《英美概况》试题（附答案）

III. Explain the following terms. 1. the Hardian’s Wall: 2. Alfred the Great 3. William the Conqueror 4. the battle of Hastings 5. Domesday Book 6. the Great Charter 7. the Hundred Years’ War 8. Joan of Arc 9. the Black Death 10. the Wars of Roses 11. Bloody Mary 12. Elizabeth I 13. Oliver Cromwell 14. the Bill of Rights 15. Whigs and Tories 16. James Watt 17. Winston Churchill 18. Agribusiness

19. the British Constitution 20. Queen Elizabeth II 21. the Opposition 22. the Privy Council 23. common law 24. the jury

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25. the NHS

26. comprehensive schools 27. public schools 28. the Great Lakes 29. New England 30. baby boom

31. the Chinese Exclusion Act 32. the Bill of Rights

33. the Emancipation Proclamation 34. the Constitutional Convention 35. the Progressive Movement 36. the Peace Conference 37. the Truman Doctrine: 38. the Marshall Plan 39. the New Frontier 40. checks and balances:

III. Explain the following terms.

1. the Hardian’s Wall: It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.

2. Alfred the Great Alfred was a strong king of the wisemen. It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king. It’s the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. 3. William the Conqueror William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christams Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England. 2

4. the battle of Hastings In 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. After a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.

5. Domesday Book Under William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It seemed to the English like the Book of doom on Judgement Day.

6. the Great Charter King John’s reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberities, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land. 7. the Hundred Years’ War It referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.

8. Joan of Arc She was a national heroine of France during the Hundred Years’ War. She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France.

9. the Black Death It was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labour was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences. 10. the Wars of Roses They referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king’s power became supreme. Thdor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years. 11. Bloody Mary Henry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais. 12. Elizabeth I One of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.

13. Oliver Cromwell The leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat the king and condemned him to death. Then he declared England a Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the restoration of charles II in 1660.

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14. the Bill of Rights In 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.

15. Whigs and Tories It referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Noncomformists. The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party. 16. James Watt The Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.

17. Winston Churchill Prime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of 1945, but returned to power in 1951. 18. Agribusiness It refers to the new farming in Britain, because it’s equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes which occur on the farm, and outputs or products which leave the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designes to give the maximum output of crops and animals. 19. the British Constitution There is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interpret statues.

20. Queen Elizabeth II The present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society. 21. the Opposition In the General Election, the party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the offcial Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet”. The aims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation of policy and legislation, to oppose government proposals, to seek amendments to government bills, and to put forward its own policies in order to win the next general election.

22. the Privy Council Formerly the chief source of executive power. It gave the Sovereign private (“privy”) advice on the government of the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400. 23. common law A written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources. 24. the jury A legal system established in England since king Henry II. The jury consists of ordinary, independent citizens summoned by the court: 12 persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland,

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and 15 persons in Scotland. In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decide the issue of guilt or innocence.

25. the NHS The National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based first on Acts of Parliament. This Service provides for every resident a full range of medical services. It is based upon the principle that there should be full range of publicly provided services designed to help the individual stay healthy. It is now a largely free service. 26. comprehensive schools State secondary schools which take pupils without reference to ability and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in GB attend comprehensive school.

27. public schools Fee-paying secondary schools which are longestablished and have gained a reputation for their high academic standards, as well as their exclusiveness and snobbery. The boys’ public schools include such well-known schools as Eton and Harrow, and girls’ famous schools include Roedean. Most of the members of the British Establishment were educated at a public school.

28. the Great Lakes The Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan —— the only one entirely in the U.S. —— Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan. 29. New England New England is made up of six states of the North-East. They are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. It is sometimes called the birthplace of America.

30. baby boom “baby boom” refers to the great increase of birth rate between 1946 and 1964. People born in this period are called baby bammers. 31. the Chinese Exclusion Act It was passed by the U.S. Congress in may, 1882. It stopped Chinese immigration for ten years. 32. the Bill of Rights In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representations a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and became the first ten amendments to the Constitution —— the Bill of Rights.

33. the Emancipation Proclamation During the Civil war, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to get more support for the Union at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves. 34. the Constitutional Convention In 1787, a conference was held in Philadelphia to consider what should be done to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. All the delegates agreed to revise the Articles of Confederation and draw up a new plan of government. After struggle, the Constitution was ratified at last. This conference is called the Constitutional Convertion.

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35. the Progressive Movement The Progressive Movement is a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions. It spread quickly with the support of large numbers of people across the country. It was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.

36. the Peace Conference The Peace Conference or the Paris Conference, began on January 18, 1919. The conference was actually a conference of division of colonies of Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the grabbing of as much as possible from the defeated nations. It was dominated by the Big Four (the United States, Britain. France, and Italy)

37. the Truman Doctrine: On March 12, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in a speech to the joint session of Congress. The Truman Doctrine meant to say that the U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against Communism.

38. the Marshall Plan On June 5, 1947, the Secretary of State George Marshall announced the Marshall Plan, which meant that in order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the United States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid.

39. the New Frontier It was the President Kennedy’s program which promised civil rights for blacks, federal aid to farmers and to education, medical care for all and the abolition of poverty. 40. checks and balances:

The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This called “checks and balances”.

IV. Answer briefly the following questions.

1. What do you know about the Roman invasion of Britain? —— In 55 BC and 54 BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation. British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.

2. Why did the William the Conqueror invade England after Edward’s death? —— It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.

3. What were the consequences of the Norman Conquest? —— The Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the best known events in English history. It brought about many consequences. William confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were been introduced. The church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.

4. What were the contents and the significance of the Great Charter? —— The Great Charter, or the Magna Carta, was document signed in 1215 between the barons and king John. It had altogether 63 clauses, of which the most important contents were these: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his

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property except by the law of the land; (3) the church should possess all its rights and privileges; (4) London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges; (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. The Great Charter was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, but it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties. 5. What do you know about the English Renaissance? —— Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history. It began in Italy in the early 14th century and spread to England in the late 15th century. The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics: (1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics; (2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history else where in Europe; (3) Owning to the great genius of the 14th century poet chaucer, the native literature was vigorous enough and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them; (4) English Renaissance literature is chiefly artistic, rather than philosophical and scholarly; (5) the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England. The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama. Its finest exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare.

6. Why did the Restoration take place? —— When Oliver Cormwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell’s generals occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660, and to resolve the crisis, it asked the late king’s son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration.

7. How did the “Glorious Revolution” break out? What was the significance of it? —— In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James, who was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic, He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, no any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. William and his wife Mary were both protestants and became co-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of Rights. It’s the beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.

