山东自考(00015)英语二课文翻译

Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? this kind is more difficult for Chinese 他们致力于弄清楚儿童是如何学会母有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语city that I left six years ago．Things had 英语有多难 English learners than for people who 语、理解母语的。另一方面致力于研言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相changed so much that I didn’t recognize Like the national push for Asian literacy speak a western language other than 究人是如何学习第二语言的。 同的。这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习parts of it．My elementary school was in Australia，there has been foreign English because Chinese has nothing in Linguists are not sure how children learn 语言的过程组织教学：课堂上只讲外gone．The houses on the street where I languages fervor in China，with English common with the alphabetic English and to speak．Some linguists think that 语，不与学生讲母语。他们使学生尽used to live had been torn down and on top of the list. English is not only China had little contact with the Western children are born with an ability to learn 可能多地接触所学外语的口语形式，replaced by office buildings． taught at schools，colleges and world in modern history．Consequently，and use a 1anguage．This does not mean 不教学生语言使用的规则。外语教师到达时，我确实大吃一惊。香港已经universities，but also at evening classes，the background knowledge of English that they come into the world knowing 采用这种口语教法是因为大多数父母不是六年前我离开时的那座城市了。on radio and TV．Parents hire private fascinates large numbers of interested their native language. It means that，在教孩子说话的时候也不教孩子语言这儿发生了巨大的变化，一些地方都tutors for their school children；adult and determined English learners in along with many other things，they are 使用规则，而只是告诉孩子怎样讲话认不出来了。我读书的那所小学已经English learners would sacrifice the China but at the same time disheartens born with the ability to learn their native 是正确的。对一些学生来说，这种方不复存在。曾经住过的那条街上的房weekend at an English corner in a public quite a few． language. With just a little exposure to 法是成功的，他们能够轻而易举地、子已被拆掉，代之而起的是办公大楼。 park practicing their spoken English 中国的英语学习者可能会这样问：\我the language，and a little help from their 很快地学会所学的语言。他们似乎很The shock from the physical changes in with peop1e of the same interest and 们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、parents，they are able to learn to 喜欢去用所学的语言，并不很在意是the city，however，was nothing determination .Is English such a difficult 吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、speak．Another group of linguists does 否使用了正确的语言规则。另外一些compared to the confusion and hurt I language that it really demands people to 羊肉呢?\对学习英语的中国人来说，为not think this is correct． 学生则不适合这种方法，语言学家着soon began to feel in my parents’invest a large amount of time and energy 这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易语言学家并不确定儿童是如何学说话手寻找一种适合他们的教学方法。 home．My family greeted me warmly before it is mastered ? The answer，if I 事。问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死的。一些语言学家认为儿童生来就有A second method，the rule-learning when I arrived．While my mother was am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes. 记硬背英语单词毫无效率。所以说，学习和使用语言的能力。这并不是指method，sometimes works better with busy preparing a special dinner in my 就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习一个人的母语是与生俱来的；而是指these students．Some linguists believe honor，the rest of the family eagerly 一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这使用该语言国家的历史知识。学习英一个人生来具有学习其母语的能力，that learning a foreign language is asked me questions about my life in the 股热潮中，英语高居榜首.不仅各级学语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英这种能力与人在其他方面表现出来的different from learning to speak one's United States．I felt happy that day and 校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都语国家的西方人要困难得多，因为汉能力是相同的。孩子只要与要学习的native language．They feel that students for a couple of days after，but then I 设有英语课程。父母为学龄的孩子聘字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之语言有一定接触，在父母的些许帮助must learn the rules for using the began to feel that something was 请英语家教，成年英语学习者会牺牲处，并且中国和西方世界在近代史上下就能够学会说话。另外一派语言学language by memorizing them and wrong．I noticed that my family，周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与很少接触。所以，在中国，英语背景家则对此持有异议。 must practice saying things in the especially my mother, would sometimes 志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。英知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者，也使This second group of linguists thinks language and using the rules glance at me in a strange way when I 语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量许多人丧失信心。 that children learn to use a 1anguage correctly．These linguists try to teach was speaking．They gradually became 的时间和精力才能掌握吗? 如果我被The Western and Oriental values are from their parents．They believe that students the rules of the language they less warm and friendly toward me，and I 问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的found to be in confrontation in learning parents teach their children to produce want to learn．Then they give them many became uncomfortable and confused as 答案是：是的。 English．Native English speakers may sounds and words in their sentences in the language to say over to（至于） why they were behaving that From my personal experience, I think complain about Chinese confusion when language．When children know some and over again．The students are way.

learning English means far more than using \，for the two words words，their parents will begin to teach encouraged to make up new sentences，但是，我到了父母亲家里不久，就发learning its pronunciation，its sound the same，though，different in them to say sentences．These linguists using the rules that they have learned 现了一些令我想不通的问题，情感上grammatical rules，its words，etc．It written forms in Chinese．As a result，do not think that parents teach their and the words that they know． 也受到了挫伤。与之相比，香港外观involves learning everything about the some native English speakers conclude children in the same way that adults are 另外一种方法--语言规则学习法--更适上的变化给我的震惊算不得什么。我countries where it is used and the people that the Chinese are unable to tell the taught a second language．Instead，合这部分学生。一些语言学家认为学的家人热情地迎接我回家。我母亲忙who use it．Without such a complete difference between the two sexes．But parents probably teach their children by 习外语不同于学习母语。学生必须通着备饭为我接风，家里其余的人迫不understanding of the language, the native English speakers are more gender talking to them and correcting their use 过记忆来学习语言使用规则，必须练及待地问我在美国的生活。那天和之English a foreigner speaks will blind than the Chinese when they of 1anguage. These linguists feel that 习使用这种语言，练习正确地使用这后的几天我都非常高兴, 但是不久我inevitably sound strange or even mention their cousins．The confusion children learn their language mainly 些规则。语言教师首先教学生要学的就开始感觉到事情有些不对劲儿。我unintelligible though there is not caused by the confrontation of Western from the environment . In this case，the 语法规则，再给学生一些例句让他们注意到，在我讲话的时候，我的家人，anything wrong with his pronunciation，and Chinese values，to a certain extent，environment is their family and their 反复练习，同时鼓励学生使用所学过尤其是我母亲，会以一种奇怪的目光sentence structure and the words he affects the Chinese English learner's home. As you see，the first group of 的语法规则和他们所掌握的词造句。 看我。渐渐地，大家对我疏远起来，uses． comprehension of what he／she reads linguists disagrees． Some students are very successful with 不像开始时那么热情、友好了, 我感到从我个人的经验来看，英语学习不仅and hears．Only by developing an 持反对意见的语言学家认为儿童是跟this second, rule-learning method．They 不舒服，弄不明白他们为什么这样对仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇understanding and tolerance（忍受） of 着父母学会使用语言的。他们认为父learn the language quite quickly and can 待我。

等，它包括学习与使用该语言的国家different cultural values can a Chinese 母首先教孩子发声、吐字。当孩子掌use it well. They know the rules for I decided to talk to my mother．She 和民族有关的所有内容。对英语没有English learner reach the goal of 握一定词汇以后，父母就开始教他们using the language and can speak the asked me，“Have you forgotten your 这样全面的理解，即使发音、句子结communicating with native English 如何组织句子。但是他们认为，父母language and understand it，too．For Chinese way ?” I asked her what she 构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲speakers． 教孩子的方式不同于教成年人学习第many students, this is the best way to meant．She said．“You’ve forgotten the 的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难英语学习中，东西方的价值观念是相二语言的方法。相反，父母是通过与learn a foreign language．For some place of women in a Chinese home．You 以理解。 互冲突的。英语母语的人会混淆汉语孩子交谈并纠正他们的语言错误来教students, both of these methods may talk when you should remain silent．You The social customs and habits of the 中\他\她\的用法，因为这两个字尽管孩子说话的。这一派语言学家认为，work. Sometimes teachers use a speak on matters that are of concern English-speaking people contribute a lot 字形不同，读音却相同，他们因此常儿童主要通过语言环境学会使用语言combination of these methods in class，only to men．You speak openly of your to the difficulty a foreigner has in 常抱怨。结果有些英语母语的人得出的。这种情况下，语言环境是家庭和hoping that everyone will be able to inner feelings and desires．That’s not the learning it．Take the Chinese English 结论，认为中国人不区分两种性别。生活环境。可以看出，第一派语言学learn the language with one method or way of a Chinese woman．We keep our learners for example．\Hello \但是在涉及表亲的时候，英语母语的家对此并不赞同。 the other. Some people can go to a thoughts and feelings to ourselves．” \morning\may sound a little bit 人更是混淆性别。东西方价值观的冲There are some other theories about how country and %up\the language 我决定和母亲谈一谈。她问我：“你忘simple to Chinese people．It is totally 突造成的语言上的混淆，在一定程度children learn a language．Many people simply from hearing it and trying to 了中国的规矩了吗?” 我问她指的是什beyond the understanding of a Chinese 上影响学习英语的中国人对自己所读are studying the process of communicate in it．These people are 么。她回答说：“你忘了中国家庭里女English learner that native English 或所听到的内容的理解.学习英语的中language learning by children．This rare． 人的地位了。应该保持沉默的时候，speakers would be annoyed when they're 国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的work is being done in many 一些学生使用这种语法规则学习法效你却在讲话。你就那些只与男人有关addressed \are you going?\，理解和宽容，才能达到与英语母语者countries．Linguists are not the only 果非常好，他们学得很快，用得也好。的事情发表见解。你直言不讳你的内which is a commonly used addressing 交流的目标。 people who are interested in this 他们掌握了语言使用规则，能够使用心感受和愿望，这不是中国女人的做among the Chinese．Is there anything A Chinese English learner could not process．Many psychologists，doctors， 所学的语言，也能够理解别人的话。法。我们的想法和感情都不说出来。” wrong with the English sentence have a good command of Eng1ish unless and parents are also interested．People 对一些学生来说，这是学外语最好的As my mother spoke，I realized what had structure ? Of course not．It takes quite he overcomes the cultural barriers(not who teach foreign languages are 方法。对另外一些学生来说，两种方happened to me．American including some time for a Chinese English all，of course!)in learning English．Many interested, too． 法都行之有效。有时候，老师在课堂American women，are much freer in learner to understand the western Chinese translate what they think about 关于儿童如何学习语言还有一些其他上将两种方法结合起来用，目的是让expressing their thoughts and concept of privacy being violated in this in Chinese into English when they talk 理论。许多国家中有很多人正着手研每个学生都能受益。有些人能够到国feelings．Also American women feel as address. By the same token，\or write．This kind of English inevitably 究儿童学习语言的过程。不仅语言学外通过倾听，与人交流等手段自然而free as men to speak or give an opinion eaten?\is another addressing affects the fluency and flow of speech，家，许多心理学家、医生和父母都对然的学会那个国家的语言。但这毕竟about any subject．They don’t take a term the Chinese people usually use)will the amount of information conveyed，儿童的语言学习过程感兴趣。外语教是少数人。 silent back seat during a discussion．I sound to native English speakers that the and，above all，the quality of 师也对这一过程很感兴趣。 Most people try to learn a language by guessed that through my association Chinese are so hospitable that they invite communication． Foreign language teachers are interested taking classes and studying it in some with Americans during the past six people to meals off-handedly. 学习英语的中国人，只有在学习英语in how children learn to speak their way. Most teachers will try different years，，I had gradually adopted some of Meanwhile，the Chinese would be 的过程中克服文化障碍才能很好地掌native language for a very important ways to help students learn a language their ways．

shocked to hear，\，it's very nice of 握英语。(当然不可能是克服全部文化reason．If they knew how children learn quickly and easily．Linguists and 听着母亲这样讲，我意识到了是怎么you．When?\， if the addressee happens 障碍!) 很多中国人说话或写作的时their native language，perhaps they psychologists are trying to understand 回事。美国人，包括美国女性，都非to have a craving for Chinese cooking 候，将自己汉语思维的内容翻译成英would have an easy way to teach adults，how people learn and use a 常自由地表达自己的思想和感情。美and has not had his dinner yet. 语，这势必会影响英语表达的流畅、as well as children, a second language．Perhaps language 1earning 国男女一样，对任何问题都自由地发讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了传达的信息量，最重要的是，影响交language．This is a very interesting will be easier when they have a clear 表见解。在讨论中，她们不会做一个外国人学习英语的难度。以学英语的流的质量。 idea．Some foreign language teachers understanding of how people learn and 沉默的旁观者。我想，过去六年和美中国人为例，\你好\和\早上好\是非常The above is，not wholly，how difficult believe that adults learn a second use a language． 国人的交往中, 我渐渐学了他们的一简单的。\你去哪儿?\是中国人常用的English is．Some native speakers might language the same way children learn 大多数人还是通过课堂或者其他方式些做法。

