(答案)英语语言学复习资料

Revisio n

I. Multiple choices.

1. _C_________ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. A. Stresses B. Voicings C. Tones D. Intonations 2. ______C____ plays the performative function. A. Hello, do you hear me? B. You’d better go to the clinic. C. Can’t you see people are dying? D. What a blessing!

3. The ____B______ nature of language explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention. A. duality B. arbitrary C. productivity D. displacement 4. The two words petrol and gasoline are ___A_______. A. dialectal synonyms B. stylistic synonyms

C. synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning D. collocative synonyms

5. _____C_____ is not a design feature of language. A. Arbitrariness B. Creativity C. Communicability D. Duality

6. Syntactic deep structure was developed to _______B___. A. explain relations between sentences with the same meaning B. explain a single sentence with more than one meaning

C. explain relations between sentences with different meanings D. both A and B

7. Promises and offers are characteristic of the group of ____C______ of illocutionary acts. A. representatives B. declaratives C. commissives D. expressives 8. –ish in the word boyish is _______D___. A. a free morpheme B. a root C. a stem D. an affix

9. ____D______ does NOT belong to semantic changes. A. Broadening B. Borrowing C. Narrowing D. Class shift 10. The two words suite and sweet are ______D____. A. hyponyms B. relational antonyms C. homographs D. Homophones 11. According to ____A______ rule, the word sign should pronounced as [saIn]. A. deletion B. sequential C. assimilation D. suprasegmental 12. What essentially distinguishes semantics from pragmatics is ______A____. A. whether in the study of the meaning the context of use is considered

B. whether it studies the meaning or not

C. whether it studies how the speakers use language to effect communication D. whether it is a branch of linguistics

13. The sentence John likes linguistics, but Mary is interested in history is a __B________. A. simple sentence B. coordinated sentence C. complex sentence D. clause

14. _____C_____ is an error caused by negative transfer.. A. goed B. comed C. foots D. He tomorrow come

15. In general, linguistic change in ___D_______ of a language is the more noticeable than in other systems of the grammar. A. the sound system B. the vocabulary C. the syntax D. the sound system and the vocabulary

16. ____D______ manifests various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case. A. Roots B. Stems C. Derivational affixes D. Inflectional affixes

II. Blank-filling.

1. ___ register _______ is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular type of language and its context of use.

2. One of the design features termed as ___ displacement _______ means that human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.

3. Foreign language learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning the foreign language and this is called language ___ transfer _______.

4. In injustice and imperfect, in- and im- are supposed to be the __affix_______ of the same morpheme.

5. Chomsky defines _competence_________ as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.

6. Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents: argument____ and predicate__________.

7. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an __ utterance _____.

8. If you tell someone the time instead of the price that is inquired by the person, you violate the maxim of ___relation_______.

9. The experience and his study of Hopi, an American Indian language, helped Whorf develop his unique understanding of linguistic _ relativity _________, which is widely known as the SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESE.

10. Evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left hemisphere of the brain comes from researches in __dichotic________ listening tasks.

11. __ Componential________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.

12. Transformational rules are those rules which relate or transform _deep structure_________ of

_

a sentence into __surface structure________.

13. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech community________.

14. _ Interpersonal _________ function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addresser’s attitude toward what he speaks or writes about.

15. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “_voicing_________”. 16. The ultimate objective of language is not just to create grammatically well-formed sentences, but to convey __meaning________.

17. Those morphemes that can not be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called __bound________ morphemes.

18. _ Reference_________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. 19. The notion of __ context________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.

20. John believes (that the airplane was invented by an Irishman). The part in the bracket is a __

complement_______ clause.

_

III. True or False.

1. A root is not always a free form.

2. Behaviorism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of stimulus-response reinforcement.

3. The idea of doing something while speaking can certainly be broadened to include all the non-conventional acts such as stating, promising, requesting, and suggestion.

4. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be a diachronic study. 5. The creativity of language originates from duality because by duality the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences. 6. The examples of semantic narrowing include wife, girl, fowl and bird. 7. There is no absolute synonymy.

8. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound and cannot be further analyzed.

9. Consciously or unconsciously, people’s social background exerts a shaping influence on their choice of linguistic features that are appropriate to their social identities.

10. In the transformation of the sentence He doesn’t sleep well, do insertion comes first.

IV. Definition 1. category

It refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. 2. complementary distribution

allophones of the same phoneme and they don’t distinguish meaning but complement each other in distribution.

3. contrastive analysis

a method of analyzing languages for instructional purposes whereby a native language and target language are compared with a view to establishing points of difference likely to cause difficulties

for learners.

4. conversational implicature

The use of conversational maxims to imply meaning during conversation. 5. Cooperative Principle

The principle that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate in making conversation, otherwise, it would be impossible to carry on the talk. 6.the critical period hypothesis

The critical period Hypothesis：says that there is a period when language acquisition can take place naturally and effortlessly, but that after a certain age the brain is no longer able to process language input in this way. 7. displacement

Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 8. entailment

the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one is inferred from the truth of the other.

9. illocutionary act

The act of expressing the speaker’s intention and performed in saying something. 10. negative transfer

the mistaken transfer of features of one’s native language into a second language. V. Discussion

1. Describe with examples the classification of morphemes.

2. Describe the major ways of word formation with some examples. 3. Describe major sense relations with examples.

4. What are the three metafunctions proposed by Halliday?

5. What does Chomsky mean by Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?

In Chomsky's Innateness Hypothesis, it is held that, in human brain, there is innate UniversalGrammar which lies in one part of human brain called language acquisition device (LAD).

6. What category/ categories of CP does the following exchange violate? A: Are you going to use your laptop this evening? B: I haven’t finished my assignment yet.

7. Distinguish the following case of ambiguity by tree diagrams. Sentence: The magician touched the child with the wand.

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