初中名词、介词和连词

名词

表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词 中考考点

1．正确识别可数名词和不可数名词。 2．掌握可数名词复数的构成。 3．掌握名词所有格和名词作定语的用法。 考点一 不可数名词

不可数名词：没有复数形式，不可数名词前面不能用a/an。必须要记住的不可数名词： 液体类 water，milk，juice，orange，coffee，tea，coke, ink, rain, wine

食物类 meat，fish，chicken，beef，pork，mutton，rice, salt, sugar, porridge, bread 语言类 Chinese，Japanese，English，French，German, Russian

材料类 metal，paper，glass，grass，bamboo，cotton, silk, wool, wood, hair, plastic

其他类 snow，ice，wind，sunshine，news，music，weather，money，knowledge，homework， housework, teamwork, help, information, rubbish(waste), light, medicine 2.不可数名词的量化表达

(1)借助some，much，little，a little，a lot of，lots of，plenty of等来表示。 如：much water，some orange juice, a little milk

(2) 借助容器来表示。如：一杯咖啡 a cup of coffee，十袋米 ten bags of rice

(3) 借助计量单位来表示。如：一张纸 a piece of paper, 一片面包 a slice of bread 3．既可数又不可数的名词

有些名词既能用作可数名词，又能用作不可数名词，但意义不同。如：

chicken—鸡(可数); 鸡肉(不可数) room—房间(可数); 空间(不可数) fish—鱼(可数); 鱼肉(不可数) glass—玻璃杯(可数); 玻璃(不可数) paper—试卷，报纸(可数); 纸张(不可数) time—倍数，次数(可数); 时间(不可数) work—作品(可数); 工作(不可数) experience—经历(可数); 经验(不可数) 考点二 可数名词

1．规则名词复数的构成

? 一般情况 加-s map→maps bag→bags year→years ? 以s, x, sh, ch 等结尾的词 加-es bus→buses box→boxes wish→wishes beach→beaches ? 以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词 变y为i, 再加-es story→stories family→families party→parties ? 以“元音字母＋y”结尾的词 直接加-s day→days key→keys monkey→monkeys

? 以“辅音字母＋o”结尾的词 无生命的加-s，有生命的加-es photo→photos tomato→tomatoes potato→potatoes hero→heroes ? 以“元音字母＋o”结尾的词 直接加-s

zoo→zoos radio→radios kangaroo→kangaroos ? 以f或fe结尾的词 大多数变f或fe为v或ve，再加-s knife→knives leaf→leaves shelf→shelves thief→thieves 2.不规则名词复数形式的构成 ? 改变单数名词中的元音字母

foot→feet; tooth→teeth; man→men；woman→women; policeman→policemen; policewoman→policewomen; Englishman→Englishmen

? 单复数形式相同 Japanese; sheep; Chinese ? 只有复数形式 trousers; glasses; clothes; people; pants ? 其他 mouse→mice; child→children 考点三 名词所有格 1．构成

(1)有生命的名词所有格的构成方法：

①一般情况下在表示有生命的物体的名词后加's。如：

迈克的汽车 Mike’s car 我妈妈的生日 my mother’s birthday ②以s结尾的复数名词只加'。 如：教师节 Teachers’ day

③不以s结尾的复数名词，直接在词尾加's 。如：儿童节 Children’s day (2)无生命的名词的所有格一般由“of＋表示无生命的物体的名词”构成。如：

我们教室的一张照片 a photo of our classroom 一张中国地图 a map of China

[注意] 表示时间、距离、集体、国家、团体等无生命的名词也可用's构成所有格。如：

今天的报纸today’s newspaper 世界人口 the world’s population 2．特殊用法

(1)表示一件东西为两人或三人共有时，只需在最后一个名词后加's，后面所跟名词用单数；表示各自所有时，则需在每个名词后加's，后面所跟名词用复数。如： 莉莉和露西共有的房间 Lily and Lucy’s room

莉莉和露西各自的房间 Lily’s and Lucy’s room (2)表示“某人家”、 “店铺”、“诊所”等处所。如：

在李雷家 at Li Lei's 在医生的诊所 at the doctor’s 在药店 at the chemist's

(3)双重所有格表示整体中的一部分，结构为“of＋名词所有格” 或 “of＋名词性物主代词”。如：我父亲的一本书 a book of my father’s

我的一个朋友 a friend of mine＝one of my friends 用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空

1．We should learn from __heroes_ (hero)． 2．_Leaves_(leaf) turn green in spring.

