专业英语第1单元(35)讲稿ok

Unit 1 My Computer（35）

Section A Computer Overview 一、课文讲解

? overview n. 纵览,总的看法

give a broad overview of the present situation 对当前形势作全面纵览 ? review 复习功课,写评论

review the situation观察形势

review last week's lessons复习上周的功课 review the past回顾过去

review for a magazine为一本杂志写评论 ? viewpoint n.观点 1. 动词---名词的转化

A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating other forms of information.

计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数值数据进行计算或者对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。

? 电子设备--- an electronic device

? 一套指令--- receive a set of instructions

1

? 执行---perform/carry out ? 对数值数据进行运算---

performing calculations on numerical data ? 对其他形式的信息进行处理

manipulating other forms of information

manipulate v.操作，处理 handle deal with operate work

2. except for--翻译

The modern world of high technology could not have come about except for the development of the computer. 翻译：

如果没有计算机的发展，现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。

? come about--发生,产生 How did it come about? 那事是怎么发生的?

come and go---来来去去；变来变去；转瞬消失 how come---怎么

? except for---除...之外, 只是 except that---除了, 只是

I would come except it rains. 翻译：要是不下雨, 我就来。

3.使用名词短语--- find uses

Different types and sizes of computer find uses

2

throughout society in the storage and handling of data, from secret governmental files to banking transactions to private household accounts. 翻译：

在整个社会，不同型号和不同大小的计算机被用于存储和处理各种数据，从政府保密文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。 ? find great satisfaction in 在...中得到很大满足

? throughout society---在整个社会

? find uses in the storage and handling of data 在数据的存储和处理中很有用处。 ? from...to...to

? banking transaction---银行交易 transacton---交易，业务

cash transaction---现金交易 credit transaction---赊购交易 agency transaction---委托交易 commodity transaction---商品交易

? private household accounts---私人家庭账目

find money for a plan 为一项计划筹措经费

find sb. guilty 断定某人有罪

find the cubic root of 求...的立方根

Water finds its own level. 水往低处流。

3

A bomb found him. 炸弹打中了他。 4.翻译---分析句子结构

They are essential tools in almost every field of research and applied technology, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrow's weather reports, and their use has in itself opened up new areas of conjecture.

在几乎每一个研究和应用技术领域，从构建宇宙模型到产生明天的气象报告，计算机无不是必要的工具，并且它们的应用本身就开辟了人们推测的新领域。(field, area) 翻译：

? from...to

? construct models of the universe 构建宇宙模型 ? new areas of conjecture---推测的新领域

conjecture---推测，猜测 (better improve) Goldbach conjecture---【数】哥德巴赫猜想

form conjectures upon 推想 make conjectures upon 推想

found a conjecture on 根据... 推测 venture a conjecture 猜猜看

? in itself---本身, 实质上, 就其本身来说 of itself---自行, 自然而然地

by itself---单独地; 孤零地; 独立地; 自动地

4

5.句型选择--- make it available

数据库服务和计算机网络使各种各样的信息源可供利用。

? Database services--数据库服务 ? 计算机网络--- computer networks

? 各种各样的信息源---a great variety of information sources

翻译：

Database services and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources. 6.名词翻译为动词: invasion /invade

The same advanced techniques also make possible invasions of personal and business privacy. 翻译：

同样的先进技术也使侵犯个人隐私和商业秘密成为可能。

? 词义选择：privacy

personal and business privacy---个人隐私和商业秘密 privacy---隐私, 秘密

private--- private classroom:专用教室 --- private affair leave 事假 ? invasions---侵害, 侵犯 invade

make an invasion upon---侵入; 袭击

7.插入语、修饰语语序

The first adding machine, （a precursor of the digital computer）, was devised in 1964 by the French

5

scientist, mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal. 翻译：

第一台加法机，数字计算机的先驱，是1642年由法国哲学家、数学家兼科学家布莱斯?帕斯卡(Blaise Pascal)设计的。

? 加法机---adding machine ? precursor---先驱

pre-:在...之前+cursor

pre-echo---n. 1.前回声 2.预兆，预示 pre-tax---adj.纳税前的 prepare

? 设计---design/devise

又如：

The French inventor Joseph-Marie Jacquard, in designing an automatic loom, used thin,perforated wooden boards to control the weaving of complicated designs. 翻译：

法国发明家约瑟夫―玛丽?雅卡尔(Joseph-Marie Jacquard)，在设计自动织机时，使用了穿孔的薄木板来控制复杂图案(pattern,design)的编织。

? an automatic loom---自动织机 ? loom--- n.织布机, 织机 v.隐现, 迫近 boom--- n.繁荣, 隆隆声

v.发隆隆声, 兴隆, 大事宣传 commodity boom---商品繁荣 consumption boom---消费高涨 a boom town---一个繁荣的市镇

6

? weave n.编法, 织法, 编织 vt.编织, 组合, 编排

8. ing结构运用：

The device employeed a series of ten-toothed wheels, each tooth representing a digit from 0 to 9.

