1368个单词就够了 - 书摘

1368个单词就够了

1 四个skill

挑个大的 捡实心的 捏软乎的 自产自用

2

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为什么只需要1368个单词

只统计了词汇的单一形式：多义、派生、词形、 没歌词都有多个词意和用法

3 如何解决表达问题

3.1 挑个大的

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上义词（大词） 下义词（小词）

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Her youngest son inherited all her property. Her youngest son got all her property. She gave all the property to her youngest son. All her property goes to her youngest son. She gave her youngest son all she had.

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Get

I get a lot of E-mails every day. The policeman finally got him. I’ll get the doctor. Let’s get some fresh air. She gets $19 an hour. He didn’t get the joke.

We need to get the four-twenty bus if we are going to be there by six. Can you get the phone, please? I’m making dinner. I’m going to get you for that, you little brat! That stupid dog tried to get me. I’ll get dinner if you get the movie. What time will we get there?

Receive – Catch – Call –

Breathe – Earn – Understand - Ride -

Answer - Punish - Attack - Treat - Arrive -

Persuade, convince, induce, influence, sway, entice, coax, incite, impel, wheedle, manage, fix, succeed, arrange, contrive, wangle, annoy, upset, anger, bother, disturb, trouble, bug, irritate, aggravate, gall, madden, exasperate, nettle, vex, irk, rile, pique, buy, obtain, gain, acquire, win, land, score, achieve, net, secure, attain, reap, glean, procure, collect, realize, gross, reap, fetch, bring, collect, prepare, cook, follow, notice, appreciate, perceive, grasp, comprehend, fathom, develop, contract, experience, sustain, undergo, grab, capture, trap, seize, mail, collar, nab, apprehend, contract, reach, puzzle, confuse, baffle, bewilder, confound, perplex, mystify, stump, beat, flummox, nonplus, touch, affect, excite, stir, stimulate, arouse.

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Think

Doubt Suspect Consider Suppose Guess Believe Anticipate Judge Ponder Contemplate

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Feeling 有感觉的都是feeling

I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings. I still have feelings for her. You have no feelings for others

I got the feeling that he didn’t like me much. I don’t have any strong feelings about it. Who care about my feeling?

Emotion - Love - Sympathy - Impression - Opinion - Attitude -

Understanding - She has a wonderful feeling for colors. Sensation - Sense -

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I had a strange feeling in my neck. I’ve lost all feeling in my legs.

Bad

I thought it was a very bad article. Smoking gives you bad breath. You’re a bad liar. He had a bad accident.

Inferior - Unpleasant - Poor - Serious -

Inappropriate - Evil -

It is a bad time to call him. I don’t think I am a bad person. You are a bad boy.

Too much work is bad for your health. I’ve got a bad back.

She felt bad about leaving him. I’m afraid I’m feeling pretty bad.

Naughty - Harmful - Painful - Guilty - Ill -

Rotten – 腐烂 Rancid – 酸败 Sour – 不新鲜了

The apple is rotten. The butter is rancid. The milk is sour.

不可以混搭，但是都可以用bad这个词

3.2 捡实心的

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具体的概念词（实心词） 抽象的概念词（空心词）

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It is an important decision. It is a big decision.

If it means that much to you, I’ll go find something else. For him, family comes before everything.

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Size 实心词，表达“严重性”、“艰巨性”、“那么多”三个空心词

Nobody realized the size of the problem. She knows the size of the task.

We were shocked at the size of his debts.

3.3 捏软乎的

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迅速转换表达的角度，而不是随便找个词凑合

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我喜欢吃瘦肉

错误 – I like to eat thin meat. 正确 – I like to eat lean meat. 正确 – I don’t like fat meat.

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这个土豆是生的

Lean 瘦肉

正确 – This potato is not cooked.

正确 – This potato is raw.

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三招：1- 正着不会反着说；

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Keep：

零钱不用找了。You can keep the change.You can keep it. 这事儿不能对别人说。Keep it to yourself.

他对妻子隐瞒了什么。He keeps something from his wife. 宝宝闹腾的我们一夜没睡。The baby keeps us up all night. ?

Off

All the shirts are 20% off. 比用“discount”简洁些。

首先，最好的方法是用单词OFF，不用DISCOUNT，比如：三折：70% off ，八折：20% off，九折：ten per cent off，打几折，就是100减掉几十的百分数，然后off。这是最正规的说法。 然后，DISCOUNT这个单词有名词，动词等用法。

这打几折?How much discount will you give me for it? (名词用法)

八五折：at 15% discount (名词用法)(AT) 可用可不用。(AT换成WITH也可以) 九七折：discount three percent (动词用法) 七折：discount of 30% (名词用法)

六折：make an allowance(reduction) of 40%(其他单词)

你希望头发留多长啊？ How much do you want your hair off? （你想剪掉多少头发？） 他罚球没有罚中。 His free throw shooting was off.

他骑车的时候不扶车把。 He rides bicycle with his hands off the handle.

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三招：2- 我不会说你来说；

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主动、被动的两个对象可以调换。

Her youngest son got all her property. She gave all the property to her youngest son.

银行批了我30万元按揭贷款。 Mortgage （按揭）。I borrowed 300,000 yuan from the bank. 你把感冒传染给了我。 You infected me the cold. I got the cold from you. You gave me the cold.

你们这儿可以刷卡吗？ Can I use bank card?

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三招：3- 人不会说东西说；

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事物代替人做主语。中文习惯从人的角度来表达，以人作为主语。英文经常以事物做主语进

行表达，简化英语。

Her youngest son got all her property.

She gave all the property to her youngest son. All her property goes to her youngest son. ?

go

获奖的是XXX。The award goes to XXX.