问候语，若英语母语者被问及\你去哪have said， \foreigners don't use their native language . These teachers try 来学语言的。大多数老师也通过不同During the next few days I tried to be a 儿?\，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让good English! \at the time a foreigner to make their students' learning similar 的教法来帮助学生轻松快速的学会一Chinese woman．But it didn’t work．My 中国的英语学习者大为不解。这个英fails to understand what he is to that of children．These teachers speak 门语言。语言学家和心理学家正致力family remained distant from 语句子结构不对吗? 当然不是。学英语saying．\should l?\would only the foreign language in the 于弄清楚人是如何学会并使用语言me．They could no longer accept me 的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一protest，though．Still，I have to keep classroom．They will not talk to students 的。也许在解决了这个问题之后，语fully as one of them．I became more 问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。同样，asking myself：Is it possible for a in the native language．They try to 言学习会变得容易一些。 uncomfortable and hurt as things were 英语母语者听到\你吃了吗?\中国人foreigner to command English? expose them to as much of the spoken Unit 2 Text A Caught said and done that made me feel that I 常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国尽管不完全，以上就是学习英语的困foreign language as possible．They do Between Two Cultures was an outsider,a stranger in my own 人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情难。英语母语者被外国人误解的时候not teach them any rules for using the 夹在两种文化之间 country．

况下请人吃饭。如果听话者此刻正希可能会说：\你们外国人不懂地道的英language．Most parents don't teach their I was born and raised in Hong Kong. For 接下来的几天，我尽力作一名中国女望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃语!\children rules for language usage，either. the past six years I’ve been living in the 性，可是没用。家人和我疏远。他们饭，他会回答\太好了，什么时候?\，我要反驳：\我们为什么要懂?\我还要They simply tell them how to say United States．I work as a salesgirl in a 无法完全把我当作自己人。身在家乡中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 问：一个外国人可能精通英语吗? something correctly．Foreign language large department store. Right now I’m 却被视为外人，这使我更加不自在，\can say we are going to have Text B Learning a Language 学 teachers using this spoken language going through a difficult period of my 感觉受到了深深的伤害。 chicken for dinner．Why can't we say 语 言 method do the same thing. For some life which is hard for me to talk about． I cut my visit short by three weeks and pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of Most students would like to know how students，this method is successful．They 我是土生土长的香港人。六年来一直came back to the United States．But pork，beef or mutton?\to learn a 1anguage more easily. Most learn to speak quickly and easily．They 生活在美国，是一家大百货商店的女coming back here didn’t lessen the learners may raise such linguists and language teachers would seem to enjoy using the language，and 售货员。目前我正经历人生中一段痛confusion and pain．In fact， I feel more questions．Figuring out the reasons for also like to know this．Linguists are they do not pay much attention to 苦，自己也很难讲述。 confused than before．I now feel the peculiar English vocabulary is no working on this problem in two whether they use exactly the right rules A few months ago 1 went to Hong Kong homeless．I don’t feel like an easy task for Chinese English ways．First，they are trying to understand for what they say．Some students, for a visit．It was the first time I’d gone American．Americans haven’t accepted learners．But the problem is that how children learn to speak and however，cannot learn a language this back there since coming to the United me．The women I work with at the store memorizing English words mechanically understand their native language. They way．Linguists are trying to find another States．I was eager to see my parents，are polite enough，but they don’t try to would be devastating and inefficient if are also trying to learn how people learn way to teach them a language． my brothers and sisters，and my friends． get close to me or let me get close to they did not know what had happened in a second language． 外语教师对儿童如何学说母语感兴几个月前，我回香港探亲，这也是我them．During the morning coffee break British history．Thus learning 大部分学生都想知道如何能够轻松地趣，有其很重要的原因。他们如果知到美国后第一次回家探亲。我期待着they make plans to have lunch together English(and other languages as 学好一门语言，大部分语言学家和语道儿童如何学习母语，就可能找到一见到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。 and go shopping．On Fridays they talk well)involves learning the history of the 言教师也想弄清楚这个问题。语言学种简便的方法教儿童和成年人学习第I really got a shock when I about the disco place they’re going to countries where it is spoken．A task of 家从两个方面研究这个问题。一方面，二语言。这是一种非常有意思的想法。arrived．Hong Kong was not the same that night．My accent， my name，and

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my oriental features mark me as a foreigner．They never include me in their plans 。I’ve felt for a long time that I wasn’t being accepted by Americans，but I’d felt that I was Chinese and that my home was Hong Kong．Now I no longer consider Hong Kong my home．And so I feel homeless．I’m caught between the old world where I no 1onger belong and the new world which has not yet accepted me．

我提前三周结束了这次探亲，回到美国。但是回来之后并没有减轻我的困惑和苦恼。事实上，我比以前更加困惑，感到无家可归。我感觉自己不是美国人，美国人也不接受我。商店里一起工作的女同事们都对我非常礼貌，但是她们不接近我，我也无法接近她们。上午工作休息喝咖啡时她们计划一起吃午饭，一起购物；星期五她们谈论晚上要去哪家迪厅，但是从未将我列入她们的计划。我的口音、名字和东方人的长相显示我是个外国人。长期以来，我感到自己是中国人，我的故乡是香港，自己不被美国人接受。现在我不再将香港视为我的故乡，因此感到无家可归。我被夹在两个世界当中——不再属于原来的世界，还未被新世界接纳。

Text B Culture Shock — The Initial Stresses 文化冲击—最初的压力

My friend Dr．Dong had a wonderful chance to go to Seattle to present a paper at a professional meeting．Having attended my course in Intercultural Communications， he consulted me to review some of the cultural differences he might experience．I also gave him the phone number of a friend of mine who lived in the area．When he got back，we met to review his experience．

我的朋友董医生有幸获得了一次去西雅图在一个专业会议上做学术报告的好机会。已经上过我的跨文化交际课程，他请我帮他温习一下他可能遇到的一些文化差异。我也把在当地居住的一个朋友的电话号码给了他。他回来后，我们又聚到一起回顾了他的经历。

Dr．Dong told me that the course information had helped him He experienced the typical stages of culture shock．He arrived expectant and happy and enjoyed his first days very much．At the medical conference， he felt quite confident of his area of research and was able to perform well in his presentation．But after a few days, he began to feel uncomfortable．His medical English was fine， but the social interaction skills were different， and he was unsure of the cues and the communication styles．

董医生告诉我，跨文化交际课上学的东西派上了用场。他经历了文化冲击的典型阶段。他满怀期待高高兴兴地到了美国，非常愉快地度过了最初几天。在医学会议上，他对自己的研究领域颇为自信，而且他所做的发言也相当成功。但几天后，他开始感到有些不适应了。他的医学英语不错，可是社会交往技能却是另一码事，他拿不准那些暗示及交际风格。

He worried more and more that he was misunderstanding simple English greetings and table talk conventions．When people greeted him with，“Hi，how’s it going ?” he thought they had asked him “where are you going ?” and answered with the name of the conference hall，only to get a confused stare from them．At a western style dinner， a colleague asked，“So how’re you enjoy in ’ the States?” he thought he heard，“So how are you enjoying your steak?” and answered that he was having chicken，not beef．That time，his colleague smiled， and patiently repeated the question．At last，they both laughed at the error． 他焦躁不安，连简单的英文问候语以及餐桌交谈习俗也弄不懂了。有人用“嗨，一切都好吗?”和他打招呼， 他以为是问他“你要去哪儿?”，答之以会议厅的名字，结果招来了疑惑的目光。在一次西式的晚宴上，一位同事问他：“你在美国过得好吗?” 他听成了“你觉得牛排味道如何?”，回答他在吃鸡肉，不是牛肉。那次，那位同事笑了，并耐心重复了他的问题，之后俩人对这个错误大笑一通。

Such failures in understandings and communications were minor．But for Dr．Dong， they were the beginning of a sense of“ cultural confusion”．By the end of the meetings， he felt a deep sense of“ cultural stress ”and was worn out from having to pay attention to so many new expressions and ways of dealing [ n.买卖；待遇 vt.给予 ]with things．He felt his handshake was not as firm as Americans’， found that people reacted[反应（常与to连用）]unusually

when he modestly insisted his English 加上自己的耐心，大多数人成功地克was not good after they complimented 服了文化冲击，学会享受新环境。 him， didn’t know how to accept dinner Dr.Dong’s visit to the US was only three invitations properly and therefor missed weeks long，but by the end of the out on going to several lunches，and so five-day medical conference，he was on．Eventually，he was so bewildered [vt.already starting to feel more confident. 迷惑；弄糊涂] that he felt the full Sure he felt a little foolish about some of impact(冲击) of“ culture shock”． the mistakes he had made，but he 这类误解和交流不畅还是次要的。但quickly learned to laugh at his errors and 对董医生来说， 它们是“文化困惑”found that his colleagues smiled with 感的开始。在会议快要结束时，他深him．This broke down the barriers to 深地感到了“文化压力”，为待人接物communication and helped him build 时那么多的新表达方法和方式而感到some good professional 精疲力竭。他感到自己握手不如美国relationships．And after the conference, 人那么有力；人们称赞他时，他谦虚he contacted 联系the family I had 地坚持说自己的英语不好，他发现别referred him to and had a very nice time 人的反应异乎寻常；由于搞不清如何visiting them．There were some new 适当地接受宴会邀请而错过了几次午cultural surprises, but he discovered he 餐，如此等等，不一而足。最终他被could better understand and adapt to 搞得不知所措，彻底感受了“文化冲them． 击”。 董医生的美国之行仅仅3周的时间，What is culture shock and why does it 但未等5天的医学会议结束，他已经occur ? The term was coined about 50 开始感到比较自信了。当然他感到自years ago by a Swedish scholar. His 己所犯的一些错误有点儿愚蠢，但他seminal article ,“Culture Shock; 很快就学会调侃自己的过错，并发现Adjustment to New Cultural 他的同事也在向他微笑。这些消除了Environments ”has been reprinted and 交流的障碍，帮助他建立了一些良好revised for many textbooks and 的业务关系会议结束后，他同我提到magazines．He called it “the 的那一家人取得联系，并愉快地拜访occupational disease of people who have 了他们。在此过程中他又经历了一些 been suddenly transplanted abroad”．His 新的文化惊奇，但他发现他能够更好use of the word“disease ”is a pun， 地了解并适应他们。