8. What is your comment on land enclosures in England? —— Agricultural enclosure became frequent in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It has good as well as bad results: (1) Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; (2) more vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; (3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. They were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly over crowded. It also lead to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; (4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentration of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers’ hopes of even owning his own land. Many became wage labourers, earning low rates in spite of agriculture’s new prosperity.

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9. How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed? —— The Industrial Revolution began with the textile industry. It’s characterized by a series of inventions and improvements of machines, such as John Ray’s flying shuttle, James Hargreaves’ spinning Jenny, Richard Arkwright’s waterframe and Samuel Cropton’s mule. The Scottish inventor James Watt produced a very efficient steam engine in 1765, which could be applied to textile and other machinery. The most important element in speeding industrialization was the breakthrough in smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709. Similar developments occurred in the forging side of the iron industry which enabled iron to replace wool and stone in many sectors of the economy. Improved transporation ran parallel with production. As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”; no other country could compete with her in industrial production.

10. What do you know about the Chartist Movement and the People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them? —— The Chartist Movement was an industrial working class movement that happened in England from 1836 to 1848. In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (known as the People’s Charter) in 1838, which had six points: (1) the vote for all adult males, (2) voting by secret ballot, (3) equal electoral districts, (4) abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament, (5) payment of members of Parliament, and (6) annual Parliament, with a General Election every June. Support for these six demands was loudly voiced all over the country. Other working men formed Chartist groups throughout the country to press Parliament to accept the 6 points. But Parliament rejected them for three times. In the end, the Chartist Movement failed. It failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism. The working class was still immature. The Chartist Movement, however, the first nation wide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the sixth has never been practical.

11. How did the Labour Party come into being? —— As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century, they became aware of the power which they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. So various working class organizations were formed which brought about the formation of the Labour Party. The Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party, which was formed in January, 1893 and Led by Keir Hardie, a Scottish miner. The foundation of an effective party for labour depended on the trade unions. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small societies set up the Labour Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to be Labour Party in time for the general election which was called for 1906. The Labour Party remains one of the two major parties in Britain until today.

12. What is a constitutional monarchy? When did it begin in Britain? —— A constitutional monarchy is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen who reigns but does not rule. The country is namely reigned by the Sovereign, but virtually by His or Her Majesty’s Government —— a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament. The Constitutional Monarchy in Britain began in 1689, when king William and Queen Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights, which guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons and constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with power limited by Parliament began.

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13. What is the role of the Monarchy in the British government? —— The sovereign is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, he/she is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the crown and the “supreme governor” of the established church of England.

14. What are the main functions of Parliament? —— The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation; (3) to examine government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure; (4) to debate the major issues of the day.

15. Why do the criminal convicts like to be tried first before the magistrates’ courts? —— A Magistrates’ court tries summary offences and “either way” offences. It is open to the public and the media and usually consists of three unpaid “lay” magistrates. A magistrates’ court sits without a jury. The criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt; every possible step is taken to deny to the prosecution any advantage over the defence. No accused person has to answer the questions of the police before trials; he is not compelled to give evidence or to submit to cross-examination in court.

16. What does the civil courts system do? —— The civil courts system does the following jurisdiction: (1) actions founded upon contract and tort; (2) trust and mortgages cases; (3) actions for the recovery of land; (4) cases involving disputes between landlords and tenants; (5) admiralty cases and patent cases; and (7) divorce cases and other family matters.

17. What is meant by the term “welfare state” in Britain? —— The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services, pensions and other facilities. The system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation. In Britain the term applies mainly to National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social security.

18. What is the most important established Church in Britain? How is it related to the Crown and linked with the State? —— The most important established Church in Britain is the Church of England. It is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that church and, as “Defender of the Faith”, must promise on his or her accession to uphold it. Church of England archbishops, bishops and deans of cathedrals are appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Church is also linked with the State through the House of Lords, in which the two archbishops (of Canterbury and York), the bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 other senior bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 other senior bishops have seats 19. What distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities? —— The Open University is non-residential university which is “open” to all to become students. It offers degree and other courses for adult students of all ages in Britain and other member countries of the EU. It was founded in 1969 and began its first courses in 1970. It was a combination of specially produced printed texts, correspondence tuition, television and radio broadcasts and audio/video cassettes. For some courses, there are residential schools. There is a network of study centers for contact with part-time tutors and counselors, and with fellow students.

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20.Say something about the three immigration waves. —— The first immigration wave began in the mid 1810s, grew steadily during the 1830s and 40s and reached the highest point in 1845. The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890. The third wave was the largest of the three. It happeded between 1890 and 1914.

21. Why did the early settlers come to America? Who were the Pilgrims? Who were the Puritans? What were the features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development? —— The early settlers came to America either for the opportunity to realize their dreams and better their lives or for the freedom from religious and governmental persecution. The Pilgrims were persons who suffered religious persecution in England and went to Holland and later moved to America in 1620. The Puritans were the members of a Protestant group in England who wanted to purify the Church of England. Dissatisfied and threatened in England, they saw America as a refuge and migrated to America since 1630. There were a number of features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development. They were: representative form of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.

22. What were the causes of the War of Independence? —— The economy in the thirteen colonies developed very fast and people wanted more power to detemine their own business. But the policy of the British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies. On April 19, 1775, on their way to Concord to seize the military supplies of the militia there, the British soldiers met armed militiamen. The shots were fired, the War of Independence began.

23. What was unusual about the Article of Confederation? What was the struggle at the Constitutional Convention? How was the conflict solved? —— The Article of Confederation was unusual in many ways. First, it provided for no king. The drafters blamed the troubles with Britain on king George III. So they decided not to have a king but to have a republic. This was revolutionary. Second, while the Articles created a central government in the form of a Congress, the emphasis was still on state powers. Third, the Articles of Confederation was a written constitution for the United States. No important country in the world at that time, including Britain, had a written constitution. At the Constitution Convertion the delegates all agreed it was impossible to try to patch up the Articles of Confederation, and decided to ignore them and draw up a new plan of government. Here contradictions emerged between the bigger states and smaller states, between the industrial commercial interests and landed interests, etc. In the end, the conflict was resolved by the “Great Compromise” of July 16, giving each state and equal vote in the Senate but making representation in the House reflect the size of each state’s population.

24. Why did the Civil War break out? How did the war end? —— In the early 1800s, the Northern states turned from farming to manufacturing. Black slavery soon disappeared in the North. But things were different in the South. The South expanded both its agriculture and its slavery. The problem of slavery became a serous political issue. The abolitionists tried to abolish slavery while the South tried to keep it. When Abraham Lincoln was elected President, the Southern states broke away and formed a new nation. Then Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union and the war broke out on April 12, 1861, Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery. So he issued Emancipation Proclamation. Thus England and France stood by the Union’s side. Many black slaves joined the Union Army. After a series of

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battles, Robert Lee could no longer hold Richmond. He surrendered on April 9, 1865. The Civil War ended.

