社会工作专业英语_参考资料

what is social work?

“The social work profession专业 promotes促进 social change, problem-solving in human relationships, and the empowerment许可，授权 and liberation释放，解放 of people to enhance提高，加强 well-being幸福，幸福感，福利. Utilising使用，利用 theories of human behaviour and social systems, social work intervenes干预，介入 at points在点 where people interact with与相互作用 their environments. Principles原则 of human rights人权 and social justice司法 are fundamental to对~是必要的 social work.”

Nature of the Work

Social work is a profession for those with a strong desire to help improve people lives. Social workers help people function（动词）运行 the best way they can in their environment, deal with their relationships, and solve personal and family problems. Social workers often see看见，理解 clients案主 who face a life-threatening重度，致命的 disease疾病 or a social problem, such as inadequate不足的 housing, unemployment, a serious illness, a disability残疾，丧失能力的, or substance abuse药物滥用. Social workers also assist帮助 families that have serious domestic家庭的 conflicts冲突, sometimes involving child or spousal abuse虐待配偶.

Social workers often provide social services in health-related settings设置 that now are governed管理，支配 by managed care管理式医疗 organizations. To contain含，控制 costs, these organizations emphasize强调，注重 short-term intervention介入，干预, ambulatory流动的，非固定的 and community-based社区的 care, and greater decentralization分散 of services.

Most social workers specialize专门从事，专业化. Although some conduct research进行研究，进行调研工作 or are involved in planning or policy development, most social workers prefer an area of practice in which they interact with与相互作用 clients.

Child, family, and school social workers provide social services and assistance帮助 to improve the social and psychological functioning心理机能，心理功能 of children and their families and to maximize取最大值，最大化 the family well-being and academic学术的，理论的 functioning of children. Some social workers assist single parents, arrange adoptions领养, or help find foster homes寄养家庭 for neglected被忽视的, abandoned被抛弃的, or abused被虐待 children. In schools, they address从事，忙于 such problems as teenage pregnancy怀孕, misbehavior品行不端, and truancy旷课，逃学 and advise teachers on how to cope with处理，应付 problem students. Increasingly逐渐的, school social workers are teaching workshops研习会，讲习班 to an entire整个的 class. Some social workers specialize in专门研究，专攻 services for senior citizens老人（尤指退休者）, running流动的，连续的 support groups支持小组 for family caregivers照顾着，看护人 or for the adult children of aging成年 parents, advising elderly老年的 people or family members about choices in areas such as housing, transportation, and long-term care长期护理，长期医疗, and coordinating协调 and monitoring监督 these services. Through employee雇员 assistance帮助 programs, they may help workers

cope with处理，应付 job-related pressures or with personal problems that affect the quality of their work. Child, family, and school social workers typically代表性的，典型的 work for individual个人的 and family services agencies, schools, or State国家，州 or local governments. These social workers may be known as被称为，被认为 child welfare儿童福利 social workers, family services social workers, child protective保护的 services social workers, occupational职业的 social workers, or gerontology老年学 social workers.

Medical医学的 and public health公共卫生 social workers provide persons, families, or vulnerable易受伤害的 populations with the psychosocial社会心理的 support needed to cope with chronic长期的，慢性的, acute严重的, or terminal illnesses终期病患，晚期疾病, such as Alzheimer's disease早老性痴呆, cancer, or AIDS. They also advise family caregivers照顾者, counsel建议，劝告 patients, and help plan for patients’ needs after discharge后放 by arranging for at-home services, from meals-on-wheels to oxygen氧气 equipment. Some work on interdisciplinary跨领域的 teams that evaluate评价，评估 certain kinds of patients—geriatric老年病人 or organ transplant器官移植 patients, for example. Medical and public health social workers may work for hospitals, nursing护理，看护 and personal care facilities, individual个人的，个别的 and family services agencies, or local governments.