because it implies that it is like anBy the time he returned to China，he was “ illness” with its own “symptoms feeling quite positive about this and cure”． but also that the root cause American trip，and was glad for the new is also a feeling of “dis-”ease or experiences and new skills it had given unsettled uneasiness him．He had become successful in the 什么是文化冲击，为什么会存在文化initial period in a new culture．Though 冲击?这一术语是大约50年前一位瑞he had gone through some embarrassing 典学者最先创造使用的。其拓荒之作culture stresses，each had proven to be a 《文化冲击：适应新的文化环境》为valuable learning experience，and in the 许多教科书及杂志所再版和修订。他end had helped him overcome his 将“文化冲击”定义为“突然移居海culture shock． 外的人所患的职业病”。他用的回到中国，他感到此次美国之行很有“disease”这个词是个双关语， 因为意义，对此行的新经历和获得的新技它暗示这如同一种“病，有其自身的能感到高兴。接触一种新文化的最初症状和疗法”，而且其根源也是一种阶段，他取得了成功，尽管经历了一(dis)不(ease)适或心神不宁的感觉。 些尴尬的文化压力，但每一次都证明Think back on your own 是颇有价值的学习经历，并且，最终experience．Have you ever moved from 帮助他战胜了文化冲击。

one context to another ? Many students Unit 3 Text A Books书 feel this adjustment shock when they Knowledge may be acquired through change from one school to another，or conversation，watching television or move from a small town to a big city． traveling，but the deepest and most 回想一下你自己的经历。你曾从一个consistent way is through reading．If we 环境迁到另一个吗? 很多学生，从一所consider the literate population of the 学校转到另一所，或从一个小镇到一world， we may conclude that a few 座大城市时，都会感到这种顺应冲击。 spend their whole lives on academic The sensations one feels in new reading；many read something light for surroundings often include：Feeling like pleasure， a few dip into something an outsider，feeling unsure of oneself or more serious now and then；while very even feeling stupid；Sensing that one’s many men，women and children never language skills aren’t good enough，advance beyond the sports page of a missing jokes，colloquial phrases， newspaper，a fashion article or a comic． references to TV shows or pop songs or 知识可以通过交谈、看电视或旅游来other cultural“insider”information；获得，但最深入、最经常的途径是读Feeling uneasy and unsettled，irritable 书。如果我们考察一下世界上有阅读and increasingly short-tem-pered；能力的人，便可得出这样一个结论：Feeling lonely and wanting to go把整个一生用来阅读学术书籍是少“home”，feeling more and more like a 数；多数人只是看些闲书消遣；时常stranger or outcast；Feeling 浏览一些比较严肃读物的人也是少overwhelmed，overloaded，数；而更多的男人、妇女和儿童只看daydreaming，staring blankly at things or 报纸上的体育新闻、时装介绍或连环even staring at nothing；Becoming more 漫画。

and more afraid of communicating and If you have learnt to love books as a of making mistakes，worried anxious． child， the reading habit will never 在新的环境下人们的感受经常包括：desert you．But if this has not been your 感到像个局外人，对自己没有信心，good fortune， you tend to think of 甚至感到愚蠢；感到自己的语言能力reading as a bore．A few，but very few，不足，领会不了笑话、口语化用语的come to the habit late in life．The 含义，也搞不懂电视节目及流行歌曲circumstances which help to set a child 或其他文化“内涵”的信息；感到不on the path to the literary adventure are：适和不安，易激怒并且脾气越来越暴a life even barely above real poverty， 躁；感到孤独并且想要回”家”，感觉so that there is scope in the family for 愈来愈像个陌生人和被抛弃的人；感thoughts and activities not wholly 到不能自持．负担过重，想人非非，devoted to the struggle for making a 失神发呆；越来越害怕交流和犯错误，living；the availability of free books 担心、焦虑。 either at home or in a public library；and These are all symptoms of initial culture the possession of a character both shock．With a new context come new curious and independent．

ways of doing things．Being uninitiated 如果从小就学会爱读书，那么你会永and unsure of what to do ,people usually 远保持读书的习惯，但如果你没有这have a strong sense of displacement in 种好运气养成爱读书的习惯，你就会the beginning．But the good news is that 认为读书是件讨厌的事。有一些人，we humans are very good at 为数不多，直到晚年才养成爱读书的adapting．Though almost all of us 习惯。有助于使儿童走上读书道路的undergo some degree of mental stress in 环境是：

this period． after a few weeks or 有一个略高于赤贫生活水平的家庭，months， we learn how to“read” our 这样的家庭才有机会想些别的而不至new context．We become aware of the 于全盘心思为谋生而奋斗；或者家中new cues，the new expectations，and the 有书，或者可在公共图书馆借书，做new ways of communicating. With some 到看书不花钱；本人具有求知欲和独trials and errors，and with a 1ot of 立性。

patience with ourselves , most of us In order to desire to read one must be succeed in overcoming culture shock curious．A few children are able to keep and learn to enjoy our new context． this curiosity and their mental 这些都是文化冲击的最初症状。新的independence alive despite the 环境伴随着新的行事方法。最初若没educational system of their country．But 有积极性并且不知道该做什么，这种many fail to do so either because of an 移位感通常都很强烈。但是好在我们overstrict system where what is most 人类很善于调整适应。尽管在转变过important is memory work； or because 程中都经历了某种程度的心理压力，of a careless and lazy one where even 数周至数月后，我们就学会如何“解the basic disciplines of literacy are 读”新环境，逐渐懂得了新的暗示、ignored in the sacred name of free 新的期望、新的交际方法。几经磨练，expression．It is a wonder that at least a few children survive their schooling and emerge as people who can think，people who are open-minded and knowledgeable

一个人想读书，必须有求知欲。少数儿童不论他们国家的教育制度如何，始终能够保持这种求知欲和思想上独立性。但多数儿童却做不到这一点, 这要么是由于教育制度过于严格，把死记硬背看作天下第一号大事；要么是由于教育制度松散、使人怠惰，在“自由表达”的神圣旗帜下，甚至连读书写字这样的基本要求也被忽视。堪称奇迹的是，至少有少数儿童竟然没有被这种学校教育所糟蹋，而是脱颖而出，成为善于思考、思路开阔、博学多闻的人。

Thus，various circumstances are not favorable for the reading habit．And we may add to this the worldwide atmosphere of violence and anarchy，the New Dark Age in which we live today．Many of us no longer have the peace of mind necessary to a quiet hour with a book．But it is precisely because of our present troubles that we should read．How， otherwise，are we to understand the nature of hatred，of cruelty，of power polities ? How，otherwise，are we to take a stand on the serious question of individual freedom and authority ? How，otherwise，are we to comprehend and perhaps solve these urgent problems that face us?

因此，不利于培养阅读习惯的环境是各种各样的，我们对此还可加一条，那就是遍及全世界的暴力行为和无政府状态——我们现在就生活在其中的新黑暗时代。我们很多人再也没有静下来读上一小时书所必需的那种心情了。然而正是由于当前存在的各种问题，我们更应该读书。否则，我们怎能理解什么是仇恨、什么是残酷、什么是强权政治呢? 我们怎能在个人自由和权威这类严肃的问题上表明我们的立场呢? 我们怎能理解而且可能解决我们所面临的迫在眉睫的许多问题呢?

Ideally then， a school system should be one in which the love of learning，rather than the acquisition of facts，is cultivated；one in which the spirit (精神)of enquiry is encouraged．Ideally，family and governmental policy should be to see that we have a great number of books—any books．A person with a book is a real person alive on the earth； without a book he is a foo1．

因此，理想的教育制度应该培养学生酷爱学习，而不是只是为了获取事实应该鼓励探索精神。而理想的家庭和政府方针应该保证我们有大量的书籍——什么书籍都有。手不释卷是活在世上真正的人；不然，就是一个傻瓜。

The History of Books 书

籍的历史

The first known inventor of printing in Europe was Johannes Gutenberg of Germany．The first book printed in his workshop was a Latin Bible．A few copies of this first book still exist．They are now over five hundred years old．The Gutenberg Bible was printed on a hand press with type made of lead．Most of the copies were printed on paper， but a few were printed on vellum The books are about 12 inches wide and 16．5 inches long．

欧洲第一个著名的印刷术发明家，是德国的约翰.内斯.古腾堡。他在车间里印的第一本书，是拉丁文圣经。第一本书的一些复本现在还保存着，已有500多年的历史了。古腾堡圣经是用手控印刷机在铅字版上印成的。这些书大多数印在纸上，但有几本印在羊皮上, 这种书宽约12英寸，长约16．5英寸。

Men who had been trained in Gutenberg’s workshop soon established (vt.成立，建立) themselves as independent printers．By 1 500， about fifty years after the first Bible was printed, more than 30，000 books had been printed．The Bible was still the most popular book．Other church books were also printed，as were Greek and Latin classics，history books，and astronomy books．

在古腾堡印刷所受过训练的人们，很快就独立开业。到了1500年，大约在第一本圣经印成后50年，已经印成书30 000册以上. 圣经依旧是最流行的书。此外，还印刷了一些教堂用书、希腊和拉丁的古典名著、历史书及天文学书。

The tools(工具 )of the first printers were simple and could be moved about easily．At the end of the fifteenth century there were more than a thousand printers in Europe．Since many people could not read Latin and Greek， books were soon printed in various languages．The printers also began to make the books smaller， So that they could be handled more easily．Furthermore the printers

Text B

began to make their books more elaborate( 精致的，精巧的)， adding pictures and ornamental letters at the beginning of chapters．Gradually the letters of the type were made smaller，finer and more delicate．The letters began to look less like manuscript letters， and eventually[ adv.最终]，the form of the letters was simplified to the point where they were well—adapted to the metal of the type．

最初的印刷工人所使用的工具很简单，搬动起来也很容易。15世纪末，欧洲印刷工人有一千多人。由于很多人不懂希腊文和拉丁文，不久印刷书籍就包括了各种语言。印书者开始把书印得小些，以便携带起来更容易。此外，而且他们开始把书印得更精致了，在每一章之前增添插图和装饰性字母，印刷字母逐渐做得更小、更细、更精致。印刷字母开始看起来和手写字母不同了。字母的形式终于大为简化，完全适合铅字的要求。

Sometimes books were illustrated with[用...说明 ]woodcuts．Blocks of wood were carved so that the white parts of the picture were below the surface of the wood．When the surface was inked and stamped onto paper， the dark part of the picture was reproduced．The first attempts，of course， were rather crude， but eventually the block printers were making meticulous and artistic illustrations．Florence，in Italy and Lyons，in France， became famous for their illustrated books．

书籍的插图有时是木刻的。在雕刻标志木头时，图画的白色部分是凹陷的，在木头的凸出表面涂上墨水，并印在纸上，图画的黑色部分就复印出来，当然，起初的试作是相当粗糙的，但渐渐地木刻印刷工人刻的插图，就变得既细腻又有艺术性了。意大利的佛罗伦斯，德国的里昂，都以出版插图书籍而驰名。

In the seventeenth century，great numbers of religious pamphlets were printed．These pamphlets were not always neat or artistic because the writers were only interested in spreading their ideas quickly，and the readers did not consider the appearance of the book important．The art of metal engraving was developed about this time and enabled printers to illustrate their books with pictures of very fine，delicate lines．The use of an engraving on the first page of a book became popular．The quality of the paper improved too． 17世纪印刷出版了大量的宗教宣传小册子。这些小册子并不总是美观或富于艺术性，因为作者仅仅是为了迅速传播他们的思想，读者也觉得书籍的外观并不重要。大约在这个时期，金属雕刻术发展起来，这样一来，印刷者能把他们书中的插图画得非常细腻、精致。在书中的第一页上使用雕刻图饰，成了流行的做法。纸张的质量也提高了。