25. What were the contents of the New Deal? —— The New Deal included the following contents; (1) establishment and strengthening of government regulation and control of banking, credit and currency systems, overcoming the financial crisis and restriction of certain extreme practices of financial capital; (2) federal government management of relief and establishment of social security system such as the formation of the Civilian Conservation Crops and the setting-up of the Tennessee Valley Authority; (3) stimulation of the recover of industry and agriculture; (4) formulation and implementation of federal labour laws to raise the role of labour in the relations of production; (5) improvement of the situation of minorities and members of certain religious groups.

26. What was the impact of the Vietnam War-on American society? —— The Vietnam War had a great impact on American society. (1) The United States was weakened as a result of the long war. (2) American society had never been so divided since the Civil War. (3) There was serious disagreement with in the ruling circle. (4) The image of the United States, especially the image of the American armed forces, was discredited.

27. Who was McCarthy and what was McCarthyism? —— Joseph R. McCarthy was U.S. Senator. He started his campaign by saying on Feb. 9, 1950 that he had the names of over 200 Communists in the State Department. His campaign of accusation and anti-Communist hysteria was called McCarthyism.

28. What is counterculture? What are some of the forms of counterculture? —— Counterculture is a movement of revolt against the moral values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior and the social relations of conventional society. Revolutionaries became models for some people. Many young people experimented with drugs. Music, especially rock music, became the chief vehicle for the counterculture attack on the status quo.

29. What are the functions of the Congress? —— The Congress has many functions, but the most central is the passage of law. One of the most important non-legislative functions of the Congress is the power to investigate. A second important power is to compel testimony from unwilling witness and to cite for contempt of Congress witness who refuse to testify, and for perjury those who give false testimony.

30. What are some of the characteristics of American education? ——(1) Formal education in the United States consists of elementary, secondary and higher education. (2) Public educations is free and compulsory. (3) Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education. (4)Education is a function of the states, not the federal government. V. Write about 150 on the following topic.

1. Why and how did the English Parliament come into being? —— After king John died in 1216, his son became Henry III. He filled the most important offices with foreigners, undertook an expensive war which ended in the loss of a large land and demanded more money to enable his son to be king of Sicily. So the barons rebelled. Under the leadership of Simon de Montfort, they defeated the king in 1264. In 1265, Simon de Montrort summoned the Great Council to meet at Westminster,

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together with two knights from each country and two citizens from each town. This meeting has been considered as the earliest parliament. The Great Council developed later into the Lords and the Commons known as a parliament. Both Houses were called to agree to taxation. The Commons could present petitions to the king which were the first parliamentary bills. But Parliament only met by royal invitation. Its role was to offer advice, not to make decisions. The most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.

2. How did the Civil Wars break out? What were the consequences of the Civil Wars? —— Charles I, also believed “the Divine Right of kings”. His prerogative rights should not be challenged by anyone. It encouraged confrontation with Parliament, whose members had become increasingly Puritan in sympathy. He managed to rule England for 11 years without Parliament. But in 1640, Charles needed money and feared the invasion of the Scots and had to call the Long Parliament. Then a whole series of measures were introduced by the Parliament limiting the authority of the Crown while increasing its own. Thus, by 1642, the king and the commons were at each other’s throats, war was inevitable. In 1642, the first Civil War broke out. By autumn 1646, Parliament held most of England and next year Charles was captured but escaped. He made a deal with the Scots who invaded England but were defeated by Cromwell. Thus was the beginning of the Second Civil War. In November 1648, the king was captured again and condemned to death. The English Civil Wars have been seen a conflict between Parliament and the king, but also as a conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes and the traditional economic interests of the Crown. The English Civil Wars not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history. 3. Tell briefly the history of the two-party system in the United States. What are the characteristics of the two major parties in the United States today? —— Political parties are the basis of the American political system. In general, America has a two-party system. This means that two major political parties-now the Democrats and the Republicans-dominate politics at the federal, state and local levels. There have been four periods in the history of political parties in America. The first periods of the party system began with the first two major parties or camps —— the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton. Most of the Anti-Federalists later accepted the Constitution with the Bill of Rights, and began to call themselves Democratic-Republican. After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic-Republican Party split. The main faction, led by Andrew Jackson, called themselves the Democratic Party, while the faction opposed to Jackson formed the Whig Party in 1834. As the struggle over slavery intensified, the majority of the Whig Party, part of the democrats, and other anti-slavery elements founded in 1854 the Republican Party. The third phase of the two-party system ran from the 1860s to the 1920s with the Republican Party dominating the political scene for most of the time. The fourth period began with Franklin D. Roosevelt’s coming into power and lasted till the 1980s. In this period, for about 50 years, with short interruptions, the Democratic Party was dominant. The Two major parties are really not very different today. But this does not mean there is not difference between them. On economic issues, the Democrats traditionally favour government intervention while the Republicans stress the role of the market more. On social issues the Democrats support a strong social security system while the Republicans oppose large government social security programs. In spite of these differences, the two parties both believe in individualism, defend capitalism and uphold private ownership of means of production. In terms of organization the two parties are actually loose political coalitions.

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4. What were the causes and consequences of the War of 1812? —— The causes leading to the war were the following: (1) A war between Britain and France was going on in Europe. First the American government adopted a policy of not allowing trading with both countries. Later the U.S. government changed its policy by stating that if any of the two countries gave up its blockade against American shipping, the U.S. world lift the prohibition. In 1811, the U.S., on the condition that France would drop its blockade against American shipping, lifted the ban. This angered the British. (2) The Americans resented the British practice of impressing or forcibly removing seamen from American ships on the grounds that they were British subjects. (3) The U.S. wanted to take advantage of the War in Europe, when Britain and France had no time to look after their interests in the New World, to expand into Canada or Spanish Florida. This harmed the interests of the British. —— The war had great impact on the development of the Unite States. Firstly, the war made people realize the importance of a strong national government. Secondly, the war strengthened the feeling of national unity and patriotism. Thirdly, for almost 10 years after the war, the Americans turned their attention to the devlopment of the western part of the continent. Fourthly, it made both Britain and the United States realize their disputes should be slove through negotiation. A shaky peace in 1814 turned into lasing peace between the two countries.

