的是两种普遍类型：一组是签约的仆人，另一组是为土地而来。令人惊异的是：Bailyn认为那些征召签约仆人的人是这种跨越大西洋移民迁徙的推动力。这些殖民地的企业主帮助那些来到前工业化北美社会的人确定其社会属性。起初，成千上万未受过培训的劳动力被征召，然而到了18世纪30年代，美洲雇主开始需求技术熟练的技工。

第四，Bailyn提出，殖民地是欧洲文化体系的半开化内地。在坚持殖民地是盎格鲁—美

利坚帝国的一部分这一点上，他无疑是正确的。但是像Bailyn这样，把帝国划分为英国核心和殖民地外围，就贬低了殖民地文化的成就。确实，如Bailyn所说，殖民地的高雅文化不能和英国本土的相比。但是如何看待17世纪的新英格兰呢？移民者在这儿制定了有效的法律，创建了著名的大学，出版了书籍。Bailyn可能会说，新英格兰是个特例。不过，新英格兰清教徒的思想和组织机构对北美文化有着深远的影响。

尽管Bailyn不断关注着数万名刚好在革命前夕迁移过来的签约仆人，但他没能把这些人的经历与美国的政治发展结合起来。他的书中有证据表明，我们本来可以建立这样一种联系。在出卖给美洲雇主的时间里，这些签约仆人被看作是奴隶。毫不奇怪，一旦他们服役期满，就会放弃城市里的高薪而走向西部，通过获得土地来保障个人独立。因此，一种特殊的美国政治文化开始于西部，那些怀疑权威和强烈反对贵族统治的移民者之中。

SAMPLE 7 [文学类]

题目序号 题型归类 第1题 中心主旨题型 第2题 细节推导题型 第3题 句间关系题型 第4题 句间关系题型 第5题 词汇题型

“I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, at its most intense.” Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic” novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. But Virginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a visionary: literary critics’ cavalier dismissal of Woolf’s social vision will not withstand scrutiny.

In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of how individuals are shaped (or deformed) by their social environments, how historical forces impinge on people’s lives, how class, wealth, and gender help to determine people’s fates. Most of her novels are rooted in a realistically rendered social setting and in a precise historical time.

Woolf’s focus on society has not been generally recognized because of her intense antipathy to propaganda in art. The pictures of reformers in her novels are usually satiric or sharply critical. Even when Woolf is fundamentally sympathetic to their causes, she portrays people anxious to reform their society and possessed of a message or program as arrogant or dishonest, unaware of how their political ideas serve their own psychological needs. (Her Writer’s Diary notes: “the only honest people are the artists,” whereas “these social reformers and philanthropists… harbor… discreditable desires under the disguise of loving their kind…”) Woolf detested what she called “preaching” in fiction, too, and criticized novelist D. H. Lawrence (among others) for working by this method.

Woolf’s own social criticism is expressed in the language of observation rather than in direct commentary, since for her, fiction is a contemplative, not an active art. She describes phenomena and provides materials for a judgment about society and social issues; it is the reader’s work to put the observations together and understand the coherent point of view behind them. As a moralist, Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, calling into question, rather than asserting, advocating, bearing witness: hers is the satirist’s art.

Woolf’s literary models were acute social observers like Chekhov and Chaucer. As she put it in The Common Reader, “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.” Like Chaucer, Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge, to know her society root and branch — a decision crucial in order to produce art rather than polemic.

1. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?

2.

3.

4.

5.

[A] Poetry and Satire as Influences on the Novels of Virginia Woolf.

[B] Virginia Woolf: Critic and Commentator on the Twentieth-Century Novel.

[C] Trends in Contemporary Reform Movements as a Key to Understanding Virginia Woolf’s

Novels.

[D] Virginia Woolf’s Novels: Critical Reflections on the Individual and on Society.