我的头疼老是好不了。 My headache just doesn’t go.

我不知道钱都花到哪儿去了！ I don’t know where all my money goes! 这些盘子要放到哪儿呀？ Where do these plates go? ?

Come, bring, say, speak, wait, stay, stop

这条裙子有三种颜色。 This dress comes in three colors. 今天什么风把你给吹来了？ What brings you here today? 这些数字说明了什么？ What do these figures say? 她的成功说明了一切。Her success speaks for itself.

案头工作可以明天再做。The paperwork can stay till tomorrow. 我的帽子老戴不住。My hat wont stay.

你该干的事情还没有干完呢！ Your responsibility doesn’t stop here.

3.4 自产自用

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不知道没有记住的单词，用已知的单词解释这个词。

兽医 – vet – a doctor for the animals 意大利面 – pasta – Italian noodle

同事 – colleague – He is someone in my company. He is someone from work.

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日本地震发生的频率是多少？

Frequency – What is the frequency of earthquake in Japan? How often does earthquake happen in Japan? ?

优先权 – Priority

结婚是头等大事 – Getting married is the first priority.

Getting married is more important than other things and should be done first. Apologize – You should say sorry to me.

Greet somebody (欢迎某人) – say hello to somebody. Accept – say yes to something.

Propose – I asked her to marry me last night. I asked her to marry me last night and she said yes.

Smuggle – He takes weapoons into china illegally and secretly. Appeal (上诉) – He formally asked the court to change their decision.

Naked (赤裸的) – She wears nothing. She las nothing on. There’re no clothes on her. Chronic (慢性的) – This disease will last for a long time. ?

Smuggle (走私)，各种说法不统一，所以才发明了这个单词。

Someone takes something to somewhere secretly. Someone brings something to somewhere illegally. ?

interview & marry 解释起来比较复杂，属于更习惯用的词儿

Interview – a formal meeting at which somebody is asked questions to see if they are suitable for a particular job, or a course of study at a college, university, etc.

Marry – to take someone as your husband or wife. (would u like to take Sarah as your wife?)

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中文组词方式，在单字前后增加修饰字，英文则是增加一个全新的单词，不容易记忆。 车 卡车 火车 吊车 出租车 救护车

car truck train crane taxi Ambulance bus van

白酒 liquor 啤酒 beer 葡萄酒 wine 香槟酒 champagne

松树 橡树 榆树 柳树

pine oak elm willow

猪肉 pork 牛肉 beef 鸡肉 chicken 羊肉 mutton

大一生 大二生 大三生 大四生

freshman sophomore junior senior

足球裁判 referee 网球裁判 umpire

公共汽车 厢式货车

凝视 窥视 扫视 怒视 小声说 大声说 含糊地说 不耐烦的说

Stare – to look at somebody/something for a long time Peep – to look at somebody/something secretly Glance – to look at

Glare – to look at somebody/something angrily Whisper – to speak quietly to somebody Shout – to speak loudly to somebody Mumble – not to speak something clearly Snap – to speak something impatiently

4 四个SKILL的好处

4.1 短时间内速成口语，集中精力办大事儿

4.1.1 词汇越少，花在每个单词上的时间就越多。 4.1.2 分类精确，可在最短的时间内找到所需要的词汇

按照血缘关系来分类，从单词出生之后排了族谱，词法隐藏了语法，学好词法搭配，语法就学好了。

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被老板骂了，用blame，如果用scold就错误了（scold有骂人的意思，但是针对孩子）。

表达意见 say : agree approve deny cancel promise 告知信息 tell : suggest claim warn introduce recommend 提出要求 ask : beg charge order

带有情感 say : argue blame praise encourage complain insist kid shout

生气的说 : argue shout 开心的说 : kid

否定的说 : blame complain 肯定的说 : praise encourage 坚定的说 : insist ? ?

中文思维：被老板骂了 – 汉语“骂”的概念 – 对应的单词 – 可能运用不恰当的词代替 英文思维：被老板骂了 – 没有掌握对应的词 – 骂是说话 – 选择用“say”这个词

My boss said it was my fault. 普通的说 （向上寻找上义词） My boss blamed me for that. 带有感情的说 （向下寻找精确的词）

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车灯很刺眼，用dazzling，首先是实心词，不用抽象，其次是表达强度

表达强度分两类：

硬度：hard firm soft tough tender 力量：strong weak

soft tender weak 三个词是反义词 hard firm 指不容易变形 tough 侧重于嚼不动 strong 最合适

所以： The light is very strong.

4.1.3 能轻松搞定以前不会表达的东西

我把脚脖子扭了。 - I turned my ankle.

挪过去一点儿，给她腾出位子来。 - Move over, make room for her. 这辆车的抓地力很好。 - This car holds the ground very well. 我的工作有一定的危险性。 - Danger is part of my job.

4.2 好懂好记好用

make 这个词汇几乎可以跟除了属性之外的所有名词类型的词汇进行搭配。Everything can be made! 春风得意时要对人好一点，因为当你失意的时候还会见到他们。

Be kind to the people on the way up, and you will meet them again on your way down.

“得意”、“失意”在汉语中的抽象概念，可以用两个具体概念的英文表达“the way up”、“the way down”

4.3 进阶的必由之路

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Overwhelm – 压到、征服

To have such a strong emotional effect on somebody that it is difficult for them to know how to react.

She was overwhelmed by feeling of guilt. 错误翻译：她被内疚征服。正确翻译：她羞愧难当，不知所措。 Launder 洗衣服、洗钱。

To put money that was been obtained illegally into legal businesses and bank accounts, so that you can hide it or use it.