5. What role does the community college play? What functions does it perform? What is it important in American higher education? What is the guiding principle of such a college? —— The community college as an institution is one of the most important innovations in the history of American higher education more accessible and in meeting the needs of educated adults, employees of local business, professional requiring certification as well as community organizations. It performs five main functions. First, it prepares students for transferring to a BA program at a four-year institution. Second, it provides vocational training for people who are already working or expect to be working in the future. Third, it gives remedial instruction to higher school students who are underprepared for college academically and adults who did not learn basic skills in elementary or secondary school. Fourth, it offers recreational, cultural activities for adults who are not seeking regular vocational or academic skill. Fifth, it absorbs students in a four-year program who are not qualified into a lower-status vocational program. The guiding principle of community college is higher education for everyone and the philosophy that equality must mean equal opportunity for self-realization and for the recognition of individual differences.

General Knowledge of Britain and America Test One

第一部分（客观题，共40分）

I. Directions: Read the following unfinished statements or uestions carefully .For each unfinished statement or q uestion four suggested answers A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Then, mark your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the answer sheet. (25% )

1. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the _______ and the North Sea in the east. A. east B. south

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C. west D. north

2. The first known settlers of Britain were _______. A. the Jutes B. the Celts C. the Saxons D. the Iberians

3. The English Civil War is also called ______. A. the Puritan Revolution B. the second Magna Carta C. the Long Parliament D. the Anglican War

4. The Tories were the forerunners 0f _______ , which still bears the nickname today. A. the Labour Party B. the Liberal Party

C. the Social Democratic Party D. the Conservative Party

5. In Britain only _______ of the population are farmers but they manage 7O% of the land area. A. 2% B. 3% C. 4% D. 5%

6. Which of the following Statements is NOT true about the Prime Minister in Britain? A. He is appointed by the Queen.

B. He is Minister for the Civil Service. C. He sits in the House of Commons. D. He receives ￡88,292 a year.

7. London's Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of _______ . A. the Lord Chancellor B. the Home Secretary C. the Attorney General D. the Prime Minister

8. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the National Health Service? A. It Provides for every resident a full range of medical services. B. It is administered by the central government.

C. Its emergency ambulances are available for doctors' urgent calls. D. It has suffered from under funding in recent decades.

9. There are some _______ universities in the United Kingdom, including the Open University. A. 75

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B. 80 C. 85 D. 9O

10. Ireland is divided into two political parts: _______ . A. Northern Ireland and southern Ireland

B. Southern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland C. the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland D. Northern Ireland and Britain

11. The Grand Canyon in north-western _______ is one of nature's most impeessive sights. A. Utah B. Arizona C. Nevada D. Idaho

12. The first immigrants in American history came from _______ . A. England and Germany B. England and Ireland

C. England and the Netherlands D. England and Spain

13. The United States went to war with _______ in 1812, the last war fought between these two countries.

A. Britain B. France C. Spain D. Mexico

14. In 1932, in the depth of the depression, the American people chose _______ as their next president who promised a \ A. Theodore

B. Franklin D. Roosevelt C. Woodrow Wilson D. Herbert Hoover

15. Martin Luther King, Jr., a young black clergyman, became a national leader of the _______ Movement.

A. Boycott B. Civil Rights C. Segregation D. Integration

16. The cultivated land in the U.S. makes up _______ of the total land, and people who are engaged in farming make up only 2.7% of the total population. A. 21%

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B. 31% C. 41% D. 51%

17. The Constitution of the United States provides that _______ shall be President of the Senate. A. the Secretary of State B. the Chief Justice C. the President

D. the Vice President

18. The typical organizational pattern for elementary and secondary schools in the United States is that of _______ . A. classified schools B. vocational schools C. graded schools D. public schools

19. In the 1920s, Black Literature developed into an upsurge which has come to be known as _______ .

A. the Manhattan Renaissance B. the Harlem Renaissance C. the Black Revival

D. the African-American Rebirth

20. Of all the symbols, _______ , which are considered to represent fertility and new life: are those most frequently associated with Easter.

A. the pumpkin and the turkey B. the lamb and the beef C. the spring peas and the potatoes D. the egg and the rabbit

21. Canada was divided Into Upper Canada (English speaking) and Lower Canada (French speaking) in _______ and they were united again in _______ . A. 1791/1840 B. 1775/1791 C. 1840/1867 D. 1775/1867

22. Canada's early economic development was founded on _______ . A. resource industries B. heavy industries C. light industries

D. manufacturing industries

23. What law made French the offical language in Canada's Quebec? A. The Official Language Act.

B. The Charter of the French Language in Quebec.

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C. The Meech Lake Accord.

D. The new Canadian Constitution.

24. The Canadian population is chiefly characterized by _______ . A. its size B. its growth

C. its linguistic duality D. its French origins

25. Australia has always been a continent with few people mainly because _______ .

A. Australia is too far away fram Europe

B. Australia is the least mountainous and most level of the world's continents C. Australia is separated from the rest of the world by seas D. most of the continent is hot and dry

一，选择题（每小题1分，共25分。）

1. B 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. B 9. D 10. C 11. B 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. B 16. A 17. D 18. C 19. B 20. D 21. A 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. D 第二部分（主观题，共60分）

III. Directions: For each of the following blanks, only one word is suitable. Write the word in the corresponding space on your answer sheet. (25%)

●The capital of the Republic of Ireland is (1) ________ , and the capital of Northern Ireland is (2) ________ .

●The English Renaissance was largely (3) ________ and its finest exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson and William (4) ________ .

●The Whigs were the forerunners of the (5) ________ Party while the Tories were the forerunners of the (6) ________ party of England.

●Most of Britain's oil reserves are thought to be under the (7) ______ (8) ______.

●British Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of (9) _____ and the House of (10) ______.

●The United Kingdom is a (11) ______ monarchy, it began in the (12) _______th century.

●In the United Kingdom, in criminal trials by jury, the (13) ______ passes sentence but the (14) _______ decides the issue of guilt or innocence.

●Britain is regarded as a (15) _______ state. The term applies mainly to the National (16) ______ Service, national insurance and social security.

●In the United Kingdom, education is compulsory for all between the ages of (17) ______ and (18) ________.

●The British national newspapers can be divided into two groups: national (19) _____ and national (20) ________.

●The most important lakes in the United States are the (21) _____ Lakes, they are all located between (22) ______ and the United States except Lake Michigan.

●In respect of population, (23) ______ (24) _______ is the biggest city in the United States.

●The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. is the (25) _______, who were first brought to North America as (26) ______ in 1619.

●Counterculture in 1960s was a movement of (27) ________ against the moral values, the

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aesthetic (28) _______ and the personal behavior.

●American government is divided into three branches: the legislative, the (29) ______ and the (30) ________, each has part of the powers but not all the power.