By 1800， hand printers could not supply enough books to satisfy the demand．Books were not printed fast enough when hand-made paper and wooden hand presses were used．Fortunately， about this time，many machines were invented that aided in the mass production of such products as cotton and woolen cloth．The invention of new types of printing machines and paper machines followed on the heels of these inventions and helped to speed up the production of books．The paper machine produced paper in rolls instead of sheets； and the iron hand press enabled the printer to use larger pieces of paper on which more text could be printed in less time．Finally，the linotype was invented， a machine which could cast all entire line of type at one time．

到1800年，手工印刷者出版的书已满足不了人们的需要。用手工纸和木制的手工印书的速度不够快。幸好，这个时期发明了许多机器，促使大量生产诸如棉布和毛料这样的产品。随着这些发明而来的，是新型印刷机和造纸机的相继发明，这就加速了书籍的印刷和发行。造纸机生产的纸，不再以张数计，而是以卷数计了。使用铁制手印机，印刷者能用更大的纸张印书，这样在较短的时间里就能印出大量的书。后来铸字机也发明了，这种机器一次就可以铸造出整整一行铅字。

In the twentieth century，many books have been produced in paperback editions．Although these books do not last as long as those with cloth or leather bindings，they are much cheaper．Thus， many poor people who could not afford books before，can now buy them．Today books are available to everyone because they are no longer expensive， they do not take long to produce， and，consequently they are no longer

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rare．Because of this progress in book 以至于驾车成了一件很不愉快的事？ production， more and more people are Keep a Record保留记录

learning to read．More and more people To get a better sense of what makes you are now writing books，as well as mad， keep a journal of situations that reading them， so that the literature of make you angry．Reflect on why they set the world is being constantly enriched． you off and make you feel 20世纪，许多书籍都以平装印刷发行。mistreated．Ask yourself honestly 这些书虽然不如那些用、布面或皮面whether your anger is justified．By 精装的书籍那么经久耐用，却便宜得writing down feelings and situations， 多。因此，许多过去买不起书籍的穷you’ll become more aware of the 人，现在也能购买。今天，书籍人人events that make you angry and maybe 都可以得到，因为书籍不再昂贵了。even avoid them．

书不需要很长的时间就能印刷出来，如果要更好地了解是什么触怒了你，因此也不再稀罕了。由于书籍的印行就准备一本日记，记下你是在那些情发展很快，愈来愈多的人都在读书。况下生气的。再回想一下为什么当时愈来愈多的人不仅仅在读书，也在写那些事情会激怒你或让你觉得别人待书。因此，世界上的著作也日益丰富你不公正，诚实地问问自己发火是否起来。 有正当理由。当把这些感受和情形写Unit 4 Text A Don’t Let Anger 下时，你会对让你生气的事情了解得Get the Best of You 别让怒火击溃你 更透彻，或许能避免这种事情再度发You’re late for a job interview when 生。

traffic slows to a crawl In the Change or Accept改变或者接受 supermarket，a customer wheeling a full When you feel anger welling up， take a cart cuts ahead of you in the express change-it or accept-it approach ．If，for checkout line．You spend months on a example。your neighbor’s garbage is project，and your lazy colleague gets the fluttering into your yard yet again， it’promotion． s time to put your problem—solving 交通阻塞，车辆缓慢地爬行，你因此skills into motion．Calmly discuss the 而面试迟到；超市里你排在快速结账situation，and look for ways to change 口，有个推着满满一车货物的顾客正it．——

好插在你前头；为一个项目，你耗费当你开始觉得怒火中烧快要爆发了，了几个月的心血，而结果你那懒惰的采取“改变它”或是“接受它“的策同事得到了提升。 略。比如，你邻居家的垃圾又一次落Do you feel angry ? Before you lose 到了你的院子里，是时候把你解决问your temper，take a deep breath and 题的技巧变为实际行动了和邻居平静remember this：Anger hurts．Studies 地谈一下情况并寻找改变这种情形的have found that high levels of anger and 办法。

hostility are related to greater risks of If you can’t do anything about the heart disease，poor immune responses，situation—the rude driver who just cut and even a tendency to get fat．Men with you off has left the scene ,work to put high levels of anger were three times your anger on hold right then and more likely to develop heart disease than there．Accept that you can’t do anything the calmer，a Harvard School of Public about it， take some deep breaths， and Health study found．And in women， move on to something else．

arguments with spouses raise hormone 如果你对有些事无能为力——一个粗levels and lower immunity—a real 鲁的司机抢了你的道并扬长而去一要problem， since lower immunity may 尽量当场就控制住你的怒火。 raise women’s risk of cancer． 接受你对此毫无办法的事实。做几次很恼火是吧? 在你怒火爆发之前，深吸深呼吸，将注意力转移到别的地方去。 一口气，记住：怒气伤身。一个又一Don’t Take It Personally不要片个研究表明，怒火冲天及产生敌对情面主观

绪会增加患心脏病几率、免疫系统衰How many times have you said to 竭，甚至还有发胖的危险。哈佛大众yourself．“That shouldn’t have 健康研究院的一项研究表明：怒气冲happened to me” or “I don’t deserve 冲的男性得心脏疾病的可能性要比脾that”? Such thinking can easily set off 气温和的同龄人高出3倍以上! 至于angry feelings．But smart people realize 女性，与配偶争吵会增加荷尔蒙分泌that，sometimes，the 而降低免疫力，这是个严重的问题，water-on-the-back-of-a-duck approach is 因为免疫能力降低会加剧女性患癌症the best way to deal with many of life’s 的可能性。 unfair treatments．“Many of us have a It doesn’t seem to matter whether you God-like or little-kid-1ike thought that release the anger or hold it in，experts we shouldn’t be imposed on，defeated, say．The effects on your health are the or have things happen to us，”same．“Anger is anger, ”says Redford Deffenbacher says．“That’s a high-1evel Williams，M．D．，director of the demand． The fact is that you cannot Behavioral Medicine Research Center at avoid the unpleasant things that happen Duke University Medical Center and to you．” The better able you are to coauthor of the book Life Skills．“Both accept that，the less angry you’ll be． are harmful to health．” 有多少次你对自己说类似“这不应该专家指出，发泄或抑制怒气，其后果发生在我身上”或者“我太委屈了”没什么两样，两者对健康造成的影响之类的话? 这种想法很容易引爆内心是一样的。“生气就是生气，两者都对的不快情绪。不过聪明人知道，生活健康构成危害。”杜克大学医学院行为中总有太多不公平，有时候逆来顺受药物研究中心主任、《生命的技巧》的是最好的处理办法。“我们中有不少人合著者医学博士莱德福?威廉姆斯这样有着神一般的，或者说是像小孩子一说。 样不现实的想法，认为别人不能强加The good news is that it is possible to 于我们什么，我们不该有挫败感，不control your anger．“By evaluating (评能让某些事在我们身上发生，”丹芬班估)it and using different techniques，you 齐博士说。“那样要求太高了。事实上，can calm down，”Williams says．“That’总是会有不愉快的事情发生的，躲也s what’s nice about us humans． We can 躲不掉。” 你越能接受它们，也就越always do something or not do 不会动不动发脾气。 something to change our behavior．” Stop Dwelling on the Past别再沉乐观的消息是，愤怒可以控制。“对整湎于过去

件事做出评价，然后，通过使用各种If you still remember a minor infraction 方法，你可以让自己不再生气，”威廉long after it happened， it’s time to 姆斯说，“这也是人类的奇妙之处：我forget it．Life has moved on，and so 们总能做些什么或不做什么来改变行should you．Practice understanding 为。” people who have done you minor Take Stock对自己进行一次预测或wrongs．Think of the problems as having 评估 been caused by the situations，not the Many people who are angry don’t people．If it’s a more serious matter, recognize themselves as angry， such as childhood abuse or an unfaithful according to Knoxville Psychologist spouse， consider seeing a doctor to help Richard Driscoll．He suggests that you you work through and release the pain，ask yourself these questions to measure says a psychologist．

your anger quotient：Do you feel that 如果你对一次已经过去很久的小挫折you are frequently mistreated by others ? 依然耿耿于怀，是时候释怀了。生活Do you often consider minor 还在继续，你也该向前看。尝试着去inconveniences to be personal attacks 理解那些曾对你不公正的人，试想这against you ? Do you complain often ? 些问题是由环境造成的，而非人为因Do you exaggerate the actions of others 素。如果情节比较严重，例如儿童时or take their insults personally ? On the 期受到虐待或配偶对你不忠诚，可以road， do you frequently curse other 考虑去看几次心理医生，让他帮助你drivers， to the point that driving has 解脱痛苦，走出阴影。 become unpleasant? Adjust Your Routine调整你的习惯 诺克斯维尔的心理学家理查德?杰斯科If you’ve been keeping track of your 尔认为，许多发火的人都不承认他们anger， you know what sets you 在生气。他建议你可以问自己如下几off． Use that information to avoid 个问题来判断发怒的程度：你是否觉upsetting）situations．For instance， if 得别人经常待你不好? 是否经常把一you know that the grocery store is 些小的不方便看做对你个人的攻击? crowded on weekends， shop after 你时常抱怨吗? 你有没有从主观出发work．By avoiding frustrating 夸大了别人的行为或对你的冒犯? 在situations，you avoid anger．Finally， the 路上驾车时，是否频频咒骂别的司机ways you react to upsetting situations and express your anger come from a about them and establish a basis for combination of several factors，including solid communication。

genetics，up— bringing，and 密切地关注他人，了解他们的经历、culture．Your response also varies 信念与态度，这是一种推进交流的方according to your mood and even how 式。积极倾听确实有助于您深入了解tired you are． 他人，并为有效的沟通奠定基础。 如果你留意自己发火的过程，你便会At the other end of the pole are the ―hort 知道怒气的源头在哪里，掌握了这点fuse brigade‖,who find that differences 就可以避免碰上这种会让你生气的情of opinion too often escalate into 形。 aggressive outbursts。If this is your 例如，你知道食品杂货店到周末往往tendency , you too will benefit from 挤满了人，那就索性平时下班后去购paying more attention to others。Here 物躲过了这种让人烦恼的场面，你也too,listening is of paramount 就可以少恼怒一回。最后，你对令人importance.

