GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版资料

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My Manhattan(5th) Notes

——Daisyotw

CH1 SC Basics

1.控制在60s~75s

2.做题步骤:理解原句,垂直阅读选项,split排除错误,放回原文检查

CH2 Grammar&Meaning

一.语法:

主谓一致,平行,代词,修饰语,动词时态、语态和主被动,比较和习语 二.语义: 1.词的选择: (1)注意一词多义

Economic-经济的; economical-节约的;合算的;有效的 Aggravate-加重,恶化; aggravating-令人愤怒的

Known as –被认为是,很著名; known to be-被承认…;known for Loss of –失去;loss in-贬值

Mandate-命令;have a mandate-拥有选举权 Native of- (人)来自;native to –物种起源于 Range of –多种的; ranging-变化 Rate of –速度或频率; rates for – 价格…

Rise-上升,无方向,单纯上升; raise-(打赌或工资)上涨,有方向 Such as –比如; like-好像(举例只能用such as, 不能用like) Try to do –努力去完成; try doing –尝试去做 Impale-刺穿;impel-逼迫

(2)情态动词(may,will,must,should)不要随意添加或改变

(*should 表“应该”,不表示likelihood;法律法规只能用must不能用should) (3)选项和原文态度一致

2.词的位置:关注重点词(all,only)和句子整体顺序 3.词的搭配:主谓一致,逻辑一致,make sense 三.避免冗余:

1. 在一个句子中,不要用两个意思一样的词 Rise-increase; sum-total; regain-again; enable-be able to; attempt-try;

other than-opposite; drop-decrease;

sufficient-enough; including-among; have to–require

及近义词then-later; so-in order to

2.注意being、having,虽然二者大多数情况是错的,但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语

法错误,使得此类选项稍好一点。(being除了2种情况:1,介词+being done;2,进行时被动语态 be being done)

3.注意修饰时间的词在一个句子里的重复

过去:previously; formerly; in the past; before now 现在:now; currently; presently; at present; 每年:annual; each year; a year

EG: OG12 unaccompanied是不好的表达,意思不如not accompanied 清晰;另外关于什么 的增长,一般的用法是increase in sth,而不是increased sth 四.关于简洁:

1.简洁是GMAT 最后考到的点,只有在语法和意思都无误的情况,才选择最简洁的(不作为排除的法则) 2.GMAT语法题中,如果一个词可以搞定的意思,不要用一个短语 EG: differ>have difference in

CH3:主谓一致

1.一个句子中必须存在主语和谓语;连词(because,although)开头的句子必须有主句 2.主谓逻辑合理 3.主谓单复数一致

GMAC隐藏主语的方式:主谓之间插入大量词语(介短,前置后置短语,从句,其它修饰语)。跳过以上可忽略的词语,找到句子结构(主谓),决定单复数 1.and vs additive phrases (1)and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构,谓语动词要用复数。

(2)其他连接性的词(along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including)虽然也表达―and‖的意思,但是连接不同的名词,只是起修饰作用,不会改变主语的单复数,不影响谓语动词。 e.g. Joe, as well as his friends, IS going to the beach.

(3)一些表示学科的词(physics, mathematics)、一些活动-有氧运动(aerobics)和一些疾病-糖尿病(diabetes)虽然以s结尾,仍属于单数名词,谓语动词用单数。

注:有且只有―and‖可以将单数主语改编成复数主语。其他添加伴随连接词(如2所示)的单数主语,依然是单数主语。

2.or,either..or,neither..nor (1)就近原则:离谓语动词近的是单数,谓语动词就用单数;复数就用复数 EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.

(2)若仅仅只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor,则谓语动词一定要用单数 3.集合性名词

一般用单数(看做一个整体,跟单数谓语)

People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd (群众)orchestra(乐队), team Items: baggage, citrus(橙类), equipment(设备), fleet(舰队/小河), fruit, furniture(家具) e.g. The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field.

4.不确定代词:一般用单数

Anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody,everything,whatever, whoever,either…or..;neither…nor..

**特殊情况,如果遇到―SANAM‖需要根据后面的―OF的介宾短语‖中的名词内容确定谓语的单复数** EG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet. Some of the documents were stolen from the bank. 其中,Any of;none of:可能是单数或复数,not one 永远是单数

e.g. Any of these women ISa suitable candidate for marriage to my son. Not one of my friends IS here this weekend. 5.each vs every 放在复数主语之前用复数,复数主语之后用单数 EG: every dog and cat has paws. They each are great tennis players. 6.量词

A number of +复数主语+复数谓语(a number of 可以看成是some/many) The number of +复数/单数主语+单数谓语

half, majority, minority, plurality(多数)既可以是单数也可以是复数 根据其修饰的主语(of 后面的词)决定其单复数。通常表示一个大群体的一部分时,用复数。 7.短语或者从句:用单数 (1)-ing的短语做主语,用单数

Having good friends IS a wonderful thing. (2)从句做主语,用单数

Whatever they want to do IS fine with me. 8.倒装:向后看

EG: near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters. **定语从句内结构最好不用倒装

OG 68: sth that be…,当前面的sth做主语的时候, that be一般要省略,否则不符合英文表达习惯;另外,诸如evidence之类的词,后面要跟that从句。

9.当不能确定是否是单复数时候,大多是单数。(当GMAT迷惑我们的时候,大都是单数) **小结:

CH4 平行

一.平行结构的标志词

二.平行元素

1.有时候be, can, to…会被省略掉,多个平行时同省同留 2.从句开头的引导词不可以省略,即使引导词一样

Right: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE I pav low taxes. 引导词也可以不一样,更要保留

Right: There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not. 3.引导词前面的词不可以省略,确保句子愿意完整

Wrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not. Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not. 此句中―those‖不能省略,否则改变句子愿意。但是―popular‖可以省略。 三.And

一般原则(逗号原则):A and B A ,B,and C A,B,C,and D 当连接两个元素是独立句子时候,会用A,and B E.g.I really like candy apples, AND I eat them often.

分层并列——无论并列的元素有多少,同一个并列连词连接的必须结构相似,词性相同!可以在一个句子同时用不同的并列连词,表示不同的层次。

Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.

四.一些要求平行的常见习语

句子中的动词不都平行,很有可能是动词的-ing或者-ed形势,表示伴随 不要想当然地认为句子里每个成分都要平行,考虑逻辑意义和层级关系! 五.系动词

两边的成分要并列:表达的是―主语是什么/主语处于什么状态‖

把系动词看做平行标志,使主语和宾语平行

Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love. Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.

CH5 代词

代词是GMAT中最常见的考点,每次见到代词都应检查指代是否清晰正确,单复数是否一致。 一.先行词必须存在

注意有些名词是作为形容词、所有格出现,这样的名词不能作为先行词 名词作为先行词的条件是该名词一定要具备名词功能。

EG: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to it. It无指代对象,因为park在此处是形容词,真正的主语是park rangers。 二.先行词和代词逻辑合理

将代词换为先行词,该句子必须还是有意义,说的通

EG: wrong:Although the term ‖supercomputer‖ may sound wonderful, it is simply an extremely mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.

right: Although the term \it simply REFERS TO an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second. 此处,it指代就有问题,―term‖不是机器,―term‖指向机器,所以要用―refer to‖ 三.代词和先行词单复数一致

GMAT为了迷惑大家,会在主语和主句前面,加上从句,比如:along with…/by…,要找到真正的先行词。

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