●Formal education in the United States consists of elementary, (31) _________ and (32) _______ education.

●The first British settlers in Canada were (33) _______ refugees who refused to fight against the British army in the War of American Independence. They called themselves (34) ________.

●It is assumed that the first Europeans who reached Australia's shores were the (35) ________ and Portuguese, whom were followed by the (36) _______ and then the English.

●In the 1950s, there was a boom in Australia's economy and people's living standard was high, so Australia was called \

●In World War II, Australia declared war on Japan immediately after Japan bombed the U.S. naval base at (39) _______ (40) _________.

●The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of (41) ________ materials for (42) ________ products.

●The basic structure of Australian government is based on both the (43) ______ and (44) _______ models.

●New Zealand has two main islands. They are (45) ________ Island and (46) ______ Island.

●New Zealand is a sovereign independent state with a parliamentary (47) ________ and a constitutional (48) _______.

●The official languages in New Zealand are (49) ________ and (50) _______. 二，填空题 (每小题0。5分，共25分。)

1. Dublin 2. Belfast 3. literay 4. Shakespeare 5. Liberal 6. Conservative 7. North 8. Sea 9. Lords/Commons 10. Commons/Lords 11. constitutional 12. 9 13. judge 14. jury 15. welfare 16. Health 17. 5 18. 16 19. dailies/Sundays 20. Sundays/dailies 21. Great 22. Canada 23. New 24. York 25. blacks 26. slaves 27. revolt 28. standards 29. executive 30. judicial 31. secondary 32. higher 33. Amercian 34. Loyalists 35. Spanish 36. Dutch 37. lucky 38. country 39. Pearl 40. Harbour 41. raw 42. finished 43. British/Amercian 44. Amercian/British 45. North/South 46. South/North 47. govement 48. monarchy 49. English/Maori 50. Maori/English

Part II History I. Multiple Choice

1. The history of the U.S. is generally agreed to have begun in _____. A. 1620 B. 1607 C. 1776

2. The following states are among the first thirteen colonies except _____. A. Maryland B. South Carolina C. Delaware D. Colorado 3. _____ was the first man who sailed around the earth. A. John Cabot B. Magellan C. Balboa D. Cartier

4. The colonial life can be described as the following except _____. A. simple B. easy C. rough D. hard

5. The Stamp Act was passed in _____ and was repealed in _____. A. 1765, 1766 B. 1764, 1765 C. 1763, 1764

6. The First Continental Congress was held in _____ in September, 1774. A. Philadelphia B. Boston C. New York

7. The American War of Independence started in _____ and ended in _____. A. 1776, 1784 B. 1775, 1783 C. 1706, 1714

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8. Washington won the great victory on December 26, 1776 in _____. A. Gettysburg B. Pittsburgh C. Trenton

9. The battle of _____ marked the turning point of the War of Independence. A. New York B. Saratoga C. Bunker Hill

10. On October 19th, 1781, the British General Cornwallis and his 7,000 men surrendered at _____. A. Yorktown B. Boston C. Charleston

11. The Constitutional Convention was held in 1787 to revise _____. A. The Articles of the Confederation B. Bill of Rights C. Civil Rights

12. The first ten amendments, known as _____, were added to the Constitution in 1791. A. the Bill of Rights B. the Articles C. Civil Rights

13. After the Federal Government was established, the city _____ was chosen as the capital for the time being.

A. Washington B. New York C. Philadelphia

14. The pamphlet “Common Sense” was written by _____. A. Thomas Edison B. Thomas Paine C. Thomas Jefferson

15. The Second President John Adams adopted a high-handed policy which was called _____. A. the “Intolerable Acts” B. Un-American Activities C. the Sedition Act

16. The greatest contribution made by President Thomas Jefferson was his _____. A. abolishing the Sedition Act B. reducing taxes C. purchasing Louisiana from France

17. The Second Anti-English War broke out in _____ and ended in _____. The U.S. won the war. A. 1812, 1814 B. 1813, 1815 C. 1814, 1816

18. As the result of the U.S.-Mexican War, nearly _____ of the entire territory of Mexico was lost.

A. 1/4 B. 1/2 C. 1/3

19. In 1844 the U.S. forced the Chinese Government to sign the first unequal treaty of _____. A. Wangxia B. Nanjing C. Tianjin

20. The Articles of Confederation was accepted by all the _____ states in _____. A. 50, 1781 B. 13, 1781 C. 13, 1787

21. _____ was chosen as the capital for the time being in Washington’s administration. A. New York B. Chicago C. Boston

22. It was _____ who advanced four plans which met bitter criticisms from many people. A. Alexander Hamilton B. Thomas Jefferson C. George Washington

23. _____ was the first American President who was inaugurated in the city of Washington. A. John Adams B. Thomas Jefferson C. James Madison

24. The War with England between 1812 and 1814 happened during the administration of President _____.

A. James Madison B. James Monroe C. John Adams

25. The _____ stopped the Holy Alliance’s program, and prevented the European countries from extending their influence.

A. Monroe Doctrine B. Sedition Act C. Holy Alliance

26. _____ was the first president who developed the power of veto into one of the means of making laws.

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A. John Adams B. Andrew Jackson C. Andrew Johnson

27. _____ made slavery possible in the new territories such as in Kentucky and Nebraska. A. Douglas Bill B. Monroe Doctrine C. Sedition Act

28. During the Civil War Lincoln issued the _____, which declared the abolition of slavery. A. Homestead Bill B. Emancipation Proclamation C. Both A and B

29. The Battle of _____ was the turning point of the American Civil War. A. Bull Run B. Gettysburg C. Richmond

30. The first imperialist war took place between the U.S. and _____ in 1898. A. Britain B. France C. Spain

31. The first American President from the Republic Party is _____. A. Abraham Lincoln B. Andrew Johnson C. Thomas Jefferson D. George Washington

32. In 1918 President _____ issued the “Fourteen Points”. A. Woodrow Wilson B. William H. Taft

C. Theodore Roosevelt D. Warren G. Harding

33. Haymarket Massacre took place in _____ in May 1886. A. New York B. Chicago C. Washington

34. In 1894, the American industrial production held the _____ place in the world. A. first B. second C. third

35. McCarthy was notorious for his harsh _____ persecution of the progressive people. A. religious B. spiritual C. political

36. The Ku Klux Klan was the most notorious terrorist society which persecuted the _____. A. blacks B. Indians C. progressive people

37. On August 14, 1914, the U.S. and Britain issued a joint communiqué called _____. A. the Teheran Declaration B. the Atlantic Charter C. the Washington Proclamation

38. In Sino-American relations Theodore Roosevelt exercised the so-called “_____”, invading China by means of both force and culture.