Mental health心理健康 and substance abuse药物滥用 social workers assess评定，评估 and treat individuals个人 with mental illness精神病 or substance abuse problems, including abuse of alcohol, tobacco烟草, or other drugs. Such services include individual and group therapy治疗，疗法, outreach延伸，扩广, crisis intervention危机干预，危机介入, social rehabilitation复原, and training in skills of everyday living. They also may help plan for supportive支持的 services to ease减轻，使安心 patients and return to the community. Mental health and substance abuse social workers are likely to work in hospitals, substance abuse treatment centers, individual and family services agencies, or local governments. These social workers may be known as clinical临床的 social workers. (Counselors辅导员，顾问 and psychologists心理学家, who may provide similar services.)

Other types of social workers include social work planners and policymakers, who develop programs to address处理 such issues问题，议题 as child abuse, homelessness, substance abuse, poverty贫困, and violence. These workers research and analyze policies, programs, and regulations条例，规程. They identify social problems and suggest legislative立法机构 and other solutions. They may help raise funds筹集资金 or write grants补助金，津贴 to support these programs.

Employment工作，就业

Social workers held about 562,000 jobs in 2004. About 9 out of 10 jobs were in health care and social assistance社会救助 industries, as well as State and local government agencies, primarily首先，主要的 in departments of health and human services. Although most social workers are employed受聘于，被雇佣 in cities or suburbs郊区, some work in rural areas农村地区. The following tabulation表格 shows 2004 employment by type of social worker:

Child, family, and school social workers 272,000

Mental health and substance abuse social workers 116,000

Medical and public health social workers 110,000 Social workers, all other 64,000

Job Outlook展望

Competition for social worker jobs is expected in cities, where demand for对~的需求 services often is highest and training programs训练计划 for social workers are prevalent流行的，普遍的. However, opportunities should be good in rural areas农村计划, which often find it difficult to attract and retain保持，保留 qualified合格的，能胜任的 staff. By specialty专业，专长, job prospects前景 may be best for those social workers with a background in gerontology老年医学 and substance abuse treatment.

Employment of social workers is expected to increase faster than the average平均 for all occupations职业，行业 through 2014. The rapidly迅速的 growing elderly年老的 population and the aging baby boom generation生育高峰年 will create greater demand for health and social services, resulting in particularly rapid job growth among gerontology老年医学 social workers. Many job openings职位空缺 also will stem from出于，来自 the need to replace取代，替换 social workers who leave the occupation.

As hospitals continue to limit the length of patient stays, the demand for social workers in hospitals will grow more slowly than in other areas. Because hospitals are releasing释放 patients earlier than in the past, social worker employment in home health care services is growing. However, the expanding扩大的 senior年老的 population is an even larger factor. Employment opportunities for social workers with backgrounds in gerontology should be good in the growing numbers of许多，若干 assisted协助，辅助-living and senior-living communities. The expanding senior population also will spur鼓舞，刺激 demand for social workers in nursing homes, long-term care facilities, and hospices济贫院.

Strong demand is expected for substance abuse social workers over the 2004? 4 projection规划 period周期，时期. Substance abusers are increasingly逐渐的 being placed into treatment programs instead of being sentenced to判决 prison. Because of the increasing numbers of individuals sentenced to prison or probation缓刑 who are substance abusers, correctional 矫正的systems are increasingly requiring substance abuse treatment as a condition added to their sentencing量刑 or probation试用. As this trend grows, demand will increase for treatment programs and social workers to assist abusers on the road to在~过程中 recovery恢复，痊愈.

Employment of social workers in private social service agencies also will increase. However, agencies increasingly will restructure调整，重改结构 services and hire more lower paid social and human service assistants instead of social workers. Employment in State and local government agencies may grow somewhat有点，稍微 in response to响应，对~有反应 increasing needs for public welfare社会福利，公共福利, family services, and child protection保护，照顾 services; however, many of these services will be contracted out包出，批给 外界承办 to private agencies. Employment levels in public and private social services agencies may fluctuate波动，涨落, depending on need and government funding资金，经费 levels.

Employment of school social workers also is expected to grow as expanded efforts to respond to响应 rising student enrollments登记，注册人数 and continued emphasis on着重于，强调 integrating整合 disabled children into the general school population lead to more jobs. There could be competition for school social work jobs in some areas because of the limited number of openings. The availability有效性，可用性 of Federal联邦的，同盟的, State and local funding资金，经费 will be a major factor in determining the actual job growth in schools.