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Fault & Mistake

Fault (一种责任) : the responsibility for something wrong that has happened or been done Mistake (一种不正确的言行思想) : an action or an opinion that is not correct 正确：take the fault 错误：take the mistake 正确：make the mistake 错误：make the fault

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Health (一种状况)：the condition of a person’s body or mind

拥有健康，失去健康（中文句式表达） 错误：possess health、lose health good or bad health. improve or damage your health.

4.4 学到真正的口语

新闻标题练习

遗弃： abandon – leave 判刑：sentence – give、get 要求：request ask for 报复：revenge get back on 调查：investigate look into 合作：cooperate work together

取出：withdraw take out 建立：establish set up 消减：decrease cut down 组装：assemble put together 拒绝：reject turn down 归还：return give back 加速：accelerate speed up

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目前过于倾向书面语，口语弱的原因：

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传统教学在听说读写中注重读和写的能力，大量的书面语词汇，但口语不足。

英汉词汇形成的原理不同，一个是综合性的，一个是分析性的，词汇之间不是一一对应。

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解决方法：

词汇范围在口语

在掌握口语词汇的基础上，强化应用（四大技巧），关键掌握英语思维。

4.5 学会英语思维

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生孩子是两个人的事儿。 It takes two to make a baby.

实战中解决主语问题的方法 强大的动词，表达多种意思 对应汉语中太多意思

It Take Make

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这个职位是配车的。 There’s a car for you if you get this job. 刚才我们说到哪儿了。 What did we just talk about? 证据对他不利。 The evidence doesn’t benefit him.

我昨天上班迟到了。 I was late when I went to work yesterday. 我的演讲被压缩到六分钟。 My speech was reduced to six minutes. ?

正确表达：

A car goes with this job. Where were we?

The evidence is against him. I was late for work yesterday. My speech was cut to six minutes.

4.5.1 英语、汉语的具体差别：

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汉语习惯以人做主语，英语经常会用物做主语；

2- 3- 4- 5-

汉语强调动作，英语强调方位； 汉语中的动词经常被介词来代替；

英语的语序是先说主谓后说其他成分，汉语经常把其他成分放在谓语前面； 英语口语中形象词汇用的比较多；

4.5.2 英语思维模式对掌握英语的具体作用体现在哪里

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掌握思维模式让我们英语说得更加地道； 避免中式英语；

错误：Don’t forget to return the book back. Don’t forget to return the book. dress – put on clothes

正确： dress up / dress somebody 错误： dress clothes

错误：Throw the ball into the basket. 正确：Throw the ball through the basket

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有效提高口语水平的前提

不地道： My proposal describes a way to cut the budget and keep the functions. 地道：

My proposal describes a way to cut the budget without losing the functions.

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名词 单词类别及个数种类

具体名词 抽象名词 构成类名词 属性名词 355 166 65 70 114 219 208 48 123 动词 单纯动词 世故动词 形容词 介词 副词及其他

6 6.1 名词

各类别单词解释和说明

名词占所有词汇的三分之一，除去专有名词，具体名词（人和物） & 抽象名词（事）

6.1.1 具体名词解读

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355个具体名词具备以下一个或几个特点是：

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类别名词，用来解释这个类别下的所有事物； 除了名词还有其他词性； 用在高频俚语或者成语中；

必须首先记住的词汇25个，已经在词汇表中标红。

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同类别下义词解释样例

Holiday: a period of time when you are not at work or school School: a place where children go to learn

Doctor: a person shoes job is to make ill people well again

Lock: a device that keeps a door, gate closed that you can’t open it without a key Casino: a place where people win money by playing cards or something 酸菜鱼：This dish is made of fish and vegetable. The soup is sour.

韭菜炒鸡蛋：This dish is made of egg and vegetable. The vegetable has long green leaves and it is spicy.

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万能名词 Thing

雨伞：The thing used when it is raining. 口红：The thing used on lip for ladies. 菜单：The thing with some dishes names on. 她喜欢吃甜食。She likes sweet things.

一整天了，她啥东西也没吃。She hasn’t had a thing to eat all day. 穿上你的衣服跟我走。Put your things on and lets go. 我都没件衣服穿。I haven’t got a thing to wear.

你能把那边那个东西递给我吗？Can you pass me that thing over there?

我跟你说话的时候把那个东西关掉。Turn that thing off while I’m talking to you. 带上你游泳要用的东西。Bring your swimming things with you.

让我来收拾这些早餐生下来的东西吧！ Let me clear these breakfast things.

吧U盘给我，我来帮助你复制文件。Give me that thing and I’ll copy the documents for you. 你真是个聪明的小家伙。You are quite a clever little thing!

这只猫肯定饿了。可怜的家伙。The cat must be very hungry. Poor thing!

6.1.2 抽象名词解释

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Performance 表演

音乐会（concert）。A public performance of music.

二人转。It is a local performance in North China. There’re two players. They are singing and dancing to make people laugh.

规范（code）。rule – the rule of dressing / dressing rule / the way of wearing clothes

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错误 – obey the policy 服从政策

obey是服从的意思，对象是人、法律、法规；

make this policy / make this plan; follow this policy / follow this plan;

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错误 – he doesn’t have knowledge 他没文化

Knowledge – the information and skills you gain through education or experience He is not well educated. He has never gone to school.