心烦的事物的反应vi及表达怒气的方另一个极端是―脾气暴躁族‖，他们发现式都要来自于一些综合因素，如遗传、观点的不同经常渐渐演变成带有攻击所受过的教育及文化环境等。当然，性的勃然大怒。如果您性格中具有这你的反应也会因心情或疲劳程度的变种倾向，也会通过更加关注他人而受化而变化。 益无穷。同时注意一点，倾听依然至Fortunately， angry people can learn to 关重要。 become happy people．“We just have Then there are the non-assertive this personality type that sometimes gets individuals whose self-confidence US into trouble，”williams says. “You’plummets when others don’t listen to ll always have that tendency to get them。Well ,admit it, haven’t you ever angry． But you can probably control it been made to feel inadequate or bored to keep it from damaging your health．” when others interrupt you in order to 令人庆幸的是，易怒的人可以学着成express their own views, or change the 为快乐的人。“很多人生来就是这种脾subject before you’ve finished speaking? 气，有时会让自己陷入麻烦，” 威廉How do you cope with people who 姆斯说，“这种人就是容易动怒。但或continually interrupt, or whose 许可以将这种秉性加以控制，以致它topic-hopping makes it virtually 不会危害健康。” impossible for you to maintain a U4 B The Art of dialogue? How do you stop your boss listening when he is in full flow , to explain that There is no point in talking ,however you are unsure of something he has assertively, if no one is listening said?

and ,conversely,no point in listening if 某些缺乏自信力的人往往会因为他人we are not truly attentive to others, if we 没有倾听自己的讲话而失去信心。不are not analyzing the content of their 妨承认这一点，当某些人打断您的讲communication and if we are not 话、表达他们的观点或在您没有讲完assessing how their tone of 之前就转移了话题时，您是否感到对voice ,manners, facial expressions and 方比较失礼或讨厌？如何应对那些频so on, add meaning to the werds they 繁打断您讲话或不断转移话题，以至use. 让您几乎无法继续讲话的人呢？您如如果没有人倾听，无论您如何满怀信何在经理滔滔不绝地讲话时打断他，心地交谈都没有意义，反之亦然。如讲明自己对他所说的某些内容还不太果我们根本没有真正关注对方，没有清楚呢？

分析对方所传递信息的内容，没有评First, let’s examine the situation of those 估对方的语调、风格、表情等因素怎who have a communication block 样添加言辞含义，那么倾听也就没有because of a lack of social社交 什么实际意义了。 assertiveness. 首先，我们来看看那些Think abort eretyone’s basic rights.How 因缺乏社交自信力而存在沟通障碍者can you show respect for others if you 的困惑所在。

do not give them your full attention --- Rule Number One: far better to be a actively listen to them---hearing them good listener than a person who talks a out rather than impatiently waiting for lot but has nothing to say! Second your turn to talk. Don’t you expect the rule:by watching carefully ,listening same of others ---to be listened to and attentively and questioning taken seriously? Yet I’m sure you’ll skillfully ,your attention will be drawn agree that few people have good away from your sellf-consciousness. listening skills.It’s quite easy t become 规则一：做一名优秀的倾听者远远胜distracted by our own thoughts about 过口若悬河、漫无边际地交谈！规则what we’re going to do or say next. 之二：仔细观察、认真倾听和有效提请考虑一下每个人拥有的基本权利。高，您的专注力将脱离自我意识。 如果根本没有全神贯注地倾听对方讲If the person with whom you wish to 话，而是极不耐心地等待时机发表自start a conversation is unknown to 己的见解，您如何能够表明对他人的you,you could always begin with a 尊重呢？难道您就没有与他人同样的non-threatening statement to ―test the 期望吗？希望他们能认真地倾听自己water‖--- something like, ―There are 讲话。我相信您一定也认为很少有人more people here than I expected。‖ The 具备良好的倾听技能。由于一直思考other’s response and general attitude 自己下一步行动或者该说什么，我们will show whether he wishes to open 很容易走神。One reason for discussing communication with you。If you are listening here is because of concerns given the green light, continue by asking expressed by people attending questions to establish common ground。assertiveness courses, many of whom Let me give an example:

are helped by improving their listening 如果并不认识那位您想与之交流的skills.For example ,non-assertive people 人，您随时可以通过一种不带有任何who are shy often find it difficult to 威胁性的语气来―投石问路‖，例如，―想begin conversations with 不到来了这么多人！‖对方的回答及总others,especially on social occasions 体态度将说明他是否希望与您交谈。when they feel they have no aptitude for 如果对方发出了愿意交谈的信号，您small talks. 就可以通过继续提出其他问题来确定我们在这里讨论―倾听‖，因为许多参加基本氛围。请看下面的例子。

过自信力培训的人都对―倾听‖较感兴Anxious party-goer: I work with Mike 。趣，非常关心。其中许多人通过提高Are you a friend of his?急切的社交聚倾听技能而获益匪浅。例如，缺乏自会常客：我是迈克的同事，您一定是信的人往往比较害羞，他们常常觉得他的朋友吧？

难以同他人沟通，尤其是在那些他们Stranger: Yes ,we play badminton 认为不适宜闲谈的社交场合。 together .陌生人：对，我们经常在一起Many people find it relatively easy to 打羽毛球。

communicate on a professional level, on Still anxious party-goer: That’s which the content of conversation is interesting; I used to play a lot。Which technical ,technological or business courts do you use?依然急切的社交聚oriented, but have difficulty in stepping 会常客：太有趣了，我以前也经常打，from behind their desks and chatting 你们在哪个场地打球？

with superiors,co-werkers,clients and Now casual acquaintance:The ones at customers on a more personal level.On the Pickstaff Leisure Center at training courses participants previously Bratford.一般性的熟人：布拉德福的匹unknown to each other—but some keep 克斯达夫休闲中心。

silent during refreshment breaks where More relaxed party-goer: What do you social chitchat is required. think of the Leisure Center?相对放松的许多人发现专业知识交流往往相对容社交聚会常客：您觉得那个中心如易，因为大家谈论的是技术、科技或何？

商业问题。但是，他们却难以走出工Acquaintance : I think it’s gone downhill 作环境，与上司、同事及客户进行更since the latest takeover。We used to 加个人化的沟通。培训中，原本彼此book courts week in advance, have a 不相识的受训者迅速开始交流与工作drink afterwards –a good evening out .相关的问题，即共同目标，但在课间熟人：我认为那里自从被接管之后已休息应进行一般社交的闲谈时，他们经每况愈下。以前，我们可以提前一却保持沉默。 周预定球场，然后去酒吧。这样就可Concentrating on others—finding out 以很轻松地度过一个晚上。 their experiences, beliefs and Relaxed party-goer:What’s it like now attitudes—is the way forward。Active then?轻松的社交聚会常客：现在那里listening can really help you know more 怎么样了？ Possible new friend:Well ,take what happened last week。We had our game as usual and then…潜在的新朋友：嗯，就拿上周来说吧，我们像往常一样去打球，之后….

Generally, people like to talk about themselves and their experiences。Listen attentively and you will realize that they also offer free information on which you can build.

通常人们谈论自己和自己的经历。通过积极倾听，您一定会意识到他们还会提供其他一些您感兴趣的信息。 In the above example at first the stranger reveals that he plays badminton。Now a person who talks rather than listens could go on to bore the new acquaintace with his new experiences of playing the game。Instead he chooses to offer some free information of his own---―I used to play a lot ‖---which provides the acquaintance with an opening later if he chooses to follow it up。He then goes on to ask，―Which courts do you use‖,which shows an interest and invites the acquaintance to give more detail。His next question ，―What do you think of the Leisure Center?‖further opens up the communication process。Note that he asks―What do you think …‖rather than ―What’s the Leisure Center like?‖The latter would tell him about the Leisure Center; the former gives information about the acquaintance’s views, opinions,feeling,etc。Thus,relationships are built ,not by lengthy self-disclosure ,but by listening attentively and showing a genuine interest in the other person。

在上述例子中，陌生者首先表示自己喜欢打羽毛球。这时，急切的社交聚会常客可以积极地向这位刚刚结识的朋友述说自己打羽毛球的经历，而不倾听。但他选择了提供某些随意性的信息：―我以前经常打！‖这样就为对方奠定了继续这个话题的基础。然后，他继续提问：―你们在哪个场地打球？‖这就等于告诉对方自己比较感兴趣并要求对方继续提供一些详细信息。下一个问题：―您觉得那个休闲中心如何?‖进一步启动了沟通程序。注意其提问方式，―您觉得那个休闲中心如何?‖而非―那个休闲中心如何？‖后面的一句将介绍该休闲中心的有关情况，前面的一句则将介绍这位朋友的观点、看法与情感等信息。这样一来，没有通过长时间的自我介绍，而是通过积极倾听和表明对对方的关注，双方就建立起了一定的关系基础。

Unit 5 Text A The Most Important Day in My Life 我一生中最重要的那一天

Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in，and the great ship，tense and anxious， groped her way toward the shore? I was like that ship before my education began，only I had no way of knowing how near the harbor was．

你曾经在浓雾茫茫的时候到过海上吗?那时会有这样的感觉，周围是白茫茫的一片，什么也看不见。轮船焦急万分又小心翼翼地摸索着靠近海岸。开始接受教育之前，我就好像是那条船，只是不知道海岸还有多远。

The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher，Anne Mansfield Sullivan，came to me．I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects．It was the third of March，1887，three months before I was seven years old．

我的老师--安. 曼斯菲尔德?萨莉文小姐来到我家的那一天，是我一生中最重要的日子。每当我回想起正是那一天连接了我生活的两个完全不同的阶段时，心中就感慨万端。那是1887年3月5日，再过三个月，我就满七周岁了。

On the afternoon of that exciting day， I guessed vaguely from my mother's signs and from the hurrying to and fro in the house that something unusual was about to happen，so I went to the door and waited on the steps．

在那个激动人心的下午，我从妈妈的活动和家里人们的忙乱中猜到要有什么不平常的事情发生。我走到门口，在台阶上等着。

I felt approaching footsteps．I thought it was my mother and stretched out my hand．Someone took it， and then 1 was caught up and held close in the arms of the person who had come to reveal all things tome，and，more important than that ,to love me．

我感到有入朝我走来，以为是妈妈，就伸出了手，有个人握住它，把我拉了过去，紧紧地抱在怀里。这个抱我的人，就是那个将为我揭开生活的帷幕，也将把她满腔的爱倾注给我的人。 The morning after my teacher came she

3

led me into her room and gave me a 任何事物都有自己的名称，每个名称doll．When I had played with it a little 都给我带来了一个新的概念。回家的while， Miss Sullivan slowly spelled 路上，我触摸到的一切都充满了生命into my hand the word\．I was 的活力，这是因为我以一种陌生的新at once interested in this finger play and 眼光来看待一切。走进家门，我想起tried to imitate it．When I finally 了摔碎的洋娃娃，摸索着向那堆碎片succeeded in making the letters correctly 走去，想把它们弄在一起，没有成功。I was filled with childish pleasure and 这时，我眼里侵满了泪水，因为我意pride．Running downstairs to my mother 识到我做错了事情，而且，第一次觉I held up my hand and made the letters 得后悔。

for doll．I did not know that 1 was I learned a lot of new words that day．It spelling a word or even that words would have been difficult to find a existed； I simply made my fingers go in happier child than me when I lay in my monkey-like imitation．In the days that small bed that night and thought of the followed I learned to spell in this joys that day had brought to me， and uncomprehending way many for the first time I longed for a new day words．among them， \，\，to come． \，and a few verbs like \，\那天，我学会了很多生词。夜里躺在and \．but my teacher had been 床上，想起了白天的欢乐，我觉得世with me several weeks before I 界上几乎没有比我更幸福的孩子了。understood that everything has a name． 有生以来，我第一次向往新的黎明的第二天上午，老师把我领进她的小屋到来。

里，给我一个洋娃娃。玩了一会儿后，Text B He Led a Useful Life 有价萨莉文小姐在我的手掌上慢慢地拼写值的一生 着''洋娃娃\这个单词。我对这个手指游 Benjamin Franklin would seem right at 戏非常感兴趣，尽力照着去做。最后home among us if he were alive today. 终于成功地把这个单词拼对了，自己In fact，he did a lot to shape our way of 非常高兴和骄傲。我下楼向妈妈跑去，life．Right now you are probably 伸善手指，拼出了\洋娃娃\这个单词。nodding your head and thinking，\，当时我并不知道我在拼写单词，甚至yes-we learned a11 about old B．F．in the 也不知道单词的存在，我只不过用手fifth grade\．But let's see whether you 指像小猴子般地模仿老师。后来的几really know \．