翻译：

这个装置使用了一系列有10个齿的轮子，每个齿代表从0到9的一个数字。

? 使用--- use/employ/make use of ? 数字--- digit/number/figure

9. 定语从句翻译---翻译成定语

Employing a system that passed punched cards over electrical contacts, he was able to compile statistical information for the 1890 United States census. 翻译：

通过使用一种将穿孔卡片从电触点上移过的系统，他得以为1890年的美国人口普查汇编统计信息。

? punched cards---穿孔卡片

? electrical contacts---电触点 ? census n.人口[户口]调[普]查

形势[行车量, 国情等]调查 (调查)统计的数字

7

10.词汇学习

? worked out the principles----提出了原理 ? put forward a better plan---提出更好的计划 ? conceive---构想出 -r n.构想者 deceive--欺诈, 欺骗 -r n. receive---接收 -r n. 11.词汇学习

Many historians consider Babbage and his

associate, （the mathematician Augusta Ada Byron）, the true pioneers of the modern digital computer. 翻译：

许多历史学家认为巴比奇(Babbage)及其合伙人，数学家奥古斯塔?埃达?拜伦(Augusta Ada Byron)，是现代数

字计算机的真正先驱。

? associate vt.使联合 vi.交往, 结交 n.合作人, 同事

adj.副的 associate professor---副教授 deputy chairman vice president

vice president of sales负责销售的副经理 side product

side effect(药物等到的)副作用 ? pioneer拓荒者,先驱,创始人 ---precursor

8

12. 翻译增词；量词翻译

It had an input stream in the form of a deck

of punched cards, a \a \a printer that made a permanent record. 翻译：

它有一个以一叠穿孔卡片的形式存在的输入流、一座储存

数据的“仓库”、一个进行算术运算的“工厂”和一台产生永久纪录的打印机。

? a deck of punched cards---一叠穿孔卡片 deck n甲板；层面；一副纸牌

a deck of cards 一副扑克（poker） ? mill n磨坊；面粉厂；工厂；工场；纺织厂 a cotton mill 棉纺厂

13.词汇学习

Early models calculated by means of rotating shafts and gears. 翻译：

早期型号是靠转动的轴和齿轮来进行计算的。

The car industry's always producing new models.

汽车业总是不断推出新型汽车 ? shaft--杆状，物轴

? gear---齿轮[链];汽车排档; 传动装置 gear case齿轮箱

9

a car with five gears一辆有五档的汽车 party gear宴[舞]会的衣服

gear down (使汽车)挂慢档, 减低速度 gear to加以调节使适合

gear up挂快档, 增加速度; 促进

14. 长定语后置

Numerical approximations of equations （too difficult to solve in any other way） were evaluated with such machines. 翻译：

用任何其他方法都难以解答的方程，可以用这样的机器来求其数值近似解。

? evaluate vt.评价, 估计, 求...的值 v.评价

? too...to 翻译：难以...

15. 词汇学习

Lord Kelvin built a mechanical tide predictor that was a specialized analogue computer. 翻译：

开尔文勋爵制造了一台机械潮汐预报器，这实际上就是一台专用模拟计算机。

10

? Lord Kelvin---开尔文勋爵 ? tide 潮水，潮汐

The tide is down.潮退了。 ? predictor n.预言者, 预报器 ? specialized 专用的；专门的 specific n.特效药, 细节

adj.详细而精确的, 明确的, 特殊的 specification n.详述, 规格, 说明书, 规范

16. 并列结构

During World Wars I and II, mechanical and, later, electrical analogue computing systems were used as torpedo course predictors in submarines and as bombsight controllers in aircraft. 翻译：

第一次和第二次世界大战期间，机械模拟计算系统以及后来的电动模拟计算系统，被用作潜艇上的鱼雷航线预测器和飞机上的轰炸瞄准具的控制器。

? torpedo n. (pl. torpedoes)鱼雷, 水雷, 爆破 ? course ---课程；进程; 路线

radio course in English英语广播讲座

a course of x-ray treatment X光治疗疗程 Our course was due north. 我们的路线是向正北。 ? bombsight n.轰炸瞄准器