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Occasion （场合），

这些都是场合，meeting/ interview/ party/ picnic/ wedding/ funeral/ barbecue/ ceremony 有一个场合 – there be …

举办一个场合 – give/ have/ throw … 是否参加 – go to a … 介词 at/ from/

6.1.3 构成类名词解释

事物：Part 事物的任何一部分 Side 侧面 Edge 边缘 Base 底座 Core 核心 动物：Tail 尾巴 Wing 翅膀 Shell 壳 植物：Leaf 叶子 Flower 花

人：Mind 精神 Spirit 意志 Soul 灵魂 Feeling 感觉 Emotion 感受

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万物皆可part

人体组成、生活用品、区域、机构、文学艺术、团队、时间、事件、工作、生活 替换联系，找出带有以下词汇的例句，尝试用part代替来描述

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Organ Segment Fragment Slice Portion Wedge Compartment

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Fraction Component Accessory Region District Quarter Sector Division Passage Paragraph Section Episode

老友记例句

What you guys don’t understand is, for us, kissing is as important as any party of it.

你们男孩子不懂的是，对我们女孩子来说，接吻和约会的其他内容一样，都是非常重要的。（指约会） I mean presumably, the biggest part of your job is done 我是说， 你工作中最重要的部分可能已经完成了。（指工作） You got the clothes clean. Now that’s the important part. 衣服洗干净了，这才是最重要的。（指洗衣服）

Well, you know, part of me wants that, but it’s like I’m two guys, you know? I mean, one guy’s going “Shut up! This is great!” But there’s other guy…

你知道吗，我想这样做，但又犹豫不决，就好像两个人，一个对我说，闭嘴！这是多好的一件事啊！但同时又有另一个小人… （指想法、念头）

Oh, and she’s pregnant with my baby. I always forget that part. 噢， 对了！她怀了我的孩子， 我差点把这茬给忘了！（指怀孕）

I know it’s frightening, but, big picture. The birth part is just one day, and when it’s over, were all gonna be parents for the rest of our lives.

（生孩子）是挺吓人的， 但往远处想想。生孩子只是一天的事儿， 但那之后，我们就是永远的父母了！（指生孩子）

You left out the stupid part.

你漏掉了（你表现）愚蠢的部分。（指叙述的故事） Look, I told you I am not a part of this thing. 听着！我告诉过你了这事没我的份儿。（指活动）

She was a big part of my life there, you know, and now I just feel kind of alone. 她是我生活中不可或缺的部分，现在我觉得有些孤单。（指生活）

You know there isn’t a part of that sentence I don’t need explained.

请把你那句话的每个字都解释清楚。（指言语） All right, this is my favorite part of the weekend. 好吧！这是我这个周末过得最开心的时候。（指过周末） Phoebe: Yes. Did you settle the bill? 菲比：你结账了吗？

Monica: No. I hate this part.

莫妮卡：没呢！ 要是吃饭不结账该多好啊。（指吃饭）

I just have to make enough money for the second part of my plan. 我得挣够钱，以便实施第二阶段的计划。（指计划）

So I’m done my part, okay. It’s your responsibility now, okay. 好了， 我的事情已经完了，该你了！（指职责） The good parts coming up. Keep going. 精彩节目马上上演！ 别急。（指读书或看电视）

Is that part of your resolution, your new thing for today （everyday）? 这就是你的新年心愿吗？每天做一件新的事情？

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Side 谁都有不为人知的一面

Park your car at the side of a road.

XXX is in the center, A and B are on each side. Inside, outside, upside, downside,

Cousin from father’s side … ( mother’s side ) different side of the story listen to both sides bright side and dark side look on the bright side You’re hearing one side of the story. 你听到的只是一面之词。

There’re two sides of this story. 这件事有两个不同版本。

You only hear Monica’s side of that. 你只是听了莫妮卡的说法。

She brings this greatest side out of me. 她让我展示了最好的一面。 He has a soft side. 他有他温柔的一面。

This is not a good side of me. 这不是我好的一面。 Whose side are you on?

你站那一边？

Everybody chooses sides. 任何人都会有所倾向。 Pick a side and stay there.

选出你支持的一方，不要改来改去了。

I’m trying hard to get on the right side of my boss.

6.1.4 属性类名词解释

静态属性（人和物的属性）和动态属性（事情的属性） shape 什么样 size （big）多大 quality 品质 position 位置 amount 量化 way 怎么发展的 purpose 目的 cause 原因 effect 结果

weight （heavy）重量 possibility （possible）可能性 importance （important）重要性

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Shape

（appearance）

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如何用shape描述事物

心形 – in the shape of a heart 钻石形 – in the shape of a diamond XXX形状 – in the shape of a XXX ?

很多事物可以用shape来描述

健康 – in shape 不健康 – out of shape

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Size 尺寸很重要

所有具体事物都有自己的尺寸：房子、家具、电视、衣服、鞋子、首饰、事物、三围（measurement，用size足够）、照片、场地、文件、字体、重要性、艰巨性、地震强度、市场容量（size of the market）、投资回报（size of the prize） size of happiness size of government

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to be or not to be 这是个问题。 是否用“be”来代替动词进行表达

人类 – human being，所有的生物都可以统称为 being，being 还有一个意思是存在

意大利王国成立于1861年3月17日。The kingdom of Italy came into being on 17 March 1861. be 不仅仅是“是”的意思，而是存在，以什么形式存在，在哪里存在等等。

I am a student. / He is tall. / The book is on the table.

我们落后进度了。We’re behind schedule.

对不起，我想你可能是坐在我们的位子上了。Sorry, I think you may be in our seats. 我很快就到。I’ll be there soon.

别走开，我们马上回来。Don’t go away, we’ll be right back. 我是来找您的。I’m here for you.

我想我们是被卡在楼层中间了。I think we’re between the floors. 你知道我为什么叫你过来吗？Do you know why you’re here? 会议几点开始？When is the meeting? ?

中文习惯用动词，英语则注重状态，能不用动词，就不用动词。

我现在在公司上班。

不地道：I’m working in the company. 地道：I’m in the company. 我们正在卡拉OK唱歌呢！

不地道：We‘re singing in the Karaoke. 地道：We’re in the Karaoke. 我在电影院看电影。

不地道：I’m watching movie in the cinema. 地道：I’m in the cinema. 我正在菜市场买菜。

不地道：I’m shopping in the food market. 地道：I’m in the food market.