In the first paragraph of the text, the author’s attitude toward the literary critics mentioned can best be described as [A] disparaging. [B] ironic. [C] facetious.

[D] skeptical but resigned.

It can be inferred from the text that Woolf chose Chaucer as a literary example because she believed that

[A] Chaucer was the first English author to focus on society as a whole as well as on

individual characters.

[B] Chaucer was an honest and forthright author, whereas novelists like D. H. Lawrence did

not sincerely wish to change society.

[C] Chaucer was more concerned with understanding his society than with calling its accepted

mores into question.

[D] Chaucer’s writing was greatly, if subtly, effective in influencing the moral attitudes of his

readers.

It can be inferred from the text that the most probable reason Woolf realistically described the social setting in the majority of her novels was that she

[A] was aware that contemporary literary critics considered the novel to be the most realistic

of literary genres.

[B] was interested in the effect of a person’s social milieu on his or her character and actions. [C] needed to be as attentive to detail as possible in her novels in order to support the

arguments she advanced in them.

[D] wanted to show that a painstaking fidelity in the representation of reality did not in any

way hamper the artist.

Which of the following phrases best expresses the sense of the word “contemplative” as it is used in line 2, paragraph 4 of the text?

[A] Gradually elucidating the rational structures underlying accepted mores. [B] Reflecting on issues in society without prejudice or emotional commitment.

[C] Avoiding the aggressive assertion of the author’s perspective to the exclusion of the

reader’s judgment.

[D] Conveying a broad view of society as a whole rather than focusing on an isolated

individual consciousness.

[答案与考点解析]

1. 【答案】D

【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。本文的中心主旨句在首段的尾句，结合每段的主题句，我们可以推断出本文是在讲“Virginia Woolf”的小说以及其小说对个人与社会之间的关系进行的相关阐述。可见本题的正确选项应该是反映上述内容的选项D。考生在解题时应注意全文的中心主旨句以及每段的主题句之间的相互关系。

2. 【答案】A

【考点解析】本题是一道细节推导题。题干中的“literary critics”暗示本题的答案信息来源应该在首段的尾句，通过对本句的阅读与理解可推断出本文作者对“literary critics”的态度是否定的，故选项A应该是本题的正确选项。本题的选项D因为“resigned”（屈

从的，顺从的）一词而不能成为本题的正确选项，因为原文中并没有包含这方面的意思。考生在解题时一定要认真理解原文的每一个单词。

3. 【答案】D

【考点解析】这是一道句间关系题。通过题干中的“Chaucer”一词可迅速将本题的答案信息确定在尾段的首句。通过阅读尾段的第一句和第二句，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是突出“morality”含义的选项D。考生在解题时一定要考虑到上下句之间的联系。

4. 【答案】B

【考点解析】这是一道句间关系题。通过题干中的“realistically”和“social setting”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第二段的尾句，通过阅读和理解第二段中仅有的两个句子，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是突出“人的社会环境影响人的性格和行为”之含义的选项B。考生在解题时一定要重视上下句之间的相互联系。

5. 【答案】C

【考点解析】本题是一道词汇理解题。本题的题干以将本题的答案信息来源确定在第四段的第一句。如果考生不认识“contemplative”这个词，可以通过这个词前后的语意关系以及第四段第二句所表达的内容进行推导。通过仔细阅读第四段的第一、二句，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是C，因为该选项强调的是回避“direct commentary”（直接的评论），不做“active art”（主动的艺术），让读者自己去思考。考生在解题时应该注意原文中所表达的对立对比关系。

[参考译文]

“我要批判社会体制，揭示出它在最为紧要的关头是如何运作的。”弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙在谈及她写作《达勒维夫人》的意图时令人深思的言论，常常为批评家们所忽视，因为它着重突出了她文学兴趣的一个方面，而这一方面与这位“诗意”小说家的一贯形象大相径庭，她一贯所关注的是审视人们梦想与幻觉的种种状态，并沿着个人意识的复杂路径追寻。但弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙是一位“诗意”小说家也是一个现实主义者，是一个空想家也是一个讽刺作家和社会批评家，对于伍尔芙的社会空想，文学批评家们傲慢地忽视伍尔芙的社会批判的做法是经不起推敲的。

