法律英语（段落翻译与作文）

《法律英语》考试时间不变，向老师申请要了两道大题，范围如下：1、段落英译汉（20分）：内容涉及刑事程序法，简单涉及美国宪法第五修正案和米兰达警告等。2、作文题（20分）：评述一下审前取证制度；评述抗辩制。

1、 段落英译汉：刑事程序法大家看一下教材第一单元第8课（中文即可），是关于刑事程

序的内容。此题应该是老师自己编的英文材料。

美国第五宪法：

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

无论何人，除非根据大陪审团的报告或起诉，不得受判处死罪或其他不名誉罪行之审判，唯发生在陆、海军中或发生在战时或出现公共危险时服现役的民兵中的案件，不在此限。任何人不得因同一罪行而两次遭受生命或身体的危害；不得在任何刑事案件中被迫自证其罪；不经正当法律程序，不得被剥夺生命、自由或财产、不给于公平赔偿，私有财产不得充作公用。

Miranda Warnings(米兰达警告)

You have the right to remain silent and refuse to answer questions. Anything you do say may be used against you in a court of law.

You have the right to consult an attorney before speaking to the police and to have an attorney present during questioning now or in the future.

If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you before any questioning if you wish.

If you decide to answer questions now without an attorney present you will still have the right to stop answering at any time until you talk to an attorney.

Knowing and understanding your rights as I have explained them to you, are you willing to answer my questions without an attorney present?

宪法要求我告知你以下权利：

1.你有权保持沉默，你对任何一个警察所说的一切都将可能被作为法庭对你不利的证据。

2.你有权利在接受警察询问之前委托律师，他（她）可以陪伴你受询问的全过程。 3.如果你付不起律师费，只要你愿意，在所有询问之前将免费为你提供一名律师。 4.如果你不愿意回答问题，你在任何时间都可以终止谈话。

如果你希望跟你对律师谈话，你可以在任何时间停止回答问题，并且你可以让律师一直伴随你询问的全过程。

背景简介：

１、“米兰达”案的焦点是被讯问者所做的招供和他签名的供认书是否应该作为证据进入司法程序。审讯与供认是刑事诉讼法的重要部分，也是法庭争辩的焦点。在许多情况下，犯罪的实物证据，如杀人凶器等作案工具，警察无法全部找到或根本没有，而又找不到证人。在这种情况下，嫌疑人的口供就成了主要的甚至是惟一的证据。从警察的角度来说，从嫌疑人口中最大限度地掏出有罪的证词就成了首要任务。但这样做的结果，往往容易造成警察滥用职权而形成冤狱。根据这种情况，美国联邦最高法院在过去几十年中通过一系列判例，制定了一整套限制警察审讯时滥用权力的法律。“米兰达警告”对于文化程度低、经济窘迫而且对法律了解少的人尤其有利。

２、由于现实情况千变万化，联邦最高法院认为，僵硬地要求警察在任何情况下都必须执行“米兰达警告”是不现实的。因此，联邦最高法院和一些州法院通过一些案例确定了“公共安全例外”和“抢 救例外”等规则。

３、“米兰达规则”本身是以５票对４票的微弱多数通过的，联邦最高法院内部存在尖锐的分歧。怀特大法官在他的反对意见中指出：“在不计其数的案件中，本院的这一规则将使杀人犯、强奸犯或者其他罪犯重新回到街道或产生他的环境中，随时继续犯罪。因此，人的尊严不仅没有增加，反而损失了。真正担心的还不是这一新的判决对于……刑法的灾难性后果，而在于它对于那些依赖公共权力保护的人们的影响……”美国联邦最高法院宣布“米兰达”案判决时，引起了强烈的政治反响。警察和地区检察官们把它视为对其控制犯罪能力的当头一棒，多数新闻媒体的评论也持反对态度。

2、作文题：

因有两条卷子，故两篇范文。范文二属于A卷，考试可能性较大。范文1由彭绍华提供，对此表示感谢。大家对范文做出适当修改，以免过于雷同。

作文范文1：

As we all know , the adversary system is the characteristic form of trial procedure in common law countries such as America , in which , a decision is made by judge , or judge with jury ,who finds the facts and applies the law from submissions made by advocates on behalf of the parties. The adversary system is to be contrasted with the inquisitorial system, which is used in civil law countries.

Just as every coin has two sides, the adversary system also has its strength and weakness, and the former seems wins over the latter.

There are three main aspects that support the prevalence of the adversary system. Firstly, under the adversary system, the interested parties may direct a contest, with which, a truer decision will be reached. Secondly, the parties bear the major burden of the time, energy and costs required, which is thought to be reasonable. The last, the adversary system provides a means of settling disputes, in which, the parties play an active role, thus the human instinct to do battle is better satisfied.

Despite its prevalence, the adversary system is not as perfect as we respect it to be. Under the adversary system, victory often turns on factors other than the true merits of the case, which makes people skeptical about it.

作文范文2：

The techniques for the purpose, what information lawyers in civil suits gather from the opposing party and witnesses, are called as pre-trial discovery. The main method of discovery includes deposing of the parties and witnesses, written interrogatories, orders for the production of documents, and so on.

Pre-trial discovery system has its strength. First, it enables the parties to prepare for the trial better. Because it takes the surprise element out of the litigation and ensuring that the result of the lawsuit are based on the fact. Second, it encourages settlement by making each side aware of the strength and weaknesses of both sides. Third, discovery helps make summary judgment a viable and fair procedure.

On the other hand, the discovery procedure of litigation may be lengthy and costly. So the court should limit the number of witnesses and interrogatory questions.

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