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Let everything go! 万物皆有变

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1- 与不同类别名词搭配，表达不同行为动作

火车什么时候开？When does the train go?

你想把钢琴放在哪里？Where do you want the piano to go?

我想从最高的窗户上拉根绳子到地面。I want a rope that will go from the top window to the ground.

我想要所有的经理都看到这份备忘录。I want this memo to go to all managers.

你的面试怎么样？How did your interview go? 枪响了，砰地一声。The gun went “peng”. 谣言传得快。Rumor goes fast.

这房子低于20万不卖。The house won’t go for less than $200000. 我大部分工资都花在房租上了。Most of my salary goes on the rent. 我大脑一片空白。My mind goes blank. ?

2- 与不同的介词（位置、方位）搭配，表达不同的动词

妈妈绝不会赞成你的想法。（go along 代替 agree）You’ll never get mom to go along with your idea.

你不能老是说别人撒谎。（go around 代替 keep）You can’t go around calling people liars. 传言说兰迪有外遇。（go around 代替 spread）There’s a rumor going around that Randy’s having an affair.

我刚一开门，两只狗就撕咬在一起。（go at 代替 attack）The two dogs went at each other as soon as I opened the gate.

你一旦做了决定，恐怕就不能反悔了。（go back 代替 regret）Once you’ve made the decision, I’m afraid there’s no going back.

你不能老是以貌取人。（go 代替 judge）You can’t always go by appearances.

别再用那张旧地图了，都过时了。（go 代替 use）Don’t go by that old map, it’s out of date. 在膝盖上敷些冰消肿。（go down 代替 subside）Put some ice on your knee to make the swelling go down.

克莱尔不想详谈离婚的事情。（go into 代替 elaborate）Clare wouldn’t go into details about her divorce.

关于欧洲政局他发表了长篇大论。（go into 代替 deliver）He went into a long speech about European politics.

这节课，我们主要分析一下法国大革命的成因。（go into 代替 analyze）During this course, we’ll go into the main courses of the French Revolution.

我们睡觉的时候篝火熄灭了。（go out 代替 expire）Our campfire went out while we were sleeping.

退潮了。（go out 代替 ebb）The tides going out.

考试前，杰克复习（翻看）了一下他的笔记。（go over 代替 review）Jack went over his notes again before the test.

我们逐字逐句的校对了演讲稿。（go over 代替 check）We went over the speech word by word. 我找遍了所有的橱柜，还是找不到我的网球拍。（go through 代替 search）I went through all our closets and I still can’t find my tennis racket. ?

3- 与大多数的形容词搭配，表达不同属性的变化

牛奶酸了。（品质变化）The milk had gone sour.

她吓得脸都白了。（颜色发生变化）She went white with fright.

在杰里扭伤膝盖之前，比赛一直进行的很顺利。（身体状况发生变化）The game was going great

until Jerry twisted his knee.

像以前一样，所有的事情在最后一刻功亏一篑。（形势发生变化）As always, everything went wrong at the last minute.

孩子们兴奋的疯玩。（行为发生变化）The children went wild with excitement.

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have/ give/ get/ take 最普遍的事物关系

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have

我上周参加了一个面试。I had an interview last week. 你拿了我的铅笔吗？Do you have my pencil? 我能知道你的名字吗？May I have your name? 我想生个孩子。I want to have a baby.

他们将为结婚十周年举办个晚会。They’ll have a party for their 10th wedding anniversary. 我明天能用一下你的车吗？Can I have your car tomorrow? 你在哪儿吃午饭？Where do you have your lunch?

麻烦你，我要点他正在吃（喝）的东西。Excuse me. I’ll have what he’s having. 等他的时候我抽了一支烟。I had a cigarette while I was waiting for him. 你得这病多久了？How long have you had it? 我打了一针青霉素。I had a shot of penicillin. 她头上顶着个筐。She has a basket on her head. 你养宠物吗？Do you have any pets? ?

give

举个例子吧！ Give me an example ! 你把感冒传染给了我。You gave me the cold.

英语老师总是给我们布置很多作业。Our English teacher always give us a lot of houmework. 你会捐钱给贫困儿童吗？Do you give money to poor children? 他们提供不出更多信息。They couldn’t give more information. 我的名字是爸爸取的。My father gave me this name. 我把作为让给她了。I gave my seat to her. 他给我拍了个胸片。He gave me a chest X-ray. 他给我们做了一个演讲。He gave us a speech.

别忘了给宝宝喂药。Don’t forget to give baby medicine. ?

get

我每天都能收到很多邮件。I get a lot of E-mails every day. 他一年大概挣10万元。He gets about 100000 yuan a year.

你能弄到几张演唱会的门票吗？Can you get some tickets for the concert?

警察最终抓住了她。The policeman finally got him.

她遗传了母亲的美貌。She gets her good looks from her mother. 让我们呼吸一下新鲜空气。Let’s get some fresh air. 我去端菜。I’ll get the dishes.

我们能从银行贷出款来吗？Can we get a loan from the bank? ?

take

我要乘地铁。I’ll take the subway. 他吸毒。He takes drugs.

这所学校不收男孩。This school doesn’t take boys. 他不听我的建议。He didn’t take my advice. 我得吃点儿药。I need to take some medicine.

我想报个英语培训班。I want to take an English course. 你儿子打疫苗了吗？Has your son taken the vaccine? 他量了我的血压。He took my blood pressure. 她学了好几年钢琴了。She took piano for years.