伍尔芙在其小说中全力探讨如下问题：社会环境是如何塑造个人的（或是使人堕落的），历史发展的推动力是如何冲击人们生活的，阶级、财产和性别是如何在决定人生命运中发挥作用的。她的大部分小说植根于现实主义营造的社会背景中，并发生在某一精确的历史时期。

因为伍尔芙对艺术宣传十分厌恶，所以她对社会的关注并未得到普遍认可。在她的小说中，改革者的形象通常是具有讽刺性的或是带有尖锐的批判色彩。即使有时伍尔芙本质上对他们的事业怀有同情心，但她还是将急于改革社会的，怀揣救世咨文或是纲领的人塑造成傲慢自大而又不够诚实的形象，并还没有意识到其政治主张是如何为满足个人的心理私欲而服务的。（她在《作家日记》中写道：“唯有艺术家是诚实的人，”而“这些社会改革家和慈善家们??将可耻的欲望隐藏在热爱人类的假面之后??”）伍尔芙还痛恨在小说中应用所谓的“说教”，对应用这一理论进行创作的小说家D. H.劳伦斯（及其他作家）进行了批评。

伍尔芙将自己的社会批判以观察的语言而不是直接的评论来表现，因为对她而言，小说是一门沉思凝想的艺术而非一门积极干预生活的艺术。她对社会及社会性问题所表现出来的现象加以描述，并提供材料让人们作出评论。读者要做的才是将这些观察所得的资料综合起来，并体会出隐含其中的连贯的观点。作为一名道德家，伍尔芙间接而巧妙地对那些公认的伦理道德进行攻击，她嘲讽、暗示、质疑，而不是下论断，鼓吹自己的观点，或是充当见证：她的作品是讽刺作家的艺术。

伍尔芙的文学楷模是像契诃夫和乔叟那样敏锐的社会观察家。正如她在《普通读者》中表述的，“完全可以说，还没有因为乔叟说了什么或写了什么而制定出一项法律或是建起一

块石碑；但当我们在阅读他的作品时，却会全身心地汲取其道德思想。”正如乔叟一样，伍尔芙选择去理解判断，去彻底了解她所置身的社会——去创造艺术而不是争论性文章，这才是至关重要的决定。

SAMPLE 8

[数学类]

题目序号 题型归类 第1题 段落结构题型 第2题 审题定位与引申推导题型 第3题 审题定位与细节推导题型 第4题 审题定位与关键词语题型 第5题 指代词题型

Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the computing machine’s “intelligence” on the details of its own perceptions — its inability to be guided by any large context. In a psychological description of the computer intelligence, three related adjectives come to mind: single-minded, literal-minded, and simple-minded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mindedness, literal-mindedness, and simple-mindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.

Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. Physicists, looking at the original Schrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach.

Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally. Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately. In some cases, the mathematicians literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences. The mathematicians turn the scientists’ theoretical assumptions that is, their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally. The question, central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context — what happens if the axioms are relaxed? — is thereby ignored.

The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.

1. The author discusses computing machines in the first paragraph primarily in order to do which

of the following?

[A] Indicate the dangers inherent in relying to a great extent on machines.

[B] Illustrate his views about the approach of mathematicians to problem solving. [C] Compare the work of mathematicians with that of computer programmers. [D] Provide one definition of intelligence.

2. It can be inferred form the text that scientists make which of the following assumptions about

scientific arguments?

[A] The literal truth of the arguments can be made clear only in a mathematical context. [B] The arguments necessarily ignore the central question of scientific investigation. [C] The arguments probably will be convincing only to other scientists. [D] The premises on which the arguments are based may change.