3．_Teachers’__ (teacher) Day is on September 10th.

4．I think Jackie Chan is one of the most popular _actors_ (actor)．I like him very much. 5．The two _boys’_(boy) jackets are very new. 6．He is a friend of my __sister’s__(sister)．

7．All the _women_(woman) teachers are happy on March 8th.

8．My dream is to be a famous doctor and save patients’ _lives_(life). 9．Here are some _photos_ (photo) for you.

10．Those _policemen_ (policeman) are looking for the lost kids.

11. A good teacher is a good _listener_(listen). A teacher is there to listen to every student and help them out.

12．Here are five _bottles_(bottle) of _juice_(juice) for you. 13．How many _days_(day) are there in a week?

14．The dictionary is not mine, but _Xiao Zhou’s_(Xiao Zhou)．

15．Now people hope to eat healthily and begin to care about the_safety_(safe) of food. 16．How many times do you brush your __teeth__(tooth) every day?

17．Take a short rest after two _hours’_(hour) hard work, and you won't feel too tired.

介 词 prep.

介词不能单独使用，它要放在名词、代词或者相当于名词的结构前面。 中考考点

1．介词表示时间、方位、方式的基本用法。 2．一些易混介词的辨析及介词短语的运用。 介词的种类

简单介词：只是一个单词，如：in, on at.....

短语介词：两个以上单词集合而成，如：out of, because of, in front of..... 一．表示时间的介词

1） 表示年、月、日、时刻等用：in, on, at ① at 用于表示时刻、时间的某一点

at nine o’clock; at breakfast, at lunch, at noon, at night; at first, at last; at present; at the same time; at the end of 1999; at the age of;

② on 用于表示具体某天，或某一天的上午、下午或晚上，或节日 on Monday, on Tuesday morning, on June 6, 1996; on Christmas Day, on time ③ in 用于表示周、月、年、季节和泛指的上午、下午或晚上

in the week, in May, in 1995, in summer, in the evening, in time, in a minute, 注意：当时间名词前有this, last, next, every等修饰时，其前面不用介词 this morning, last year, next month, every week. 2） 表示时间的前后用： before after ① before在......之前

Wash your hands before dinner. （作介词后跟名词） He will call me before he leaves here. (作连词后跟从句) ② after 在......之后

Let’s go shopping after school. （作介词后跟名词） Please close the door after you leave the room.(作连词后跟从句)

3） 表示期限用：by, until/till ①by 在....之前，截止到.....

He had read twenty books by the end of last year. 在.....底之前 She had left by the time I arrived. 在......之前 ②until/till 直到......为止

We didn’t begin to watch TV until nine o’clock. I will wait for him until he comes here. 4） 表示期间用：for, during,through

① for＋一段时间 （多跟表具体天数的数字名词） 有……之久

We will stay in the city for two days. He has lived here for 20 years. ② during+一段时间（绝不跟表数字的名词）在.....期间 He lives with us during these years.

They are going to have a good rest during the summer holiday. ③ through 一直，整个（从开始到结束）

They played the cards through the night. He stayed in London through the winter. 5） 表示时间的起点用：from, since ① from 从.....起, 常用于from.....to.....句型 From now on, I will learn English in the morning. The meeting will be held from eight to ten.

② since自从.......以来, 后接时间点, 句子常用完成时。 She has been sick since yesterday.

The doctor has saved a lot of lives since he became a doctor. 6） 表示时间的经过用：in, within

① in+一段时间， 常用于一般将来时和过去将来时。

He will be back in five days. He said he would arrive here in a week. She went to America last May, and she came back after a mouth. 注意：如果用于过去时，用after+一段时间。

② within在......之内 I must finish painting the cat within ten minutes.