* 中文中常常有“传染给了我”，“让给了我”，“给我们布置作业”等，这里的“给”说明的就是事物运动的方向，正式“give”表达的意思，注意力不要集中在“给”之前的动词身上。 have

own possess occupy boast suffer enjoy experience endure sustain undergo contain comprise consume

give

supply award grant deliver present contribute donate devote commit announce transmit infect communicate pronounce utter emit issue provide lost administer furnish confer bestow concede surrender

take

grab seize grasp clutch transport haul remove withdraw abstract extract capture arrest endure undertake adopt derive collect subscribe record scribble measure accommodate quote

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advice

I have an advice for him./ I gave him an advice./ He got my advice./ He took my advice. 有一个建议、给他一个建议、得到我的建议、听从了我的建议 ?

medicine

The doctor has some medicine for me./ The doctor gave me some medicine./ I got some medicine from the doctor./ I took the medicine

有一些药给我、给了我一些药、从医生那儿拿了些药、吃了药 ?

job

has a lot of jobs./ gave me a job./ got a job from IBM./ took the job from IBM./ 有很多工作岗位、给了我一份工作、得到了一份工作、接受了IBM的工作 ?

cold

have a cold/ gave me the cold/ got a cold/ took the cold from you 感冒了，把感冒传染给我了，感冒了，感冒是你传染的 ?

call

have a call/ give you a call/ got a call from you/ take a call/ 有个电话、打电话给你、接到你的电话、接个电话 ?

kiss

gave me a kiss/ got a kiss from her 给我一个吻、得到了一个吻 ?

lift （搭车）

I’d like to give you a lift./ Can I take a lift? 我开车送你吧！、我能搭个便车吗？

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替换练习

have/ give/ get/ take 四个动词和下面名词搭配练习

joke 笑话、 message 信息、 test 测试、 treatment 治疗、 challenge 挑战、 responsibility 责任

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单纯动词举例

流鼻涕 – My nose is running. 拉伤肌肉 – pull one’s muscle 崴了脚 – turn one’s ankle 破了皮 – The skin breaks. 伤口愈合 – The wound is closing. 发动汽车 – Start the car. 压低嗓音 – Drop your voice. 管用 – It works. 别挤 – Don’t push.

从井里打水出来，用水管把它送到水龙头，把水龙头打开放水，然后用桶接住，再将桶里的水浇到花上。 Draw water from the well, carry it with pipe, turn on the tap to run the water, catch it with a barrel, spread the water over the plant.

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game

开始比赛 start a game 暂停比赛 hold the game 退出比赛 quit a game 输掉比赛 lose a game

故意输掉比赛 throw a game 赢下比赛 take a game 操纵比赛 fix a game 扭转比赛 turn a game ?

concentration

分散某人注意力 break one’s concentration 抓住某人注意力 catch one’s concentration 吸引某人的注意力 drawn one’s concentration 失去某人的注意力 lose one’s concentration

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单纯动词解决事故动词无法表达的东西

他转而把气撒在狗身上。He turned the anger on his dog.

他试图让我妹妹掉头反对我。He tried to turn my sister against me.

他看上去和其他孩子不大合群。He doesn’t seem to fit in with the other children. 这个产品能帮我们打开上海市场。This product will help us to break into Shanghai market. 只有两天假期可以延到下一年。Only two day of vacation can be carried over into next year. 我们的报告是今天早上才匆匆写成的。Our report was thrown together this morning. 他因为与老师顶嘴惹下了麻烦。He got in trouble for talking back to his teacher.

6.2.2 世故动词

世故型动词，本身就很有内涵，自给自足，不愿和别的词交朋友，用法单一。

drown - 淹死 他淹死在河里了。He was drowned in river. 没有必要在后面加“死”这个字了 afford - 有钱、有能力、买东西 to have enough money to be able to buy something 我们可以买车了。We can afford a car.

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举例 enjoy & suffer

enjoy 和 suffer 都是 have 的下义词，词义相反。解释如下： enjoy：to have something that is good to you suffer：to have something that is bad to you

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enjoy

拥有主场优势 enjoy home advantages 有草根支持 enjoy grass roots support 享有超能力 enjoy super ability 享有健康 enjoy good heath 有好名声 enjoy good reputation

从事有成就的职业 enjoy a successful career

拥有良好的关系 enjoy a warm relationship 享受高标准的生活 enjoy a high standard of living 每年有40天的带薪假 enjoy 40 days’ paid holiday a year ?

suffer

咳嗽 suffer a cough 头疼 suffer headache 发烧 suffer a fever 受惩罚 suffer punishment 蒙受损失 suffer a loss

遭受空气污染 suffer air pollution 遭受地震 suffer an earthquake 遇到车祸 suffer a car accident 遭受火灾 suffer a fire

得到糟糕的服务 suffer poor service

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世故型动词与中文词汇相似，大部分世故型动词与中文词汇存在着意义上的对应关系

设计 design、 移民 immigrate、安排 arrange、

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两词并一词

try 和 want 语义强烈，以至于可以省掉后面的动词 门是用来推的，意见是用来听的，英语能省则省

We tried to push the door, but it was locked. – We tried the door, but it was locked. Do you want to hear my advice? – Do you want my advice?

你可以打她手机试试 （省略了 to call） You can try her mobile phone. 要不要尝尝我做的汤？（省略了 to taste） Would you like to try my soup?

我跑了6家书店才找到那本书。（省略了 to go to）I tried six stores before I found the book. 生日那天我想收到他的礼物。（省略了 to receive）I want his gift for my birthday. 我希望你能下个保证。（省略了 to make）I want your promise. 她想生个孩子。（省略了 to make）She wants a baby.