Opportunities for social workers in private practice私人机构 will expand, but growth may be somewhat hindered阻碍，妨碍 by restrictions限制，限制条件 that managed care 管理式医疗organizations put on增加 mental health心理健康 services. The growing popularity of employee assistance programs is expected to spur demand for private practitioners, some of whom provide social work services to corporations公司，企业 on a contractual合同的，契约的 basis. However, the popularity of employee assistance programs will fluctuate波动，涨落 with the business cycle商业周期, because businesses are not likely to offer these services during recessions衰退.

Earnings

Median中值，中位数 annual earnings年收益 of child, family, and school social workers were $34,820 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $27,840 and $45,140. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $23,130, and the top 10 percent earned more than $57,860. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of child, family, and school social workers in May 2004 were:

Elementary小学 and secondary中学 schools $44,300 Local government 40,620 State government 35,070

Individual and family services 30,680

Other residential住宅的 care facilities 30,550

Median annual earnings of medical医学的 and public health social workers were $40,080 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $31,620 and $50,080. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $25,390, and the top 10 percent earned more than $58,740. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of medical and public health social workers in May 2004 were:

General medical and surgical外科的 hospitals $44,920 Home health care services 42,710 Local government 39,390

Nursing care护理 facilities 35,680 Individual and family services 32,100

Median annual earnings of mental health and substance abuse social workers were $33,920 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $26,730 and $43,430. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $21,590, and the top 10 percent earned more than $54,180. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of mental health and substance abuse social workers in May 2004 were:

Psychiatric精神病学的 and substance abuse hospitals $36,170 Local government 35,720

Outpatient门诊服务 care centers 33,220 Individual and family services 32,810

Residential mental retardation智力缺陷, mental health and substance abuse facilities 29,110

Median annual earnings of social workers, all other were $39,440 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $30,350 and $51,530. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $24,080, and the top 10 percent earned more than $62,720. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of social workers, all other in May 2004 were:

Local government $42,570 State government 40,940

Individual and family services 32,280

About 1 out of 5 social workers is a member of a union. Many belong to the union associated with their place of employment.

二、汉译英

①There are many ways to have a happy marriage,but only a few ways marriages go bad.有很多方法可以有一个幸福的婚姻，但只有少数的方式结婚变坏。

②I am a social worker, I have faith because I am here to help them help themselves and to help others help one another.

我是一名社会工作者。我有信念，因为我在这里帮助他们自助，并且帮助其它人互相帮助。

③Children don't usually grieve in the same way as adults.儿童通常与大人的悲伤方式不同。 ④ Parents should always reassure children that they are safe ,and should not exhibit out of control behavior in front of children no matter how old they are.父母应该总向孩子保证他是安全的，并且不管孩子多大，不应该在他们面前变现出失控的行为。 三、专业词语

①adoption 领养 ②bureaucracy 科层制 ③social exclusion 社会排斥 ④social integration 社会融合 ⑤single-parent families 单亲家庭 ⑥domestic violence 家庭暴力 ⑦social assistance 社会救助 ⑧voluntary association 志愿团体 ⑨questionnaire 问卷 ⑩functionalist perspective 功能主义 ①looking-glass self 镜中我 ②mechanical solidarity 机械团结

Social Work History

It was the social crisis危机，危险期 which occurred in Western Europe and North America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries which led to the creation of social work as an institution制度，机构 and a profession. Social work emerged出现 as a response to this crisis, and as a compromise 妥协，让步between different views about what form that response should take.

The social crisis that tore撕开 a vent出口 through many Western societies in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is commonly referred to as被称为 the ‘industrial revolution工业革命’. Rapid industrialisation工业化 and urbanisation城市化 transformed改变 the lives of all people, rich and

poor alike相似的，相同的. Social problems that had been dispersed分散，传播 and largely主要的，大量的 invisible无形的，看不见的 in the countryside (poverty贫困 and overcrowding过度拥挤, poor housing, ill-health and disease, alcohol and drug abuse, prostitution卖淫, unsupervised无人监督的，管理的 children) were commonplace平凡的，司空见惯的 in the new towns and cities. Working-class工人阶级的 freedom自由 and social deprivation社会剥夺 spelt danger to the middle-class city dwellers居民 who clamoured for呼吁 something to be done to contain and control the threat from the ‘dangerous classes’.