二．表示地点的介词

in一般指在某个范围内或某个大地方,

in America, in the world, in the house,in the middle, in the street at一般指小地方, at home, at a factory, at the end of , at the station on ①在......上面，两物体表面有接触 on the floor

②在.....边，在......地方 on the river on the farm above在...上方，高于 below 在……下面

over 在.....正上方 under在.....正下方 near /next to 在.....附近 by 在.....旁边，距离比near要近 on the left of在.....左边 on the right of 在...右边 in front of 在……前面 behind 在......后面 opposite 在......对面 around 在.......周围，环绕

between 两者之间 among 在……中 数目为三者或三者以上 to:表示在某一地区之外的某方向（不属于该范围，且不接壤），如中国和日本； on:表示与某地的相邻关系，与某地接壤，如重庆和四川； in:表示某一地区的某方向（在该地区范围以内），如中国和重庆。 China is to the west of Japan. Chongqing is on the east of Sichuan. Chongqing is in the southwest of China. 三．表示方向的介词

up表示“向上”,其反义词down表示“向下”；

across含有从...表面穿过的意思，表示游渡，乘船过海或过河时用across； through含有从...中间/空间穿过之意，如穿过公园，树林等; over表示“越过,跨过”； pass 表示“经过”；

along 表示“沿着”； from 表示“ 从/自.....地点起”;

to 到达.......目的地或方向

for 表示目的地，一般都有固定搭配 leave for 动身去... .start for 出发去.... into表示有特定终点的运动方向； run into the classroom,jump into the water out of 和into表示有一定运动方向; rush out of the room 1.Millie is walking along the road. 2.Simon is swimming across the pool. 3.Eddie is jumping over the chair. 4.A train is going through the tunnel. 5.Kitty is climbing up the hill. 6.They walked past a big tree. 7. .Amy is walking from the sofa to the window.

8. Sandy is going to the library. 9. I will leave for America next week. 四、 其他介词 1）表示手段和材料

with ① 和......一起；Many teenagers live with their parents. ②带有、具有； I sat down on the chair with holes in it. ③用某种工具或办法; Lily cut her hand with a knife. He wrote the letter with a pen. in ①用什么材料 She wrote a letter in black ink/in pencil. ② 用什么语言 Can you speak in English? ③表示衣着特征 Do you know the girl in red? by ①通过.....方法手段； I go to school by bike/bus/train ②经过旁边； Do you go by that supermarket? ③逐一的; The students are examined one by one. 2) Without， as， like

without 没有 I can read the book without using a dictionary. like 像 Nancy is like her mother. as 作为 He is famous as a singer .

3) against， about

against 反对 He is against the plan.

靠着 The teacher is standing against the blackboard. about 关于 Tell me something about your life. 各处 He look about himself. 询问某人某物的情况 What about you? 含有介词的重点短语

立刻 at once 在晚上 at night 在……的尽头 at the end of 在……的开始 at the beginning of 到达 arrive in(at) 同意某人 agree with sb. 以……开始 begin/start with 擅长…… be good at 对……有害处 be bad for 充满 be full of

确信 be sure of/about 习惯于…… be used to 对某人要求严格 be strict with sb. 对某事要求严格 be strict in sth. 忙于做某事 be busy with sth. 因……出名 be famous for 生某人的气 be angry with sb. 对某人感到满意 be pleased with sb. 对……感兴趣 be interested in 与……不同 be different from 以……为骄傲 be proud of 对……感到厌烦 be tired of 对有信心 be confident in 迟到 be late for 害怕 be afraid of 缺席 be absent from 赶上 catch up with 依靠 depend on 收到……的来信 hear from 在某方面帮助某人 help sb. with sth. 在户外；在野外 in the open air 最后，终于 in the end 及时 in time 匆忙，急忙 in a hurry 在阳光下 in the sun 事实上 in fact 处于困境中 in trouble 当心 look out 看 look at 调查 look into 寻找 look for 照顾，照看 look after/take care of 检查 look over 期望 look forward to