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start

孩子们下周开学。（省略了 to go to）The children start school next week. 让我们新开一瓶葡萄酒吧！（省略了 to drink）Let’s start a new bottle of wine! 到开始做作业的时间了。（省略了 to do）It’s time to start your homework. ?

expect

我期望能接到他的电话。（省略了 to receive）I’m expecting a call from him. 你希望有多少人来访？（省略了 to come）How many visitors are you expecting.

别指望从我这儿得到同情！（省略了 to give）Don’t expect sympathy from me!

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及物动词 & 不及物动词 （忽略了动词另外一种动词形式）

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fly 不及物动词

小鸟在飞。The bird is flying. 风筝在飞。The kite is flying. ?

fly 及物动词

放风筝。Fly the kite. ?

write 及物动词

我在写信。I’m writing a letter. ?

write 不及物动词

这笔写不出字。This pen won’t write.

The water is boiling. / Boil the water

He is working. / He is working the coffee machine. The shoes hurt me. / The shoes hurt.

The hot coffee burns my mouth. / The coffee burns. This sweater washes well. / Wash clothes.

My company pays me a lot of money. / My company pays well. Copying will cost you a lot of money. / Copying costs. He shares everything with me. / Kids don’t share.

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名词当动词用

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

rain dream salt water color pocket milk bottle price list

下列名字做动词的意思

ice oil paper parent program tax team wall head chest shoulder elbow position angle cap cash detail heat license sugar shape sun air bag boss

6.3 形容词

形容词占所有词汇的四分之一，这里只列出跟名词对应的各个类别，每个类别分属性、构成的描述，再往下细分。

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描述属性的形容词容易理解，描述构成的形容词不容易理解，解释如下：

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描述物的组成

是否有热量（heat）：hot warm cold cool 是否有水分（water）：dry wet 是否有光线（light）：bright dark dull 是否有声音（sound）：loud noisy ?

描述人或动物的组成

是否有食物（food）：hungry 是否有水分（water）：thirsty 是否有疾病（disease）：ill 是否有孩子（baby）：pregnant 是否有信心（confidence）：confident 是否有金钱（money）：rich poor ?

there be / somebody have / something have

The cake is dry. / There’s not much water in the cake. The room is dark. / There’s little light in the room. He is ill. / He has a disease.

She is pregnant. / She has a baby in the stomach. He is rich. / He has a lot money.

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天生的形容词只有几个

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名词生成的形容词

构成类的形容词，表示有或者无

有一些

bloody cloudy windy skinny stormy tricky dirty 有很多

careful useful powerful hopeful fruitful helpful colorful skillful 没有

careless useless powerless hopeless fruitless helpless homeless worthless

属性类的形容词，表示状态或属性

像什么

foolish childish selfish girlish ladylike birdlike businesslike 具备某种属性

traditional social cultural accidental magical logical practical political historical

? 动词生成的形容词 表示某种能力

exciting surprising interesting relaxing alarming amazing attractive 表示某种状态

excited surprised interested relaxed alarmed frozen limited related

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精确形容词 和 简单形容词加程度副词

big/ small，good/ bad，deep/ shallow，分别代表属性的两个方向。

good：great wonderful fabulous bad：awful terrible

big（大） huge（庞大） giant（巨大）

small（小） mini（袖珍） slight（一点） tiny（极小） beautiful（漂亮） gorgeous（太漂亮） stunning（绝美） strange（奇怪） unusual（有点奇怪） bizarre（非常奇怪） silly（傻） stupid（很傻） ridiculous（太傻） absurd（荒唐） scary（吓人的） horrible（可怕的） creepy（毛骨悚然）

a little/ very/ extremely 三个副词修饰简单形容词，就表达不同程度的描述

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有的形容词只是表达了“有”或者“无”

麻木的 numb

My leg is numb.

My leg doesn’t have feeling My leg lost it’s feeling

裸体的 naked

She is naked.

There’re no clothes on her. She doesn’t wear any clothes.

匿名的 anonymous [ ??nɑ:n?m?s ]

an anonymous letter

a letter without the writer’s name

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书面形容词，可以用口语词汇代替

口语 smart far 书面语 intelligent remote

significant ultimate wealthy artificial conscious [ ?kɑ:n??s ]有意识的，神志清醒的 entire various ?

important final rich fake aware whole different 单纯形容词描述物，代替中文中的动词

单纯形容词是描述“物”的。

世故形容词是描述“人”和“事”的，容易理解，与中文形容词对应。 对“物’的形容词举例如下：

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单纯形容词的具体词义掌握不够。

他嘴巴很大。He has a wide mouth. 这肉咬不动。The meat is tough.

挑结实的西红柿。Pick the firm tomatoes. 我的领带正不正。Is my tie straight? 这鞋子有点儿挤。These shoes are tight. 画挂歪了。The picture is not level. 电池没电了。The battery is flat. 盛夏。high summer 正午。high noon

茂密的森林。a thick forest

低低的声音 a low voice 响亮的声音 a high voice 尖细的声音 a thin voice 粗重的声音 a thick voice 温柔的声音 a soft voice 沙哑的声音 a rough voice 坚定的声音 a firm voice

软饮料 soft drink 高度酒 hard liquor

低度酒 light wine 可乐跑气了 the cola is flat 浓茶 strong tea

不加奶的咖啡 black coffee 不加冰的威士忌 straight whiskey 难喝的酒 rough wine

口感顺滑的酒 smooth and rich wine

全名 full name 满月 full moon 稀疏的头发 thin hair 粗糙的皮肤 rough skin 崎岖难走的路 rough track 宽阔的肩膀 broad shoulder 浓汤 thick soup 直筒裙 straight skirt 宽摆裙 full skirt 平底鞋 flat shoes 瘪了气的轮胎 flat tire ?