天，用这种我也不理解的方法，我学如果本杰明．富兰克林还活着，我们会了拼写很多单词，其中有\别针\、\会对他很熟悉。事实上，他做了许多帽子\、\杯子\和几个动词，比如\坐\、对我们的生活方式发生重大影响的事\站\、\走\等。我和老师生活了几个星情。你可能会立刻点头说：\对，是的，期之后，我才明白了每个东西都有自我们在五年级的时候就知道富兰克林己的名称。 的故事了。但是-让我们来看一下，你One day while I was playing with my 是否真正\完全了解他\。

new doll， Miss Sullivan gave me my You probably know that he was a stout old doll，too．She then old fellow with a bald head who flew a spelled\tried to make me kite with a key fastened to it and signed understand that\to the Declaration of Independence．All both．Earlier in the day， we had a that is true，but there is a lot more to struggle(n.斗争；争斗) over the two know about this man who had so many words \and \．Miss useful ideas and served his country in so Sullivan had tried to impress it on me many different ways．

that \你或许知道他是位健壮的秃顶老人，\， but I persisted in mixing up 曾经把钥匙系在风筝线上，还签署了the two．I became impatient and, seizing 《独立宣言》。这都是真的，但是关于the new doll，I dashed it on the floor， 他还有许多事情有待我们了解，他还breaking it into pieces．I was not sorry 有许多有价值的想法，并为自己的国after my fit of temper．In the dark，still 家在许多方面做出了贡献。

world，I had no strong sentiment for Franklin had a practical mind．When he anything． saw a problem，he tried to do something 那天，我正在玩一个新洋娃娃，萨莉about it．The houses of Philadelphia 文小姐把以前那个旧的也给了我，然were built of wood and easily caught 后她拼写出\洋娃娃\，想让我明白\洋fire．Neighbors tried to help each other，娃娃\这个词对两个东西都适用。那天but they could do little to save a burning 早些时候，我俩就一直在做\杯子\和\house．So Franklin organized a 水\两个词的文章，她想让我明白\杯子fire-fighting company．Philadelphia's \就是\杯子\，\水\就是\水\。但我总是fire loss became so low that the first 弄混，我烦了，抓起那个新洋娃娃，fire-insurance company in the United 摔到地上，成了碎片。我发脾气之后，Sates was soon set up there．Ben 一点也不后悔。在这个黑暗、寂静的Franklin was one of its directors．He also 世界中，我对任何东西都没有太深的persuaded the city to pave and light its 感情。 streets．Again，the fact that people had My teacher brought me my hat， and I trouble keeping their houses warm in knew we were going out into the warm winter set Franklin's active mind to sunshine．We walked down the path to work．He decided that the big fireplaces the well house．Someone was drawing were to blame．Because they were set water， and my teacher placed my hand deep into the wall． they did not let under the spout．As the cool stream enough heat reach the middle of the gushed over one hand， she spelled into room．So he drew some plans and the other word water， first slowly，then hired an ironworker to make the rapidly．I stood still： my whole potbellied Franklin stove．It stood in the attention was fixed upon the movements middle of a room and threw off heat in of her finger．Suddenly I seemed to every direction．

remember something I had forgotten—富兰克林擅长实践，一旦发现问题就—a thrill of returning thought ——and 立即着手解决。费城的房子都是木制the mystery of language was revealed to 的结构，很容易着火。一发生火灾，me．I knew then that the \ 即使邻里之间都来帮忙救火，也作用meant that wonderful cool something 不大。因此，富兰克林就组建了一个that was flowing over my hand．That 消防公司。

living word awakened my soul and set it 这大大降低了费城的火灾损失，这使free． 美国第一家火灾保险公司得以很快成老师给我拿来帽子，我知道要出去沐立了。

浴和煦的阳光了。我们顺着小路向井富兰克林担任了其中一个部门的经房走去，有人正在打水，老师把我的理。

手放到出水口上．当清凉的水流过我他还说服市政府为城市铺设道路并安的一只手时，她在另一只手上写出了\装路灯。

水\这个单词，先是慢慢的，然后逐渐此外，富兰克林活跃的思想甚至使他加快。我一动不动地站着，全神贯注还考虑如何解决人们冬天房间取暖困地感觉她手指的动作。突然，我好像难这一问题。

记起了某些我已经忘掉的东西，觉得他判断出问题出在大壁炉这儿，

一种过去的印象又回到了头脑中。从因为壁炉深深地砌在墙里，热量不能此，语言对我不再神秘，我明白了\水\充分散发到房间里。

就是那股清凉的、奇妙的、从我手上于是他就画了一张设计图，并雇铁匠流过的东西。这个活生生的词唤醒了按图纸铸造了一个大肚子的炉子--被我的灵魂，打开了我智慧的窗户。 称为富兰克林炉子。

I left the well-house eager to 把炉子放到房间中央，这样热量就能learn．Everything had a name and each 向各个方向散发了。 name gave birth to a new thought．As we He did not patent the invention．He was returned to the house， every object too busy with his discoveries to bother which I touched seemed to be full of with making money．Although he was a life．That was because I saw everything wealthy man by the time he was with a strange， new sight that had come forty-two， money by itself did not to me．0n entering the door I interest him．He valued it because it remembered the doll I had broken．I felt enabled him to retire from my way to the fragments and tried in business．Then he had time to spend on vain to put them together．Then my eyes other things that seemed more were filled with tears , for I realized worthwhile．What he really cared for what I had done，and for the first time I most of all was science． felt sorry． 富兰克林没有申请发明专利，因为他我离开井房，急切地想学更多的东西，总是忙于发现新问题，根本无暇顾及挣钱。虽然四十二岁时，他已经是位have failed if he had not helped the 殊、最具特色的贡献，对整个英国的富翁了，但并不是金钱本身使他感兴delegates to agree． 教育实践和社会结构产生了重大的影趣。他在乎钱是因为有了钱他就不至本杰明富兰克林回到了美国。他已步响。近百年来在银行、保险、高级金于为了谋生而忙碌不止，他就能摆脱入垂暮之年，身体状况很差。但他并融、工业、军队、宗教、保守政见等繁琐事务的羁绊把精力投入到他认为没有就此停下来，引退回到舒适的家领域的顶尖人才大都曾在公学接受过更有意义的事情上。他真正喜欢的是中他坐着听完了关于宪法条款的长时教育。尽管近来情况开始有所变化，科学本身。 间的争论。如果不是他帮助代表们达但短时间内变化还不明显。牛津大学Franklin was always trying to answer the 成一致，有两次会议都要以失败而告和剑桥大学在大学教育领域处于领先question：What makes things act the way 终。 地位。读过大学的内阁大臣中几乎都they do? At that time learned men Ben Franklin died in 1790 at the age of 上过这两所大学中的某一所，特别是were puzzled about electricity．They eighty-four．He had spent all his adult 牛津大学。 wondered whether it was in some way life helping people．Years before，he had A student who receives further full—like the lightning in a thunderstorm．It told his mother that that was his time education after the age of eighteen, might be， but how could you prove aim．When he died he did not want either at a university or at a teacher’s it--by coaxing some electricity down his people to say，\．\training college or at some other college kite string．That act made him famous in he hoped was that people would giving training of a special type，can America and Europe．But，of course，remember him and say，%usually receive a grant from the public Franklin did not stop here．He found a life．\authorities to cover his expenses，or way to make the knowledge useful：he 本杰明富兰克林于1790年逝世，享年most of them，unless his parents have a invented the lighting 84岁。他倾尽毕生的力量来帮助他人。large income．But the number of young 富兰克林一直在试图回答这么一个问早在多年前他就曾对母亲表达了自己people who can enter universities is 题：是什么使物体按照各自的规律运的愿望。他不希望人们在他死后评价limited by the capacity of universities， 行? 当时知识界都对电的现象迷惑不说：\他死的时候非常富有。\他所希望which is less than enough to take all the 解。人们猜测这是不是像雷雨时闪电的是人们会记着他并说：\他的一生是young people who have the basic 一样。可能如此，但怎样证实呢?富兰有价值的。 qualifications for university 克林证实了这一问题--他通过风筝线Unit 6Text A The British admission．In practice，therefore，entry 把闪电从天空导下来。这使他一下子Educational System 英国to universities is competitive．But 名声响誉欧美。但是，富兰克林当然的教育体系 university degree courses are also 不会就此止步。他发现了利用这一知All over the world，the mention of available at polytechnics，and entry to 识的方法：那就是避雷针。 English education suggests a picture ofthe Open University is less restricted． Franklin would gladly have spent the “public schools”， and it suggests in 学生满18岁后，若要进一步接受全日rest of his days in quiet study and particular the names of certain very 制教育，可以选择读综合性大学、教research．But he was fl very important famous instructions—Eton，Oxford and 师训练学院或者其他提供专门培训的person now，and the country needed him Cambridge; but People do not always 学院。政府当局通常可以提供给学生for public service．Disagreement realize what place these institutions 助学金以支付其全部或大部分学费，between the colonies and the British was occupy in the who1e educational 除非学生的父母收人很高不需要资becoming quite serious．Pennsylvania system．Oxford and Cambridge are 助。但是由于受到大学容量的限制，needed a representative in universities each haying about 12，000 上大学的青年人的数量是有限的，这England．Would Dr．Franklin accept the students out of a total of over 250，000 些大学的数量不能容纳下所有具备基post ? He would．He went to London students at all British universities．Eton 本入学资格的学生。因此实事上，上and stayed there for more than ten is a public school，and the best known of 大学是有竞争性的。但是学生还可能years．He did his best and might have the public schools. which，in spite of 选择上工科学院的学位课程，而且上helped to delay the war．But both sides their name，are not really public at all，函授大学所受限制则小得多。 were too angry to reach but independent and private secondary The academic year begins after the agreement．Franklin returned home just schools taking boys from the age summer holidays and is divided into as the Revolutionary War began， thirteen to eighteen years．The public three“terms”． with the intervals arriving in time to sign the Declaration schools in reality form a very small part between them formed by the Christmas of 1ndependence． of the whole system of secondary and Easter holidays．The exact dates of 富兰克林很高兴把余生的时间投入到education； only about one out of forty the holidays vary from area to 安静的学习和研究中。但是，他当时English boys goes to a public school，area． being in general about two weeks 已经是位重要人物了，国家需要他为and one out of 1，500 goes to Eton． at Christmas and Easter， plus often a 公众事业服务。随着殖民地与英国本一提起英国教育呈现在人们面前的往week or more at Whitsun，and six weeks 土之间矛盾的加剧，费城需要一位驻往是一幅“公学”的画面，特别是一in the summer，beginning rather 英国的代表。富兰克林会接受这个位些著名的教育机构——伊顿、牛津、late．Schools outside the state system 置吗？他接受了。他来到英国并且一剑桥等；但是人们往往不了解这些机decide on their own holiday dates， 呆就是十多年。他竭力避免战争的爆构在英国整个教育体系中所占的位generally taking a month off at 发。但是双方都怒不可遏，难以达成置。牛津和剑桥两所大学分别拥有大Christmas and Easter and eight weeks in 协议。 约12 000在校生，而全英在校大学生the summer ．The three terms are not 就在独立战争爆发前，富兰克林回到的总数超过250 000。伊顿是所公学，everywhere called by the same names； 了美国，及时地赶回来签署了《独立也是最著名的公学, 尽管名字叫公indeed some schools call the January—宣言》。 学，其实并不是真正意义上的公立学March period“the Spring Term”， others He was now seventy years old and his 校，而是所独立的私立中学。它只招use“Spring Term”for the period Aprilhealth was not good．He would gladly 收13-18岁的男孩。实际上，公学仅仅—July．Some call the January termhave settled down at home．But America 是英国整个中学教育体系中的一小部“Winter term”(which is logica1).others needed help from France to carry on the 分；在英国仅有1／40的男孩能进入call it“Easter Term”． war， and she asked Dr．Franklin to win 公学读书，而1 500个中只有1个能上 每学年的开始从暑假后的学期算，并this help He answered．\am like a 伊顿公学。 且分为三个“学期”，由圣诞节、复活worn-out piece of carpet．If there is one Apart from the so-called public schools 节两个假期间隔开来。各学校的具体corner left which can be useful to my there is a complete system of state 放假时间因地区差异而不同，大致上country．1 will be honored．\． primary and secondary education．which 圣诞节、复活节各两周的假，加上通当时他已经七十多岁了，而且身体情resembles in general the state education 常一周或更长一点的圣灵降临节假期况很不好。他很高兴能回家安享晚年。in most other countries．A11 children 和六周的暑假，暑假开始得相当晚。但是，美国要继续这场战争必须取得must, by law , receive fulltime education 不受国家教育体制限制的学校自行决法国的支持，这需要富兰克林博士去between the ages of five and 定放假时间，通常是圣诞节、复活节赢得支持。他答复到：\我就像一条破sixteen．Any child may attend，without 各放一个月，暑假放八周。这三个学旧的地毯，哪怕有一个残留的角能有paying fees， a school provided by the 期在不同的地区叫法不完全一样。实益于我的祖国，我也感到万分荣兴。\public authorities, and the great majority 际上一些学校称一至三月学期为“春His first step was to \over\all his attend such schools．They may 季学期”，另外一个称呼是称四至七月money as a loan to the Congress．He continue，still without paying fees，until 学期为“春季期”。另外一个称呼是称wanted to prove his faith in the new they are eighteen．In presenting an 四至七月学期为“春季期”。一些地方American government and encourage overall picture of English education it 称一月学期为“冬季学期”(这是逻辑others to support it．Then he set sail for would be reasonable to concentrate on 上的叫法)，而有另外一个称呼则是“复France． the state system alone and refer briefly 活节学期”。