11

? submarine n.潜水艇, 潜艇 adj.水下的, 海底的 subset sub class subway

subtitle 副题

subtle---狡猾的，微妙的，精细的

17. 词汇学习

During World War II, a team of scientists and mathematicians,（ working at Bletchley Park, north of London,） created one of the first all-electronic digital computers: Colossus. 翻译：

第二次世界大战期间，以伦敦北面的布莱切利公园为工作地点的一组科学家和数学家，制造了最早的全电子数字计算机之一：“巨人”。 ? colossus [k??l?s?s] n.巨像, 巨人

? Titan n.[希神]提坦, 太阳神, 巨人

? titanic a巨人的, 力大无比的; 极其有力的

18. 翻译：英文句子的拆分

It was used by the team headed by Alan Turing, in the largely successful attempt to crack（摧毁，使断裂） German radio messages enciphered in the

Enigma code.

翻译：

12

它被以艾伦?图灵为首的小组用于破译德国用恩尼格码加密的无线电报，他们的尝试大部分是成功的。

? head vt.作为...的首领, 朝向, 前进, a clear-headed person 一个头脑清醒的人 a cool-headed business man头脑冷静的实业家 ? crack vt.摧毁，使断裂;

解决难题, 揭露(秘密等) crack a garbled message 解明电文不清的来电

? radio messages---无线电报

? encipher vt. 把(电文)译成密码, 编码 ? the Enigma code---恩尼格码

enigma [ I’ni^me ] n.谜, 不可思议的东西

19. 词汇学习

This prototype and later research were completed quietly and later overshadowed by the development of the Electronic Numerical Integrator

And Computer (ENIAC) in 1945.

翻译：

这台原型机和后来的研究工作都是悄悄完成的，而且后来因1945年电子数字积分计算机（ENIAC）的研制而显得相形见绌。

? overshadow---使...相形见绌, 超过 He overshadowed all his comrades. 他使所有同僚都黯然失色。

13

? Integrator--积分仪[器] ‘integer--整数

微分--- differential

20.前缀over---词汇扩充

ENIAC was granted a patent, which was overturned decades later, in 1973, when the machine was revealed to have incorporated principles first used in the Atanasoff-Berry Computer.

ENIAC计算机被授予了专利。但是，数十年后，在1973年，当该机被揭露吸收了在阿塔纳索夫―贝里计算机中首次使用的原理后，这项专利被废除。

? grant vt. 同意, 准予

take it for granted认为理所当然

grant(ing) that ...(=granted that ...) 假定..., 即使... ? patent---专利

patient n.病人, 患者

adj.忍耐的, 耐心的 ? overturn v. 打翻; (使)翻过来; n. 垮台; 瓦解; 灭亡; 毁灭 ====================

overlook vt.俯瞰,远眺, 没注意到 n.眺望, 俯瞰中的景色 overuse vt.使用过度 n.过度使用

overshadow---v 使...相形见绌, 超过

14

overview n.纵览 总的看法 overhead

adj.在头顶上的; an overhead bridge天桥 n.经常开支, 普通费用

There were too many overheads. 经常性开支太大。

overhear vt.无意中听到, 偷听 overview n. 纵览

overshadow---使...相形见绌, 超过 ====================

? reveal vt.显示, 暴露 ? conceal 隐藏

21. free from 不受...拘束的

The instructions, like the data, were stored within a \freeing the computer from the speed limitations of the paper-tape reader during execution and permitting problems to be solved without rewiring the computer.

指令像数据一样存储在“存储器”中，使计算机在执行过程中摆脱了纸带阅读器的速度限制，并使问题在不给计算机重新接线的情况下得以解决。

? free from 没有...的, 免除...的; 不受...拘束的

? free sb. from 使某人摆脱..., 使某人免除...

15

? paper-tape reader---纸带阅读器

22. 与place相关的短语补充

Late in the 1960s the integrated circuit, or IC, was introduced, making it possible for many transistors to be fabricated on one silicon substrate, with interconnecting wires plated in place. 翻译：

20世纪60年代末，集成电路得到采用，从而有可能将许多晶体管制作在一块硅衬底上，集体管之间以覆镀在硅衬底上的导线相连接。

? 20世纪60年代末--- Late in the 1960s ? 集成电路--- the integrated circuit ? 采用---- adopt/adoption introduce ? 使...成为可能 make it possible for

? 制造---fabricate/make/manufacture/produce

? 一块硅衬底--- one silicon substrate

substrate--- (半导体工艺中的)衬[基]底, 底层, 地层 ? plate n.盘子, 金属板

vt.镀（金, 银等）, 电镀 =====================

in place 在通常的位置，在适当的位置

16

out of place在错误的位置；在不适当的位置 take place发生，举行

take the place of代替，替代 in place of 代替

======================

23.语序的调整（中英文习惯）

The microprocessor became a reality in the mid-1970s with the introduction of the large-scale integrated (LSI) circuit and, later, the very large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuit (microchip), with many thousands of interconnected transistors etched into a single silicon substrate.