3. According to the text, mathematicians present a risk to scientist for which of the following

reasons?

[A] Mathematicians may provide theories that are incompatible with those already developed

by scientists.

[B] Mathematicians may define situations in a way that is incomprehensible to scientists. [C] Mathematicians may convince scientists that theoretical assumptions are facts. [D] Scientists may come to believe that axiomatic statements are untrue.

4. The author suggests that the approach of physicists to solving scientific problem is which of

the following?

[A] Practical for scientific purposes. [B] Detrimental to scientific progress. [C] Unimportant in most situations.

[D] Expedient, but of little long-term value.

5. The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that

[A] mathematicians are better able to solve problems than are scientists.

[B] changes in axiomatic propositions will inevitably undermine scientific arguments. [C] well-defined situations are necessary for the design of reliable experiments. [D] some factors in most situations must remain unknown.

[答案与考点解析]

1. 【答案】B

【考点解析】这是一道写作手法题。旨在考察考生的语言基本功和对文章段落结构的认识。这是一道比较难的题目。通过仔细阅读第一段并且把第一段和本文其它段落相联系，可推导出本题的正确选项是B。原文作者借用大家所熟悉的“computing machines”作为例子来帮助我们更好的了解“theoretical mathematics”的特点。考生在解题时一定要识别出作者的写作手法和意图。

2. 【答案】D

【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与引申推导题。通过本题题干中的“arguments”一词可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在尾段。通过仔细阅读理解尾段的内容并且根据尾段的内容进行推导，可得知本题的正确选项应该是突出“the premises…may change”的选项D。考生在解题时即要具备迅速审题定位的能力，又要具备理解原文深层含义的能力。

3. 【答案】C

【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与细节推导题。根据本题题干中的“risk”一词可将本题的答案信息来源确定在原文倒数第二段的倒数第二句，通过仔细阅读倒数第二段的倒数第二句和第三句，尤其是倒数第二句中“danger”一词后面的同谓语从句，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项是突出“theoretical assumptions are facts”的选项C。考生在解题时一定要善于深入理解原文的含义，千万不能只停留在文字的表面。

4. 【答案】A

【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位与关键词语题。通过本题题干中的“physicists”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第二段的倒数第二句。通过阅读本句以及它的前后句，

尤其是它后面的一句话（第二段的尾句），我们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是表达“healthy”（有益的）含义的选项A，因为该选项中的“practical”是一个表示肯定的词语。考生在解题时一定要善于审题定位，更要善于理解句间关系所表达的内容。

5. 【答案】D

【考点解析】这是一道指代词题型。根据本题题干中的“healthy skepticism”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在第二段的尾句，该句中的指代词“this”暗示我们本题的真正答案信息来源在第二段的倒数第二句，通过仔细阅读和理解倒数第二段的第二句话，我们可以得知强调“invisible”的选项D是本题的正确选项，因为该选项中含有“unknown”一词。考生在解题时应注意指代词的作用和功能，更要注意对原文细节的理解和把握。

[参考译文]

计算机程序员经常说计算机器会执行任何愚蠢的命令，因为它们完全缺乏辨别力。当然，其原因在于计算机的智力在其感知细节上的狭窄固定性——它不能被冗长的上下文所引导。三个相关的形容词可以用来对计算机进行心理上的描述：单一的思维，刻板的思维，简单的思维。在认识到这一点的同时，我们也应该认识到这种单一的思维，刻板的思维，简单的思维同样可以用来（尽管只是在较低的程度上）描述理论数学。