他采取的第一步措施就是把自己所有to the public schools．However，Day-schools mostly work Monday to 的积蓄都作为贷款交给了国会。他想a1though the public schools are not Friday only．from about 9 a．m．to 以此来表明他对国会的信任，并鼓励important numerically， they have been between 3 and 4 p.m．Lunch is provided 他人支持国会.然后他启程来到法国。 England’s most peculiar and and parents pay for it unless they prove In Paris，Franklin was warmly characteristic contribution to educational to the authorities that they cannot well welcomed．Although he was a simple methods and they have an immense afford to．All primary school children，man，he was a shrewd diplomat．He influence on the whole educational including those in independent schools，spoke very poor French，but he always practice and on the English social were given milk free of charge until chose the right words for the structure．For a hundred years most men 1970 when the Government abolished occasion．He finally persuaded King in leading positions in this benefit．

Louis of France to declare war on banking ,insurance ,high finance，some 大部分日校周一至周五上课，大约从England．That was an important industries ,the army，the church and 早晨九点上到下午三点或四点。学校achievement．It was only with the aid of conservative politics have been educated 通常提供午饭，但学生父母要付钱，the French fleet that Washington was at public schools．Things are beginning 除非他们向官方证明自己负担不起。able to win the war and American to change but it will take time．Among 所有的小学包括私立学校都向学生提independence． the universities Oxford and Cambridge 供免费的牛奶，直到1970年政府取消在巴黎，富兰克林受到了热烈的欢迎。hold a dominant position．Of cabinet 了这一福利。

他虽然单纯直爽，但同时又是位精明ministers who went to universities，Text B Higher Education in 的外交官。他法语讲得并不好，但总nearly all went to one or the other of the United States 美国的高是能针对不同的场合选择最恰当的语these two，and to Oxford in particular． 等教育

言。最后，他终于说服路易国王对英除了所谓的公学之外，英国还有一套In the United States,a student who has 国宣战，这是一项重大的成就。只有完整的国立小学、中学教育体系，这finished high school may want to 在法国舰队的援助下，华盛顿才能率同大部分国家的国立教育大体相似。continue in higher education．There are 领美国人民赢得这场战争并取得美国法律规定所有5～16岁的孩子必须接several ways to continue in higher 独立。 受全日制教育，任何孩子都可免费到education in the United States．There are Benjamin Franklin returned to 由政府当局开办的学校读书。大部分universities, colleges，community America．He was very old now，and in 孩子都上这类学校，并且可以一直读colleges，and technical or vocational poor health．But still he did not settle 到18岁。要全面介绍英国的教育，应schools．Each of these kinds of higher down and retire to his comfortable 单独集中介绍其国立教育体系，同时education will be described below． home．He sat through the long 简要介绍其公学教育。然而，尽管从在美国，一名中学生高中毕业后，如arguments on the terms of the 数量上讲公学所占的地位不算重要，果想继续接受高等教育，他可以有以Constitution．Twice，the meetings would 但它对英国的教育方法做出了最特下几种选择方式：综合大学、四年制

4

学院、社区学院、职业或技术学院。对这几种高等教育方式，下文将分别加以介绍。

A university is much larger than a college． It is larger for two reason. First，a university in the United States usually has several different colleges in it. Each college within a university has a special subject area．There may be a college of liberal arts where humanities， social science ,natural science, and mathematics are taught．There may be a college of education where students learn to be teachers．There may be a college of business where business subjects are taught．All of these colleges may be part of one university. Sometimes，in a university，each college is called a“school”：“The School of Liberal Arts”，“The school of Business”or“The School of Education\．Second，a university always has programs for advanced or graduate study in a variety of subjects．There may be a medical school，a law school，and other advanced programs．

综合大学比四年制学院规模大，表现在两个方面。首先，美国综合大学通常设有若干个学院。每个学院都有专门的学科领域。一般设有文学院，开设的课程有人文学科、社会科学、自然科学和数学等。也可能设有教育学院，学生可以在这里通过学习成为教师。也可能设有商学院开设商业课程。所有这些学院可能仅占一所综合性大学的一部分。有时，综合大学内的每一个学院都可被称为学院：文学院、商学院、教育学院。其次，综合大学总是设有多种学科的高级专业学院或研究院，比如医学院、法学院或其他高级专业学院等等。

Students in the United States must have a high school diploma or its equivalent, to enter one of the colleges in a university．Most students have completed regular high school programs．Some older students may have the same amount of education even though they have not completed high schoo1．These students have the equivalent of a high school degree．University students may study for an undergraduate degree in the arts or sciences．If they complete a course of study in the arts，they receive Bachelor of Arts degrees．In the sciences，they receive B．S．degree．Students may leave university at this time，or they may choose to go on for a graduate or professional degree．

在美国，学生要入综合性大学的学院学习，必须有高中毕业证或者具有同等学力。大部分学生都完成了正规的高中教育课程，一些年龄大的学生尽管没有完成正规的高中学习，但也接受了同等程度的教育。这些学生具有高中同等学力。大学学生可以通过学习获得理学或文学的本科学位。如果完成了文科的课程学习将获得文学学士学位，理科的学生将获得理学学士学位。大学毕业后，学生可以离开学校或选择继续攻读研究生学位或专业学位。

A university may get money for its expenses from several different sources．It may get some money from the state government．If so, it is a publicly funded university．It may get money only from private sources：contributions ,tuition(fee for teaching)，investments，and other sources．If this is the case．it is a privately funded university．Finally，a university may be funded by a religious group．

综合大学经费的资金来源可有以下几个方面。若是依靠政府提供资金，就是公办大学。也有的学校资金依靠私人来源：捐献、学费、投资及其他来源等等，这种类型的学校是私立大学另外一种类型的就是靠教会支持的大学。

A university program for undergraduates usually takes four years．In this way，a university and a college are alike．College students usually spend four years in school also．A college，however，usually has only one or two kinds of programs．A college does not have graduate or professional programs in a variety of areas．

综合性大学本科教育计划通常是四年。这一点和四年制学院相似。学院的学生通常也要在学校渡过四年的时间。但是四年制学院通常仅有一到两种类型的课程计划。学院在各种领域不设研究生或专业课程教育。

A college is also like a university in the kinds of students it has．College students，like university students，usually have a high school diploma when they enter college．If a college student completes a course of study in the arts，he or she receives a Bachelor of Arts degree．In the sciences，the students receive A Bachelor of Science degree．If college students want to continue for a graduate or professional degree，they must go to a university．

在学生类型上，四年制学院的和综合性大学的差不多。同综合性大学的学生一样，四年制学院的学生在入学时通常都有高中毕业证。如果四年制学院的学生完成了文科的课程学习，也获得文学学士学位。理科的学生获得理学学士学位。如果四年学院的学生想继续攻读研究生学位或专业学位，必须到综合性大学去。

The college is usually funded in one of the three ways．It may be publicly or privately funded．Or，it may be funded by a religious group．

四年制学院经费来源通常也不外乎上文所列的三种方式。可能是公立的也可能是私立的，或者可能是教会资助的。

Compared to universities and colleges，community colleges in the United States are quite different．The programs of study in the community college usually last only two years．Many different subjects are taught in the community college． but not all subjects．Not all of the subjects are taught in the community college． Not all of the subjects are the usual school subjects．The community college may give courses in dental(of the teeth)technology，auto mechanics，sewing。and many other nonacademic subjects．The community college may also have courses in the regular academic subjects like science，math，languages，literature，and other courses in the humanities．

在美国，社区学院同综合性大学和四年制学院相当不一样。社区学院一般是两年制，并开设许多不同的课程有些课程是平常学校所不开设的。社区学院可能会开设牙科技术、汽车机械、缝纫及其他一些非学术性课程等，也开设一些常规的文化课程，比如像自然科学、数学、语言课、文学及其他一些人文学科等。

Many different types of students study at community colleges．Not all students have a high school diploma．Many students are adults with children，and sometimes with grandchildren，of their own．The community college serves the community， and anyone who lives nearby may go．When community college students complete a two-year program，they receive an associate of arts or associate of science degree．They may then go to a college or university for two more years to get the bachelor’s degree．However，the student may get a job instead，or just stop going to schoo1 社区学院内有各种类型的学生。有些学生没有高中毕业。许多学生都是有孩子的成年人，有时候有些学生都有孙子了。社区学院为社区服务，住在社区附近的任何人都可以入社区学院上学。社区学院的学生完成两年制学业后可以获得准文学学士学位或准理学学士学位。然后他们可以到综合大学或学院继续上两年以获得学士学位。也可能就停止上学，开始工作了。 Community colleges are nearly always publicly funded，by the state， country，or city government．They are not usually funded by religious groups．

社区学院几乎都是由州、县、或市政府出资成立的。一般不由教会资助。 The community college gives training for a variety of jobs，and also has all academic program．The technical or vocational school，however, has only job training．Its programs may last a short time or a long time．Some programs take six months． while other programs may take two years or more to complete． 社区学院为各种类型的工作提供培训，同时也开设文化课程。但是职业技术学校只进行工作培训，时间可能短也可能长。有些培训期要要半年，有些可能要两年甚至更长。

Students in the technical or vocational school may have a high school diploma. Many，however，do not have the diploma．，Many people go to a technical or vocational school instead of going to high schoo1．When they complete their training，they may be able to get a good job right away．The technical or vocational school provides training for work in areas such as electronics，carpentry，plumbing，and others． 有些职业技术学校的学生已经高中毕业但是大部分没有高中毕业证。许多人选择读职业技术学校而不是高中，结束培训后可能会立即找到一份好工作职业技术学校为一些工作领域提供培训，比如电子、木工、水管装修等等。