20世纪70年代中期，随着大规模集成电路和后来的超大规模集成电路（微芯片）的采用，成千上万个彼此相连的晶体管被蚀刻在一块硅衬底上，于是微处理器成为现实。

? become a reality---成为现实

? etched into a single silicon substrate 被蚀刻在一块硅衬底上 ========================== bring into existence 创造, 使产生

bring into being 创造, 使产生

17

come into existence 开始存在; 形成; 成立 come into being

开始存在; 形成; 成立

cat-and-dog existence

经常争吵的生活; 鸡犬不宁的日子 cat-and-dog life

经常争吵的生活; 鸡犬不宁的日子 ==========================

24.平行结构

The pattern 11010010, for example, might be binary data---in this case, the decimal number 210---or it might be an instruction telling the computer to compare data stored in its switches to data stored in a certain memory-chip location. 例如，11010010这个模式可能是二进制数据——在这种情况下，代表210这个十进制数字——或者它可能是一条指令，告诉计算机将存储在其交换设备中的数据与存储在存储芯片某个位置的数据进行比较。

? binary decimal

octonal (八进制的),

hexadecimal（十六进制的）

18

? switch---交换设备

switch board---配电盘, 电键[控制]板; ---交换台;交换机

25.定语从句，词义选择：complete

The complete collection of recognizable patterns---the total list of operations---of which a computer is capable is called its instruction set.

一台计算机能够处理的全部可识别模式的集合——操作总清单——被称为其指令集。

? complete--- adj.全部的, 完全的, 完成的 vt.完成, 使完善

26.翻译：语序调整

Both factors---the number of bits that can be handled at one time, and the size of instruction sets---continue to increase with the ongoing development of modern digital computers. 随着现代数字计算机的不断发展，这两个因素——一次能够处理的比特数和指令集的大小——在继续增长。

? 随着...的不断发展

19

with the ongoing development of ? ongoing [??n?g?ui?] a.继续的

? 因素---factor

27.汉译英

Modern digital computers are all conceptually similar, regardless of size.

不论尺寸大小，现代数字计算机在概念上都是类似的。

? 不管，不顾--- regardless of ；in spite of ； leave alone；in despite of

28.汉译英

然而，根据成本与性能，它们可分为几类： Nevertheless, they can be divided into several categories on the basis of cost and performance: ? on the basis of---以...为根据, 在...基础上 provide a ... basis for 为...提供...根据 ? cost and performance---成本与性能 ? category [?k?tig?ri] n.种类，类，类别

20

29.词汇：mainframe supercomputer

and the mainframe computer, a large, expensive machine with the capability of serving the needs of major business enterprises, government departments, scientific research establishments, or the like (the largest and fastest of these are called supercomputers).

以及大型机，一种大型的昂贵机器，具有满足大规模工商企业、政府部门、科研机构或者诸如此类机构需要的能力（其中体积最大、速度最快的称为巨型计算机）。

? mainframe---大型机 ? serving the needs---

? establishment建立,创办;设置；[英]研究所

30.词汇使用rather

A digital computer is not a single machine: rather, it is a system composed of five distinct elements: (1) a central processing unit; (2) input devices; (3) memory storage devices; (4) output devices; and (5) a communications network, called a bus, which links all the elements of the system and connects the system

21

to the external world. 一台数字计算机不是单一的机器。确切地说，它是由5个不同的要素组成的系统：（1）中央处理器；（2）输入设备；（3）存储设备；（4）输出设备；以及（5）被称作总线的通信网络，它将系统的所有组成部分连接起来并将系统与外界连接起来。

? rather----确切地

? be composed of---contain include consist of compose a poem [a speech] 写一首诗［一篇演讲］

compose one's thoughts [passions] 镇定思绪［情绪］

Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. 水是由氢与氧化合而成的。

? five distinct elements--- different ? instinct n.本能 ======================== rather用法

I would rather(宁愿) you come tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来。

He was rather(相当) tired. 他有些疲倦了。

She was no better, but rather(相反地,) grew worse.