And something was done. A vast广阔的，大量的 array大批 of state social welfare initiatives积极性，率先 has their origins起源 in the 19th century. Schemes方案，计划 for public sanitation坏境卫生, education, policing监管，监控, prisons, juvenile青少年的 correction改正，修正, public workhouses济贫院，感化院 and mental asylums精神病院 accompanied伴随的，相伴的 legislation立法，法律 governing working conditions and factory inspection工厂检验，工厂检查 as well as new mechanisms机制，机构 for recording记录 population change人口变动，人口变迁. At the same time, the 19th century saw the creation and development of a wide spectrum范围 of social work activity financed and run by philanthropic慈善的 agencies, but working alongside在旁边 statutory法定的，法律的 agencies such as courts法院, hospitals and workhouses济贫院，教养所. This activity included:

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Police court治安法庭，警务法院 missionaries工作人员 (forerunners先驱 of probation officers感化官) had a commitment承诺，承担义务 to ‘advise, assist and befriend帮助，扶助’ offenders罪犯.

They offered alternatives替代选择，备选方案 to custody监护，抚养权, gave financial help to prisoners’ families and supported those leaving prison.

Rescue解救，援救 societies群体 set out to ‘save’ women and children from prostitution卖淫 and sexual exploitation开发，剥削. They closed down关闭，查封 brothels妓院, found accommodation住处 and employment for women and girls and campaigned for为 changes in legislation立法，法律.

Housing associations住房协会 aimed to provide well-managed管理的好的，被妥善安排的, cheap accommodation住处 to poor people and skills-training in household家庭的，日常的 management, budgeting做预算 and child care. This was achieved through weekly visits by housing visitors whose job it was to instruct指导，通知 and advise as well as collect rent.

University settlements offered adult education, art and drama戏剧，戏剧艺术 to deprived缺乏足够教育的 communities. Middle-class university students (many of whom went on to become clergy牧师，教士 or professional social workers) lived in the communities and worked alongside在旁边 the urban poor城市贫困人口.

Children’s charities慈善机构 gave poor children what they saw as the chance of a ‘fresh start’ through residential住宅的 children’s homes, ‘boarding out不在住的地方吃饭’ with foster parents养父母 and emigration移民 to Australia or Canada.

Almoners救济人员 worked in hospitals, providing support to patients and their families during and after a stay in hospital, and bringing a ‘social’ perspective观点，透视 to medical problems.

Caseworkers社工 from the Charity慈善 Organisation Society (COS) and other relief救济 agencies carried out detailed详细的，详尽的 assessments评定，评估 to decide who should be entitled to有权，有~资格 receive financial and other material help. The

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COS also attempted to channel引导 local charitable donations慈善捐款 and coordinate协调，调整 the activities of other charitable慈善事业的 agencies.

Visitors on behalf of代表，为了 churches of all denominations名称，面额，教派 and other secular长期的，世俗的 visiting organisations provided practical support and visiting to the sick病人 and needy贫困的，贫穷的 in prisons, asylums收容所 and hospitals, poorhouses救济院 and workhouses and in their own homes. Some of the visitors went on to become committee members委员 managing the institutions体系 which they visited.

Although social work in the UK developed as a philanthropic仁慈的，博爱的 activity on the margins边缘，边际 of statutory法定的，法律的 services, social work in the 20th century became increasingly a professional activity, either carried out directly by the state国家，国家机关, or carried out by the voluntary自愿的，自发的 sector部门 on its behalf方面，利益. Social work has been incorporated合并的 steadily into statutory法定的，法律的 mechanisms机构，机制 since its 'high tide趋势，潮流' in the 1970s (Langan 1993). Not only has the state won the right to intervene in干预，干涉 the lives of individuals个人，个体, it has effectively taken control over控制，支配 how this should be carried out and by whom. Voluntary social work agencies cannot now function without some measure of control over their activities by the local authority地方政权，地方当局 and by the legislature立法机关，立法机构. Even in the era时代，年代 of ‘care in the community’, it is the local authority which inspects检查，检阅 voluntary institutions体系 and gives out contracts合同，契约 for work on its behalf.

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