由于科学总是处理现实的问题，即使最精确的科学也通常在或多或少的不完全理解的近似的基础上探讨现实，对此，科学家必须保持适当的怀疑。例如，当数学家得知关于氢原子的薛定谔方程并不是对这种原子的精确的描述，而只是在考虑了旋转、磁极以及相对论作用的基础上一个稍微正确的近似方程，并且这个所谓的正确方程自身也只是对一个无穷量子理论场的不完美的近似时，他们一定深感震惊。当物理学家看到最初的薛定谔方程时，他们从中感知到在可见的各种关系之外，仍然存在着许多不可见的关联，而这种感知就会激励物理学家合理地忽略方程中纯技术的特色。这种非常有益的怀疑态度对于数学领域而言则是较为陌生的。

数学家必须研究精确界定的情况。因此，数学家依赖数学以外的努力来对数学照字面意义理解的近似性加以详细的说明。当给予数学家一个不确定程度较小的情形时，他们会把它转化成一个完全确定的状态。这种转化可能是合适的，也可能是不合适的。在某些情形下，数学家的这种刻板思维可能会产生不幸的后果。数学家把科学家的理论假设，也就是科学家分析重点的权宜之点，转化成公理，然后依据精确字义理解这些公理。他们可能还会说服科学家依据字义理解公理，这就会带来危险。科学家调查的中心问题，在数学领域则成为极其扰乱人心的问题，因而被忽略——如果公理不严谨会发生什么情况？

物理学家惧怕精确的论断是对的，因为一个仅仅因其精确性而使人信服的论断，当它所基于的假设略微改变时，其说服力就会丧失殆尽，而一个尽管不精确却具有说服力的论断，却会在它的基础假设受到小干扰时，依旧岿然不动。

SAMPLE 9 [文学类]

题目序号 题型归类 第1题 中心主旨题型 第2题 审题定位与反推题型 第3题 全文归纳推导题型 第4题 写作手法题型 第5题 例（举）证题型

Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by

overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.

Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.

Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.

Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works — yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?

In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.

1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with

[A] evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism. [B] comparing various critical approaches to a subject.

[C] discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism. [D] summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.

2. The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt

[A] evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction.

[B] attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors. [C] explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its

history.

[D] assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically.

3. The author’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as

[A] pedantic and contentious. [B] critical but admiring. [C] ironic and deprecating.

[D] argumentative but unfocused.

4. The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt’s book

EXCEPT:

[A] rhetorical questions. [B] specific examples.

[C] comparison and contrast.

[D] definition of terms.

5. The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an ExColored Man

most probably in order to

[A] point out affinities between Rosenblatt’s method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism. [B] clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage.

[C] qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt’s book made in the first paragraph of the passage. [D] give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt’s work.

[答案与考点解析]

1. 【答案】A

【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。通过阅读本文各段尤其是首段第一句和尾段第一句，我们可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是突出“evaluating”（评价）一词的选项A。考生在解题时一定要注意段落的中心主旨句，以及每句话所表达的内含和作用。

2. 【答案】D

【考点解析】这是一道审题定位与反推题。从本题题干中的“would have been improved”可推断出考生要在原文中寻找到谈论某一方面“不足”的地方。尾段首句的“such omissions”（这样的忽略）暗示本题的答案信息来源应该在倒数第二段。通过仔细阅读和理解倒数第二段，可将本题的答案信息来源确定在倒数第二段的第二句。根据倒数第二段第二句的内容进行反推，就可得出本题的正确选项是D。考生在解题时一定要具备利用上下段之间的关系迅速审题定位的能力，更要具备反推即逆向思维的能力。

3. 【答案】B

【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。从本题的题干可以看出本题的答案信息来源不局限于某一段或某一句，而是涉及全文的从头至尾。但是只要抓住全文的中心主旨句就可以得出本题的正确答案B。本文的中心主旨句是第一段的首句和尾段的首句。考生在解题时一定要抓住中心主旨句，并且对它们所表达的内容要进行分析和归纳。