单纯形容词的抽象词义

他这个人很抠门。He is tight with money. 他这个人自以为了不起。He is so full of himself.

他和老同学聚会的时候感觉自卑。He feels small when he is with his old classmates. 他很有城府，谁也不信任。He is a deep one, trusting nobody. 老板成天板个脸。Our boss keeps a straight face all day. 他的观点比较狭隘。He has a narrow view. 他说的都是空话。He speaks only empty words. 老板是个不讲情面的人。Our boss is a hard man. 这是一个团结的群体。This is a tight group. 没了你，我生活很空虚。I feel empty without you.

最近几个月房产市场不景气。The housing market is flat for months. 我的进度太赶了。We have a tight schedule. ?

Heavy 我们生活在一个沉重的世界

重 1- 数量多；2- 吃力；3- 不容易移动。

大雨 heavy rain

大雪 heavy snow 浓雾 heavy fog 厚霜 heavy frost 浓烟 heavy smoke 乌云密布的天空 heavy sky

食物 - 表示数量多

丰盛的晚餐 heavy dinner 脂肪含量高的奶酪 heavy cream 油腻的食物 heavy food

声音 - 表示吃力

粗重的呼吸声 heavy breathing 沉重的叹息 heavy sigh 很响的呼噜 heavy snoring 浓重的口音 heavy accent

日常用品 - 表示不容易移动

粗笨的家具 heavy furniture 厚重的外套 heavy coat 重型卡车 heavy truck

生活 - 表示数量多、吃力或移动慢

浓妆艳抹 heavy make-up 重感冒 heavy cold 不幸的消息 heavy news 拥堵的交通 heavy traffic

经济 - 表示数量多

重大损失 heavy loss 重税 heavy tax 重罚 heavy fine 重度消费者 heavy buyer

工作 - 表示数量多或者吃力

繁重的工作 heavy work 忙碌的一天 heavy day

重大的责任 heavy responsibility 重手管理 heavy hand of management 沉重的负担 heavy burden 繁忙的行程 heavy schedule

人 - 表示数量多

酒鬼 heavy drinker 烟鬼 heavy smoker 睡觉恨死的人 heavy sleeper

行为 - 表示吃力

沉重的脚步 heavy step 大力的挖掘 heavy digging 激烈的战斗 heavy fighting 进展缓慢的讨论 heavy discussion

例句

这车油耗大。This car is heavy on oil.

天气很闷，估计要下暴雨。It’s very heavy, I think there’ll be a storm. 不要对她那么苛刻。Don’t be so heavy on her.

他心情沉重的回到家。He went home with a heavy heart.

?

sharp 锋利的尖利的，形容刀具。1- 切割东西快；2- 容易伤到人；3- 切割面比较整齐、

鲜明。

相貌 - 米娅的鼻子又高又尖。Mia has a sharp nose. 声音 - 痛苦的尖叫。A sharp cry of pain.

感觉 - 我感到背部一阵剧痛。I felt a sharp pain in my back. 言语 - 她说话尖酸刻薄。She has a sharp tone.

她尖锐的评论让我们吃惊。We were surprised by the sharp tome of her comments.

图像 - 这台电视机图像非常清晰。This TV set gives you a very sharp picture. 时间 - 我们要在10点整见面。We’re meeting at 10 o’clock sharp 移动 - 我们来到了公路的急转弯处。We came to a sharp turn in the road. 价格 - 价格的急剧上涨。A sharp rise in price.

观察 - 做这项工作要有观察入微的眼力。The job requires someone with a sharp eye for detail. ?

rough 粗糙的。1- 不舒服；2- 不细致、不精确；

你能大致告诉我要选些什么课程吗？Can you give me a rough idea of what courses I have to take?

我有个大概的想法要去哪儿了？I’ve a rough idea of where I want to go.

如果你只想看个大概的数字，周三我就可以给你。Look, if you wanna see some rough numbers, I can get them to you by Wednesday. 我这一天过得糟透了。I’ve had a rough day. 我一夜没睡好。I had a rough night.

过去几年对葡萄酒厂家来说不是好年景。The last years have been rough on wine producers. 坐着小型车旅行数千英里实在是太难受了。Traveling thousands of miles in a small car was

pretty rough.

我们正经历一段艰难的时光。We’re going through a rough time. ?

schedule

紧凑的行程 tight schedule 繁忙的行程 heavy schedule 宽松的行程 loose schedule 大概的行程 rough schedule ?

life

轻松的生活 easy life 艰难的生活 hard life 困苦的生活 rough life 充实的生活 full life 空虚的生活 empty life 放荡的生活 loose life 悲惨的生活 bitter life ?

mind

有见识的头脑 great mind 肮脏的头脑 dirty mind 大脑空白 blank mind 意志坚强 strong mind 心态开放 open-minded 心胸狭窄 narrow-minded ?

big

这是一个重要的决定。（代替 important）It is a big decision.

你犯了一个严重的错误。（代替 serious）You are make a big mistake.

你认为我们能够和这些高手对抗吗？（代替 powerful）Do you really think we can take on the big boys?

他们有很多野心勃勃的想法。（代替 ambitious）They are full of big idears. 橙色是今年的流行色。（代替 popular）Orange is the big color this year. 这个乐队在日本很成功。（代替 successful）This band is very big in Japan. 我是她的超级粉丝。（代替 enthusiastic [ ?n?θu:zi??st?k ]）I’m a big fan of hers.

两小时工作，他又给我加了5英镑，我想，哦，你很大方。（代替 generous）He gave me an extra five pounds for two hours’ work. I thought ‘That’s big of you’. ?

其他

你对莫妮卡太严厉了。（hard 代替 strict）You ‘re too hard on Monica.

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