她的病情不但没好转, 反而恶化了。 He went home very late last night, or rather(确

22

切地), in the early hours this morning.

他是昨天深夜回家的, 或者更确切地说, 是今天凌晨。

========================

?rather than---与其...不如...; 宁可... 也不...

He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest transaction .

他宁愿辞职也不愿意参加这样一种欺骗的交易。 ?other than---除了…，除…之外

There's nobody here other than me. 除了我这里没别人。

========================

31.句子结构：the software enables it to do.

Once a computer has been programmed, it can do only as much or as little as the software controlling it at any given moment enables it to do.

计算机一旦被编程，就只能做在任何特定时间控制它的软件所允许它做的事情。

? as much or as little as

? as much as多达..., 达到....那种程度 几乎等于, 和...差不多 ====================

用于强调

? I only touched it! 我只不过摸了它一下！

23

? simply:

The cold was simply awful.冷得真厉害。 It is simply beautiful.这个的确是美。 very:

in the very same place就在同一个地方 ====================

? at any given moment---在任何特定时间

32.短语：a range of

Software in widespread use includes a wide range of applications programs---instructions to tell the computer how to perform various tasks. 翻译：

广泛使用的软件包括一系列各种各样的应用程序——告诉计算机如何执行各种任务的指令。

?广泛使用的--- in widespread use ?包括--- include consist of

?a wide range of applications programs 一系列各种各样的应用程序

a range of buildings一排楼房 a range of pictures一系列画片

a large range of motors for sale一长排待售的汽车

a wide range of knowledge广博的知识

24

33.翻译: 同位语

Researchers are also trying to speed up circuitry functions through the use of superconductivity, the phenomenon of decreased electrical resistance observed in certain materials at very low temperatures.

研究人员也在设法利用超导性来提高电路的功能速度。超导性是在超低温条件下在某些材料中观察到的电阻减少现象。

?超导性--- superconductivity super---sub super class sub class ?speed up/slow down

?electrical resistance---电阻 ?current 水[气、电]流 ?voltage 电压，伏特数

34.分析句子结构

The \（to develop computers that can solve complex problems in ways that might eventually merit the description \） is another trend in computer development, the ideal goal being true artificial intelligence.

merit the description \ 用“创造性的”来形容名副其实 artificial intelligence---人工智能

25

计算机发展的另一个趋势是“第五代”计算机的研制工作，亦即研制可以解决复杂问题而且其解决方法或许最终会与“创造性的”这一形容名副其实的计算机，理想的目标是真正的人工智能。

35. 词汇：mimic

One important parallel-processing approach is the neural network, which mimics the architecture of the nervous system.

翻译：一种重要的并行处理方法是模仿神经系统结构的神经网络。

?approach---方法 ?mimic---模仿

mimic sb.'s voice---模仿某人的声音 ?the architecture of the nervous system 神经系统结构

a nervous patient---神经病人

I felt very nervous when I went into his office.

当我走进他的办公室时,我感到很紧张。 ?neural network ---神经网络

26

二、练习答案

I．学生阅读课文，完成本题

Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:

1. Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron 2. input; output

3. VLSI

4. workstations; mainframes 5. vacuum; transistors 6. instructions; software 7. digit; eight; byte

8. microminiaturization; chip

II．课堂抄写

Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:

1.artificial intelligence 人工智能 2.paper-tape reader 纸空阅读机 3.optical computer 光学计算机 4.neural network 神经网络 5.instruction set 指令集

6.parallel processing 平行处理 7.difference engine 差分机

8.versatile logical element 通用逻辑器件

27

9.silicon substrate 硅基

10.vacuum tube 真空管（电子管）

================

11.数据的存储与处理 the storage and handling of data

12.超大规模集成电路very large-scale integrated circuit

13.中央处理器central processing unit 14.个人计算机personal computer 15.模拟计算机analogue computer 16.数字计算机digital computer

17.通用计算机general-purpose computer 18.处理器芯片 p rocessor chip

19.操作指令operating instructions 20.输入设备input device

III．课后作业

Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:

We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. According to the mode of processing, computers are either analog or digital. They can be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers.

28

All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this categorization provides some indication of the computer’s speed, size, cost, and abilities.

Ever since the advent of computers, there have been constant changes. First-generation computers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC, introduced in the early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. In third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors. In fourth-generation computers such as microcomputers, which first appeared in the mid-1970s, large-scale integration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.

三、课后作业

1.p10 III 完型填空

29

四、课后总结和改进

30

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/u7l3.html