A. Open Door Policy B. Big Stick C. Douglas Bill

39. The First World War broke out on July 28th, _____ and ended on November 11th, _____, lasting for about four years.

A. 1913, 1917 B. 1914, 1918 C. 1915, 1919

40. The two military alliances during WWI were the _____ and the _____. A. Axis, Allies B. Holy Alliance, Axis C. Central Powers, Allies

41. The assassination of a(n) _____ prince, Arch Duke Fedinand, served as the direct fuse for the outbreak of WWI.

A. Australia B. Belgium C. Austria

42. Altogether _____ countries became involved in or were dragged into WWI. A. 33 B. 38 C. 39

43. The frequent emergence of the economic crisis in the U.S.A. led to the following disastrous effects except _____.

A. inflation B. the rise of prices C. the decrease of population D. the decrease of the purchasing capacity

44. In April 1945 a conference was held at _____ to organize the United Nations.

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A. San Francisco B. New York C. Philadelphia

45. _____ countries attended the conference of the foundling of the UN. A. 48 B. 47 C. 45

46. At the _____ Conference, the heads of the Soviet Union, the U.S. and Britain discussed the problem of opening the second battlefield in Europe. A. Yalta B. Teheran C. Casablanca

47. In July 1945, Britain, the U.S. and the Soviet Union met at Potsdam to formulate an occupation policy and set up a program for the future of Germany. The meeting was the famous _____ Conference.

A. Cairo B. Teheran C. Potsdam D. Quebec 48. The two fighting sides in WWII were _____.

A. the Allies and the Axis (powers) B. the Axis and Holy Alliance C. the Central Powers and the Allies

49. The _____ was the treaty signed at Versailles, near Paris in France in 1919. A. Paris Treaty B. Versaills Treaty C. Teheran Treaty

50. The meeting was held at Yalta in the Crimea of the Soviet Union in Feb, 1945. At the meeting many matters were discussed, including the final defeat of Germany, the demilitarization of Germany, the founding of the U.N. etc., this was the famous _____ Conference. A. Yalta B. Teheran C. Potsdam

51. The Communist Party of the US was founded in _____. A. 1920 B. 1918 C. 1919

52. The U.S. Communist Party was re-established in 1945 with _____ as its general secretary. A. Levestone B. William Foster C. Earl Browder

53. The Great Depression of _____ to shook the US and the whole capitalist world to its foundations. A. 1929, 1933 B. 1933, 1937 C. 1924, 1929

54. The programme of 1947 that America would offer its money supplies and machinery to any European nation that wished to participate in was called _____. A. Eisenhower Doctrine B. Marshall Plan C. Truman Doctrine

55. The _____ broke out in June 1950 and ended in the summer of 1953. A. Vietnam War B. Cold War C. Korean War

56. In April 1949 twelve nations established the NATO to coordinate the military actions of member nations against the _____.

A. Germany B. Japan C. Soviet Union

57. The Second World War broke out in September, _____ and ended in August _____. A. 1939, 1945 B. 1937, 1943 C. 1938, 1945

58. After WWII there emerged a new balance of power between _____ and _____. A. the Allies, the Axis Powers B. the USSR, the USA C. the old capitalist countries, the new ones

59. There occurred _____ economic crises from the end of WWII to the middle of the 1970’s. A. six B. five C. seven

60. The President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed a policy called _____ to save the economic situation.

A. Good Neighbour B. the Open Door Policy C. the New Deal

61. The Battle of _____ took place in 1942 and it was the turning point of the Pacific area.

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A. Midway Island B. Britain C. Normandy

62. In Feb. _____ came President Nixon’s historic visit to China. A. 1979 B. 1972 C. 1973

63. In 1953, _____ ended in the failure of the U.S.

A. the Korean War B. the Vietnam War C. the US-Spanish War

64. On December 7th, 1941, the base of the American Pacific Fleet, Pearl Harbour, was suddenly attacked by the _____ air force and navy. A. Spanish B. French C. Japanese

65. The original Union consists of _____ at the time of its independence. A. 13 B. 50 C. 48

66. The first thirteen states of the US mainly located _____ seaboard. A. the eastern B. the western C. the northern 67. _____ appointed many of the colonial governors. A. The English King B. the local government C. the local people

68. The Declaration of Independence was drafted by a committee including _____ as head. A. George Washington B. Thomas Jefferson C. both A and B

69. _____ was the British king when colonial Americans declared their independence. A. King George I B. King George III C. King George II

70. In 1945 a conference was held in _____ to found the United Nations. A. San Francisco B. Chicago C. New York 71. President Nixon visited China in _____. A. 1973 B. 1974 C. 1972

72. _____ was the only American president who was re-elected three times in succession. A. Theodore Roosevelt B. George Washington C. Franklin D. Roosevelt D. Thomas Jefferson 73. The city’s name “Philadelphia” means _____. A. brotherly love B. fishing pit C. philosophy

1. It was _____ who first discovered the America in 1492. 2. The New World was named after _____ Vespucci.

3. _____ was the first man who sailed around the earth.

4. The Indians living in America are all _____ skinned and dark-haired. 5. The War of _____ broke out in 1775 and ended in 1783. 6. The First World War broke out on July 28th in _____.

7. In 1620 some English Puritans sailed to Plymouth on a ship called _____.

8. On July 4th, 1776, the document called the Declaration of _____ was accepted by the American Congress.

9. The first English colony was _____.

10. Lexington Fire was the _____ of the War of Independence. 11. In 1803 the United States purchased Louisiana from _____. 12. The U.S.- _____ War broke out in 1898.

13. The Great Depression of 1929 - _____ shook the United States and the whole capitalist world to its foundation.

14. The _____ _____ policy went into effect by the spring of 1947 when Truman Doctrine came forth. 15. The Confederate Union of America consisted of _____ southern states.

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16. During the Civil War Lincoln took two important measures, one was the _____ _____, the other was the _____ _____.

17. By the end of _____ century, the U.S. had become the most powerful country in the world. 18. The U.S. bought the area of Alaska from _____ in 1867.

19. The Constitution Convention lasted _____ weeks from May to September, _____.

20. The Constitution drawn up at the end of Independence War is called the _____ of the Confederation.

21. The Constitution of _____ established the dictatorship of the America bourgeoisie big capitalists and big slave owners.

22. The bourgeois democratic personages headed by Thomas Jefferson, were opposed to the Constitution. They were called _____.