闯入 break into 打断 break off 放弃 give up 分发 give out 反对 go against 继续 go on

与……相处 get along with 听说 hear of

炫耀 show off 住口 shut up 上车 get on 下车 get off

嘲笑 laugh at 动身去某处 set off 与…交朋友 make friends with 步行 on foot 在某人回家的路上 on one's way home 展出 on show/display 究竟，到底 on earth 在……顶部 on the top of 另一方面 on the other hand 值日；值班 on duty 偶然 by accident 顺便问一下 by the way 手牵手 hand in hand 面对面 face to face 肩并肩 side by side 胳膊挽胳膊 arm in arm 不时地 from time to time 越来越糟 from bad to worse 前天 the day before yesterday 后天 the day after tomorrow 一天一天地 day by day 一步一步地 step by step 从早到晚 from morning to night 从头至尾 from beginning to end 远到，就···而言 as far as 像……一样多 as much as 几乎，实际上 as good as 也，既又 as well as 对……友好 be good to 与....相处的好 be good with 对……有利 be good for 擅长…… be good at

体会下列句子中连词的用法。

1. Neither you nor I am wrong. 2. I’m sorry, but I can’t stay any longer.

3. Try your best and work hard, or you won’t pass the exam. 4. He not only plays the piano, but also writes music.

5. We were having supper happily when the doorbell rang. 6. I’ll give you a ring as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 7. Don’t come unless I telephone you.

8. If it rains tomorrow, we will put off the match.

9. He raised his voice so that everyone could hear him.

10. Wherever you go, whatever you do, I’ll be right here waiting for you. 11. Why didn’t you catch the last bus as I told you to? 12. The result was better than I had expected.

13. I’m always worrying about whether I hurt her feelings. 14. Although they are twins, they behave very differently. 15. Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.

遭受 suffer from 起床 get up

连 词

中考考点

1．并列连词and, but, so, or等的主要用法。2．常用的从属连词的基本用法。 定义：连接单词、短语、从句或句子的词。

分类：①并列连词：用于连接并列关系的词、短语和句子 ②从属连词：用于引导从句 一．并列连词 可用于表示并列、转折、选择或因果等意义。

1．表示并列关系的： and(和；同；与)，or (和)both…and… (……和……都), not only…but also…(不仅……而且……), as well as(而且，还，又), neither…nor…(既不……也不……)。 1）and, or

My brother and I enjoy the swimming very much. There is no water or air in the moon.

All the pupils rushed out of the classroom and went to play on the playground. Every students wants to work hard and get into a good university. I finish doing my homework and previewing our new lesson. 注意：祈使句+and+陈述句相当于条件句+陈述句

Use your head and you will get a way.= If you use your head, you will get a way. 2）both .....and .....

Both Tom and Peter are good players. 作主语谓语动词用复数形式。 She both play the piano and the guitar. and前后连接的词或词组要对等。 Susan can speak both English and French.

She can’t speak both English and French. 否定句表示部分否定。 Both you and I don’t like Beijing Opera.

3）as well as 连接两个主语，谓语动词用“就远原则”

The little girl is lovely as well as healthy. He was a great writer as well as a doctor. She as well as I is very fond of English.

4）not only……. but also……. 连接两个主语，谓语动词用“就近原则” Not only you but also she wants to go traveling.

Her little brother can not only speak English but also write it. He lost not only his wallet but also his passport.

Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some. 连接两个分句， 前句倒装，后不倒装。

5) ①either………or…… 或者....或者...，两个中的任何一个 ②neither…….nor….. 既不...... 也不....，两者都不

I will visit either the Palace Musume or the Great Wall tomorrow. I will visit neither the Palace Musume nor the Great Wall tomorrow. Either you or I am wrong. Neither you or I was wrong. 这两个连词连接两个主语时，谓语动词用“就近原则”

She doesn’t like either fish or meat. She like neither fish nor meat. 这两个连词的否定句均表示全部否定。

2．表示转折关系的： but(但；但是；可是), while(然而) yet(然而), however(然而)。 It is strange, yet it is true. He's a worker while his wife is a doctor. She was very tired, but she kept working till midnight. However, you lost a golden opportunity.