4. 【答案】D

【考点解析】这是一道写作手法题型。本题型旨在考察考生的语言基本功。这是一道较难的题目。本题A、B、C所涉及的内容可分别在第三段的第二、三句、第四段的第三句以及第一段的第三句里找到。第一段的第三句涉及B和C两个选项。选项D“definition of terms”（给词语下定义）在原文中没有涉及，故本选项是正确答案。考生在解题时一定要注意英文中常见的写作手段。

5. 【答案】D

【考点解析】这是一道例（举）证题。通过题干中的“Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an ExColored Man”可将本题的答案信息来源迅速确定在尾段的第二句，本句中的“like”（例如）一词暗示本题的正确选项应该是含有“specific example”的选项D。考生在解题时一定要注意原文中某些关键词的应用和理解。

[参考译文]

罗杰·罗森布莱特的著作《黑人小说》，试图运用文学的而不是社会政治的标准来研究黑人小说，这成功地改变了大多数早先研究的方法。如罗森布莱特所注意到的，黑人著作的评论经常被充当为一种阐述黑人历史的借口。例如，阿狄森·盖尔的最新著作，就用了公开的政治标准来判定黑人小说的价值，按照作品中所提出的黑人个体的各观念对每个作品进行评价。

虽然小说确实是源于政治环境，但作者反映这些环境的方法是非意识形态的，如把小说

和故事的讨论作为意识形态的工具，则会忽视了许多小说的成就。罗森·布莱特对黑人文学的分析揭示了黑人小说著作间的密切关系和联系，而纯粹政治研究中忽视了这些联系。

然而写出为人所接受的黑人小说评论的前提是要对许多问题做出令人满意的回答。首先，除了这些作家的种族身份外，是否有充分的理由可将黑人作家的作品归于一类？其次，黑人小说如何将自己和其他现代小说分开？它们大半属于同一时代的作品。罗森布莱特的研究阐明了黑人小说已构成了一个与众不同的作品群体，它们具有可识别的、连贯的文学传统。着眼于最近八十年黑人创作的小说，罗森布莱特揭示了小说中与时代无关而反复出现的侧重点和布局。这些结构与主题相关，并不让人感到惊奇的是，它们源于这样一个中心事实，即小说中的黑人生存在一个白人文化支配的环境中，不管他们试图迎合这一文化还是反叛这一文化。

《黑人小说》确实对一些美学的问题没有给予回答，罗森布莱特的主题分析允许相当的客观性；他甚至直言，对各个作品的优劣判定不是他工作的意图——然而他的犹豫看起来是不合时宜的，尤其是因为尝试评定可能会导致一些有趣的结果。例如，一些小说所显示的结构散漫冗长。这是否是一个缺陷，或者是作者这样做是出于一种美学考虑，还是作者试图创造一种不同类的美学？另外，象金·图莫的《手杖》那样的黑人小说风格，近于表现主义和超现实主义；难道这个技巧只是用更自然主义的表现方式为表达流行的黑人英勇反抗命运的主题提供一个对应物吗？

尽管存在这些遗漏，罗森布莱特所做的包括他的讨论，已包括了足以构成精明而有价值的研究内容。《黑人小说》考察了广泛的小说，在此过程中我们的注意力被吸引到一些引人入胜但鲜为人知的作品上，如詹姆士·威尔顿·约翰逊的《一个曾是有色人的自传》。这本书的主题结构紧密，直率、明晰的风格例示了一种冷静而敏锐的文学评论。

SAMPLE 10 [物理学]

题目序号 题型归类 第1题 中心主旨题型 第2题 段落（间）关系题型 第3题 审题定位与反推题型 第4题 归纳推导题型 第5题 审题定位与段落（间）关系题型

The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers’ claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation.

Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop. The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. Of the two heat exchangers, one is located inside, and the other one outside the house, so each is in contact with a different body of air: room air and outside air, respectively.

The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled by valves. When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switch function. This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat or cool room air.

Now, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermal energy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energy conservation been challenged? No, not even remotely: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation.

Unfortunately there is one real problem. The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the

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