23. The people, headed by John Hamilton, who supported the Constitution of 1787, were called _____.

24. During Washington’s administration Thomas Jefferson was appointed _____ of _____. 25. The war with England between 1812-1814 was called the Second _____ of _____. 26. President John Q. Adams was the son of the _____ president, John Adams.

27. The forming of the _____ Alliance was to suppress the South American revolution.

28. Andrew Jackson was the first president who developed the power of _____ into one of the means of making laws.

29. The first great tide from 1840 to 1860 in America was the _____ movement.

30. The famous novel “_____ _____ _____” by Mrs Stowe aroused a great and universal hatred for slavery.

31. A man named _____ _____ began a rising which aimed at solving the slavery trouble by force. 32. In _____ the first group of English colonists came to America.

33. From 1863 to 1867 _____ Reconstruction dominated the reconstruction of the south.

34. With the passage of the military Reconstruction Act in March 1867 the power of Reconstruction of the south passed from president to the _____.

35. The most notorious society which mainly persecuted the blacks was _____ _____ _____.

36. The _____ _____ Conference in 1919 was in fact a meeting to divide the spoils and redivide the old colonies.

37. The _____ Conference was the constitution of the Paris Peace Conference.

38. The _____ post-war economic crisis occurred from 1973 to 1975 was the most serious crisis. 39. The Communist Party of China sent _____ _____ _____ to attend the Conference of the founding of U.N. and signed the charter.

40. The _____ Declaration was published at the Cairo Conference.

41. The main force of the Japanese United Fleet was destroyed by America in the _____ _____ Battle. 42. The _____ World War was a destructive war and an anti-fascist war.

43. The _____ Programme was successfully carried out in 1969 and two American astronauts landed on the moon.

44. After WWII the _____ _____ emerged on the scene and containment of Communism became the basis of the American foreign policy.

45. The source of WWII in Europe came from _____.

46. The direct cause that the U.S. entered WWII was the Japanese sudden raid of the US’s naval base at _____ _____.

47. In 1939 Germany first launched the lightening attack on _____ and England and _____ then declared war on Germany.

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48. The dropping of the two atom bombs by America forced _____ to surrender unconditionally. 49. The second post-war crisis occurred during 1953 and 1954 was caused by the _____ War. 50. It was president _____ who moved toward improving relations with China. 51. America participated in the Second World War in the year _____. 52. In _____ China and U.S.A. normalized their relationship.

53. The outstanding leader of the Civil Rights Movement was _____ _____ _____. 54. _____ _____ uprising in 1859 helped the outbreak of the Civil War.

55. “I know not what course others may take, but for me, give me liberty or give me death.” This was said by _____ _____.

Part II

I. BDBBA ABCBA AABBC CABAB AABAA BABBC AABAC ABABC CBCAA BCABA CBABC CABAC ABACA AABBA CCA II.

1. Columbus Amerigo Magellan red Independence 1914 Mayflower Independence Virginia prelude France Spanish 1933 Cold War 11 Homestead Bill, Emancipation Proclamation 19th Russia 13, 1787 Articles 1787 anti-federalist Federalists Secretary, State War, Independence second Holy veto Westward Uncle Tom’s Cabin John Brown 1607 Presidental Congress Ku Klux Klan Paris Peace Washington sixth deputy Dong Biwu Cairo Midway Island Second Apollo Communist Party Germany Pearl Harbour Poland Japan Korean Nixon 1941 1979 Martin Luther King John Brown Patrick Henry

American Survey Test 地理

1. The _____ part of America consists of high plateaus and mountains formed by the Great Cordillera Range.

A. eastern B. western C. northeastern

2. In eastern _____ lies Death Valley, 85 metres below sea level. A. California B. Utah C. Arizona

3. In the west of the _____ lie the Colorado Plateaus and the Columbia Plateaus. A. Rocky Mountain B. Coast Range C. Cascades Mountains

4. The _____ lies between the Colorado Plateaus and Columbia Plateaus A. Great Basin B. Colorado Valley C. Great Plains

5. The famous Yellowstone National Park is situated in northwestern part of _____. A. California B. Arizona C. Wyoming

6. The world-known Colorado Valley lies in northern _____, which is cut by the Colorado River. A. Arizona B. Utah C. Montana

7. Among the five Great Lakes, only _____ is wholly within the United States. A. Erie B. Superior C. Michigan

8. Only the climate in the southern part of _____ is tropical. A. Florida B. Georgia C. Virginia

9. Washington, the capital of the US, is on the _____ river. A. Potomac B. Delaware C. St. Laurence

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10. The width of the Niagara Fall is about _____ metres and the drop average _____ metres. A. 1650, 50 B. 1240, 49 C. 1540, 49

11. _____ part is the most densely populated region in America. A. The southern B. The northeastern C. The western 12. The Great Salt Lake lies in northern _____. A. Idaho B. Arizona C. Nevada D. Utah

13. _____ has been called the “cradle of American Liberty”. A. Philadelphia B. Plymouth C. Boston

14. About _____ of the world’s annual agricultural products come from the United States. A. half B. one third C. two thirds

15. The highest mountain in the U.S. is Mount _____. A. Appalachian B. Mekinley C. Rocky 16. Mount Mekinley lies in the _____ Range. A. Sierra Nevada B. Cascades C. Alaska

17. The two largest Chinatowns are located in the following cities except _____. A. New York B. San Francisco C. Miami

18. The world’s largest freshwater lake is Lake _____. A. Superior B. Ontario C. Victoria

19. The world-famous Niagara Falls lie between lakes of _____. A. Erie and Michigan B. Erie and Ontario C. Superior and Haron 20. _____ of the America’s territory is covered with forests. A. 1/4 B. 1/5 C. 1/3

21. Texas, having belonged to _____, was annexed by the U.S. in 1845. A. France B. Russia C. Mexico 22. Hawaii is in the _____ Ocean. A. Atlantic B. Indian C. Pacific

23. The American black population consists of _____ of the total population. A. 1/10 B. 1/5 C. 1/9

24. _____ is the largest state in area in the U.S.A. A. Florida B. Louisiana C. Alaska

25. The United States today is the _____ largest country in size in the world. A. third B. fifth C. fourth

26. About half of the total population is concentrated in the following areas except _____. A. Atlantic Coast B. Pacific Coast C. Northwest D. around the Great Lakes E. Gulf of Mexico 27. There are _____ river systems in the U.S.A. A. 8 B. 3 C. 6

28. Detroit is famous for the production of _____. A. automobile B. timber C. bamboo

29. The City St. Louis in America is called the gateway towards the _____. A. East B. West C. Northeast D. Southwest

30. The city _____ is given the nickname “Space City of U.S.A.”. A. Boston B. Houston C. San Francisco

31. The _____ were the original inhabitants in America. A. blacks B. Indians C. Puerto Ricans

32. The steel and iron industries are mainly distributed around the city of _____, providing _____

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percent of the total output each year.