3.表示选择关系的： or(或者；还是；否则；不然), either…or…(或者……或者……； 不是……就是……), not…but…(不是……而是……), otherwise(否则)。 We can go boating or go swimming in the weekend.

Is that an apple or an orange? Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train. You can take a seat either by me or by the window.

Not you but your father is to blame. 连接两个主语时，谓语动词用“就近原则” You must practice more, otherwise you’ll soon forget. 4．表示因果关系的： for(因为), so(所以),therefore(所以)。 He was late again for the traffic jam.

He got up late, so he didn't catch the early bus. It rained, therefore the sports meet was put off.

二 从属连词 用于连接主句和各种从句，多数引导状语从句。

1．时间状语从句。引导词有when, while, before, after, till, until, not…until…，since, as,as soon as，whenever, 注意时态搭配。

When I hurried into the cinema, the film had already begun.

My mother is cooking dinner while my father is reading newspaper.

They are going to play football after school is over. Before he became an artist, he was a worker. They didn't stop until they finished the work.

He has been interested in music since he was a kid. Ring me up as soon as you reach Beijing.

The boy was scolded whenever he failed to pass the exam. 2．原因状语从句。引导词有because, since, as,for,now that。

I didn't go because I was afraid.

Since you are free today, you'd better take a good rest. You had better stop here as it’s too late.

Now that you have already known the result, you needn’t wait here any more. 3．条件状语从句。引导词有if, unless,once,,in case, supposing, as long as。 If it rains, I'll go by car. You cannot succeed unless you work hard. Once she reaches Shanghai, she will call you.

In case he comes, let me know please. =Supposing he comes, let me know please. You can watch TV as long as you finish doing your homework. 4．结果状语从句。引导词有so…that, such…that。 It was raining so hard that we couldn't see the road.

She is such a good teacher that all the students like her. 5．让步状语从句。引导词有though, although, even though/if, “no matter＋疑问词”=”疑问词+ever”。

Although/Though I got there early, I wasn’t able to get a ticket. Even though/if you say so, I do not believe it.

No matter how (however)early I arrived, I wasn’t able to get a ticket. Whatever (No matte what)happened, he wouldn’t say a word.

Whichever ( No matte which) dictionary you take, you must pay at least 20dollars. Wherever( No matte where) he goes, I’ll follow him.

Whenever ( No matte when) I visited him, he was always busy working. 注意：①疑问副词只能引导让步状语丛句，如which, where. ②当”疑问词+ever“引导名词性从句二者不能互换。

Whoever smokes here will be punished. Beggars will eat whatever they are given. Whichever he likes will be given to him. I will take whoever wants to go. 6．目的状语从句。引导词有so that, in order that。 I need to get up early so that I can catch the early bus. In order that she could be heard, the teacher spoke loudly.

7．方式状语从句。引导词有as if, as though, as。 The old couple treated her as their own daughter. The child talked to us as if he were an adult. She looks at me as though I were a strange. 8．地点状语从句。引导词有where, wherever。 Can you tell me where he is now?

Wherever he goes, he always brings his pet dog.

9．比较状语从句。引导词有than, as…as, not as…as, more....than.....,the....the....。 She is as tired as you are. This is more than I can accept. Come to my office, the soon the better. 三 主句与从句时态一致的问题

在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态一致问题一般分为下列情况： 1) 主祈从现： 若主句是祈使句，那么从句用一般现在时表示将来。 Be careful when you cross the road.

2）主情从现：若主句中有情态动词时，从句用一般现在时表示将来 The traffic must stop when the light turns red.

3) 主将从现： 主句用一般将来时，而从句用一般现在时。 I will visit my good friend when I have time.

If she comes here tomorrow, I will go to the park with her. 4) 宾语从句和状语从句同时出现。

I don't know if he will come. If he comes, I will tell him about the accident.

I don't know when he will come tomorrow. When he comes, I will tell him about the news. (4)过去时态： 若主从句都是在叙述过去的事情，则主从句可以用一般过去时或过去进行时。 My mother was cooking when I got home yesterday. 昨天我到家时妈妈正在做饭。

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