The technical or vocational school may be funded in any of the ways already described．It may be publicly or privately funded，or it may be funded by a religious group．Other sources of money for this kind of school are trade unions or charity organizations． bough[报] every time a girl was kissed 职业技术学校经费来源可能是上述资under it．When all the berries had been 助方式中的任何一种。它可能是公办removed the kissing came to an end． 的也可能是私立的，或者可能是由教美国家庭普遍用榭寄生作为圣诞节装会资助建立的。这类学校的其他资金饰的一部分。把一个弹簧系在起居室来源还有工会或慈善组织。 的枝形吊灯上，小伙子们把亲吻有意Students who have finished high school，无意地站在树下的漂亮姑娘看做他们and even some who do not go to high 的特权。这一风俗源于17世纪的英国，school may choose from these four kinds 最初是这样的：每当树下一个姑娘被of higher education in the United 亲吻时，人们就会从圣诞树枝上拿走States．High school students who want 一个浆果，浆果拿没了，亲吻活动也further academic or professional training 就结束了。 may go to a college or Little children hang up their stockings university．Students who want both on Christmas Eve near their beds， and academic and nonacademic training may they believe that when they are asleep， go to the community college．Students Santa Claus will come to visit them．He who want to get job may go to a comes down from the North Pole and technical or vocational schoo1．Students drives a big sled．In the sled are toys for may choose the kind of higher education all the good children．Eight little that they like best． reindeer pull the sled there through the 在美国，高中毕业的学生甚至一些不air．Santa gets out when he comes to the 想上高中的学生可以从这四类高等教roof of the children’s house．He comes 育方式中选择一种。想进一步接受学down the chimney with a bag of toys．If 术或专业教育的高中学生可以上综合the children have been good, he will fill 性大学或四年制学院。学术和非学术their stockings with candies, fruits and 性的培养都想接受的学生可以上社区toys，and he also puts some toys under 大学。想早工作的学生可以上职业技the tree．

术学校。学生可以从中选择他们最喜小孩在圣诞夜把长筒袜挂在床边，他欢的高等教育方式。 们相信睡着的时候，圣诞老人就会来

Christmas 看他们。圣诞老人驾着大雪橇从北极

圣诞节 来，雪橇上放着给好孩子准备的礼物。Christmas is a religious holiday．It is 八头小驯鹿在空中拉着雪橇，到孩子celebrated on December 25 as the 家房顶时，圣诞老人走下雪橇，背着birthday of Christ． 大口袋，顺着烟囱到屋里。要是孩子圣诞节是个宗教节日，每年12月25表现好的话；他就会用点心、水果、日基督生日，人们欢庆圣诞。 玩具塞满长筒袜, 树下，圣诞老人也放Most churches have Christmas Eve 些玩具。

services．The services usually begin just On Christmas morning， children look before midnight on Christmas Eve and into their stockings．They open their end early Christmas morning． Christmas packages and examine their 大多数教堂都举办圣诞夜宗教仪式，gifts．Usually the whole family has a big 这些仪式一般从圣诞夜开始，一直持Christmas dinner in the afternoon or 续到圣诞节大清早。 evening．The Christmas dinner，which is It was not until the 4th century that the similar to the Thanksgiving feast， is church in Rome began to celebrate traditionally distinguished by a plumChristmas．Midwinter festivals had —Pudding dessert．

always been celebrated by many 圣诞节清早，孩子们看各自的长筒袜peoples．The approach of the winter 内有什么，他们打开圣诞包，．看收到time，as the days grew shorter and colder 了什么礼物。一般来说，在下午或晚and the sun seemed to threaten to 上，整个家庭要好好地吃顿圣诞家宴。disappear entirely， was a time of 这顿家宴和感恩节的宴席差不多，传fear．But the shortest day also meant that 统的特色是要有葡萄干、布丁甜食。 winter was leaving and that ahead were Sometimes American families trim trees spring， the warmth of the sun and the outside their homes．They put electric return of vegetation to the fields． lights in a tree growing near the door 直到公元4世纪，罗马教堂才开始庆and at night，they turn on the lights. 祝圣诞。（作为汉译英考过了）各族人Many towns have very large Christmas 一直都在冬天欢庆节日。冬天是个让trees set up outdoors in the parks．

人害怕的时节，天变短了，变冷了，有些美国家庭也要修剪装饰户外周围太阳好像有全部消失的危险。但白天的树，在门口的树上挂起电灯，晚上最短也意味着冬天即将离去，春天就打开电灯。许多城镇在公园内的露天要来了，温暖的阳光，田野里植物返场地上都竖起很大的圣诞树。 青也不远了。 In many rural sections of the country Christmas is a family holiday．Stores，and in sections of some cities， candles，post offices，banks，and businesses close placed near the windows， light the for the day．Schools and colleges close paths of singers who go from house to between Christmas and New Year’s house singing．

Day．People stay at home and spend the 在一些乡间和城市的地方，人们把蜡time with their families．Everybody tries 烛放在窗口，为挨家挨户唱圣诞歌曲to come home for Christmas． 的歌手照明道路。

圣诞节是个家庭节日。店铺、邮局、The air is filled with Christmas songs， 银行、商行都要关门。中小学和大学and the stores are decorated in red and 在圣诞和新年间放假一周。人们在家green，the traditional Christmas 里和家人团聚，每个人都努力赶回家colors ．Dozens of Santa Clauses 过圣诞。 welcome the customers．

People send cards or Christmas 空气中弥漫着圣诞的歌声，商店也装greetings to their families and 饰得红红绿绿——这是圣诞的传统颜friends．Some families send and get 色。许多圣诞老人招呼着顾客。

dozens of Christmas cards through the The common people have created mail．They wish their friends“ A Merry legends of Santa Claus as a symbol of Christmas’’and“A Happy New Year”． their deep love for children．However，人们给家人和朋友寄上贺卡，表达圣the businessmen and the advertising 诞的祝福。有些家庭要通过邮局寄送companies on the main roads have 和接收成打的贺卡，祝愿朋友“圣诞turned Santa Claus into a cold 快乐”、“新年快乐”。 commercial attraction．

The day before the vacation begins， 普通群众创造了关于圣诞老人的各种schools have Christmas parties and 传说，以表达对孩子深深的爱意。主programs．The children sing Christmas 要街道两旁的商人和广告公司则把圣songs and recite Christmas poems．They 诞老人当作了冰冷的商业诱惑。

trim their Christmas trees with strings of Christmas is the biggest time for selling colored lights．They put glass ornaments goods and American newspapers and on the trees．They throw little pieces of magazines make a countdown before white paper over the trees and put white Christmas：“Twenty—one shopping paper or a white sheet around the feet of days before Christmas，twenty days the trees，so that they seem to be covered before Christmas．．．”．“Employ your with snow．Sometimes they hang time, for time glides on with speedy Christmas cookies and little candies foot．” around them． 圣诞节是最繁忙的销售季节，美国各放假的前一天，学校要举行圣诞聚会，报纸杂志在圣诞节前纷纷打出倒计时表演节目。孩子们唱圣诞歌曲，朗诵牌，“距圣诞节还有21天购物时间”，圣诞诗篇，用一串串的彩灯装饰圣诞“距圣诞节还有20天购物时间”，“抓树。他们把玻璃装饰品挂在树上，把紧时间购物，时间转瞬即逝”。 白纸片撒在树上和周围，用白纸包住 Thanksgiving Day 感恩圣诞树的底部，仿佛白雪皑皑。有时，节 他们也挂上圣诞点心和糖块。 Thanksgiving Day comes on the fourth The use of mistletoe as part of Christmas Thursday in November．Every year，the decorations in private houses is common president writes a letter to the people．He in the United States．A spring is fastened writes that the fourth Thursday in to a chandelier in the living room and November will be a national holiday．All the youths regard it as their privilege to the stores． banks，schools and offices kiss any pretty young girl who wittingly close。The people can spend or unwittingly stands under it．Kissing Thanksgiving Day with their families． under the mistletoe originated in Britain 感恩节是11月的第四个周四。每年，in the early 17th century．The custom 美国总统都要给美国人民一封信，信was for a berry to be removed from the 中说，11月的第四个周四是全国性的

Unit 7 Text A

Text B

节日。这一天，所有商店、银行、办公场所都不上班。人们同家人欢庆感恩节。

When the Pilgrims landed in 1620 near Cape Cod，Massachusetts．their first year was very hard．The winter was much colder than they were used to and many people died．Fortunately，the Indians were friendly to them．They showed them how to plant corn and helped them with fishing and trapping．

1620年，英国首批清教徒在马萨诸塞的科德角附近登陆。他们在美洲的第一年非常艰难，冬天很冷，他们不习惯，许多人死了幸运的是，当地印地安人对他们很友好，教给他们怎样种玉米，帮他们打猎、捕鱼。

Conditions began to improve in the spring of 1621．The Pilgrims planted a large crop and in the fall，they had a good harvest．Besides, there were a lot of wild vegetables and fruits．Fish and game were plentiful．Therefore，they were able to get enough fresh meat despite their lack of skill or experience in hunting and fishing．Their health improved with the warm weather and their better diet．

1621年春天，情况有了好转，清教徒们种了很多庄稼，秋天获得了大丰收。除此之外，当地野菜、野果很多，鱼和猎物也应有尽有。虽然他们打鱼、狩猎的技能和经验并不多，但也能够吃上足够的鲜肉。随着天气变暖，食物增多，他们的健康状况也有了好转。 In the fall，they looked over the past year and were both regretful and thankful．Only fifty of the original one hundred passengers remained．The price in human lives and the tragedy had been great．0n the other hand，they saw new hope for the future．They were happy and thankful．They knew they had enough food for the second winter with the splendid harvest．They had eleven crude houses for protection against the severe winter．Seven were for families， and four for communal use．The Pilgrims wanted to celebrate the end of their first year in their new home with a real holiday．Governor Bradford decided on December13，1621，as the day of giving thanks to God．

秋天时回想过去的一年，这些清教徒们既感到遗憾，又充满感激。最初的一百人仅活下来一半，生命和所遭受痛苦的代价十分巨大。另一方面，他们看到了未来的希望，既感到高兴，又充满感激。他们知道获得了丰收，第二个冬天的食物已经足够了。他们建了十一座抵御严寒的简陋房屋，七个供家庭用，四个公用。他们想在年底好好庆祝一下在新房子里度过的第一年。布拉德福总督决定在1621年12月13日庆祝，表示对上帝的感谢。 The Pilgrims fired a gun at dawn on that first Thanksgiving．Afterwards they moved to the meeting—house in a procession and had a church service of thanksgiving．After that，they set long tables outdoors．A great feast and three days of celebration began．They invited their Indian friends, who brought with them deer meat，pop-corn，turkeys，many kinds of vegetables，and especially pumpkins，which are today both food and decoration for almost every Thanksgiving table．

第一个感恩节早上破晓时，清教徒们鸣枪表示对上帝的敬意，然后排成一队走进公用房屋，举行感恩节宗教仪式。宗教仪式之后，他们在户外摆上长桌，盛宴开始了，欢庆持续了三天。他们邀请了印地安朋友参加。印地安朋友带来了鹿肉、爆米花、火鸡、许多种蔬菜，还有南瓜。如今，几乎在每一个感恩节的餐桌上，南瓜既是食品，又是装饰。

On the whole，it was a wonderful holiday for the Pilgrims after their winter of starvation and tragedy．However，they paid for this luxury during the following winter．There was little food for anyone，and they did not have a Thanksgiving feast until the next fall．

总的来说，经过了一个冬天的饥荒和不幸，清教徒们这个节日过得很愉快。不过，下一年冬天，他们的“奢华”遭到了报应。他们没有吃的，直到又一年的秋天，才欢庆了第二个感恩节。 In the following decades，Thanksgiving Days were frequently held，sometimes a year，sometimes every other year, depending on the circumstances．

以后的数十年间，人们经常过感恩节，根据不同的情况，有时一年两次，有时两年一次。 President George Washington proclaimed a Thanksgiving Day in1789 as an expression of gratitude for the establishment of the new government. Other presidents proclaimed such days for various reasons.

乔治?华盛顿总统1789年宣布庆祝感

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