A. Pittsburgh, 60 B. Chicago, 50 C. New York, 60 33. The largest industrial city in America is _____. A. Chicago B. Boston C. Houston

34. Only the climate in the southwestern part of Florida belongs to _____. A. subtropical B. continental C. tropical

35. ?_____ is famous for many stores and shops. A. Wall Street B. Broadway C. Fifth Avenue

36. In _____ people can find the historical spot, the Independence National Historical Park. A. Philadelphia B. St. Louis C. San Francisco 37. Boston is situated in Boston Bay, _____. A. Maine B. Massachusetts C. Connecticut

38. The Columbia River and the Colorado River belong to the system of _____. A. the Gulf B. the Atlantic C. the Pacific I. Fill in the blanks

1. The United States is situated in the _____ part of _____ America.

2. The U.S. is bounded by _____ on the north and by _____ and the Gulf of Mexico on the south. 3. To the west of America lies the _____ Ocean. 4. To the east of America lies the _____ Ocean.

5. The seat of the American Federal Government is the District of _____.

6. The _____ part is made up of the highlands formed by the Appalachian Range. 7. The famous _____ National Park is located in the northwestern part of Wyoming. 8. The western part of the central plain is also called the “_____ _____”. 9. The Mississippi River flows from the _____ lakes to the Gulf of _____. 10. The lowest point in the whole of North America is _____ _____.

11. The world-known _____ _____ lies in northern Arizona, which is cut by the Colorado River. 12. The largest island salt lake in North America is the _____ _____ Lake.

13. The United States includes _____ states and a _____ district, the District of Columbia. 14. The Declaration of Independence was first read on July 4th, _____.

15. The two main tributaries of the _____ River are the Missouri River and the Ohio River. 16. The five Great Lakes lie between the boundary of _____ and the United States.

17. Through the middle of the country, north and south, runs a line which is known as the _____ _____ _____ _____.

18. The South region in America has in general, a warm climate. People often call it the “_____ _____”. 19. The largest state, _____, is famous for its glacier, waterfall and ripples.

20. There rises the tendency of shifting the centre of industries from the _____ to the _____.

21. The famous _____ _____ is known as the financial centre, the symbol of the American monopoly capitalism.

22. _____ is the centre of theatres in America.

23. The nickname of Pittsburgh is the _____ and _____ City. 24. _____ is the second largest in population in the U.S.

25. The two youngest states are _____ in the northeastern part of America and _____ in the central Pacific.

26. Most of the inhabitants in the U.S. are of _____ origin.

27. Negro slaves were first brought to America at the beginning of the _____ century. 28. The Death Valley is _____ metres below sea level.

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29. The population of the United States is about _____ million. 30. The Statue of Liberty Island in _____ _____ harbour. 31. _____ _____ is the base of the Pacific Fleet of the U.S.A.

32. _____ _____ is the smallest state in size and the most densely populated state of the U.S.A. 33. From a geographical point of view, the fifty states are grouped into _____ regions. 34. The nickname of Houston City is _____ _____.

35. _____ became the fiftieth state of the United States in 1959.

36. _____ _____ is the longest and the most important river in the system of Gulf. 37. The Library of Congress is in the city of _____.

38. New England is located in the _____ corner of the country.

39. The area of the Pacific coast is known for its growth of fruits, vegetables and wheat, especially in _____.

40. The Middle Atlantic Region is marked by its industry. It is often called the _____ Northeast. II. Explain the Following Terms 1. “The backbone of the continent” 2. melting pot

美国地理部分答案：

Part I

I. BAAAC ACAAB BDAAB CCABA CCACC CBABB BAACC ABC II.

1. central, north Canada, Mexico Pacific Atlantic Columbia eastern Yellowstone Great Plains Great, Mexico Death Valley Colorado Valley Great Salt 50, federal 1776 Mississippi Canada 50 centimetre Rainfall Line Sunny South Alaska Southwest Wall Street Broadway Iron, Steel Chicago Alaska, Hawaii European 17th 85 240/256 New York Pearl Harbour Rhode Island 8 Space City Hawaii Mississippi River Washington northeastern California Industrial

英国的起源

1.The first known setters of Britain were the Iberians. 伊比例亚人

2.The Celts began to arrive about 700BC and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans. 凯尔特人

3. Julius Caesar, the great roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55BC. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under roman occupation.

罗马统治

4. In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain, they were three Teutonic tribes.

5.The Norman conquest of England is perhaps the best-known event in English history. Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.

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BBBAD DACAC

1.The Norman Conquest happened in ____ A. 55BC B.1066 C.700 D.966

2.In the late 16th century, _____ruled England. A. Henry V B. Elizabeth I C Queen Marry D Elizabeth II 3. The largest river in Ireland is ____ A. the Dodder River B the Shannon River C the St. George River D the Thames River 4. The American Constitution was drawn up in ____ A 1787 B 1790 C 1783 D 1789

5. Dickens and Thackeray, who are most famous for their novel, lived in the period of ____ A Queen Elizabeth I B Henry VIII C Charles II D Queen Victoria 6. ____is written by Alan Poe.

A Twice-Told Tales B The Scarlet Letter

C The House of the Seven Gables D The Fall of the House of Usher 7. Rip Van Winkle is written by _____

A. Washington Irving B Henry David Thoreau

C Ralph Waldo Emerson D James Fenimore Cooper 8.____is not a vowel glide A [th] B [oi] C [ei] D [au]

9. The internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed are the subjects of ____ A morphology B pragmatics C anthropology D psychology 10. For the following conversation:

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A: Do you know where Xiao Wang is? B: I’m busy

____is the conversation implicature. A.B is busy

B.B does no know where Xiao Wang is. C.B does not want to answer A’s questions. D.B is correct

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美国概况

练习题：

1 The world-famous Havard University is in _____.

A Massachusetts B New York C Washington D.C. D Maine 2 Which of the following statements about American education is wrong? A Elementary and secondary education in America is free and compulsory

B Private schools are financially supported by religious or nonreligious private organizations or individuals. C There are more public colleges and universities than the private ones D Credits taken at community colleges are normally applicable to requirement for a four-year bachelor’s degree. 3 _____ is a symbol of American theatre and world-class entertainment. A Broadway B Wall Street C The Fifth Avenue D Times Square 4 ____ is not a tourist attraction in the United States. A Yellowstone National Park B Grand Canyon C St. Patrick’s Cathedral D Stonehenge

5 ____ was an actor before he became the President.

A Ronald Reagan B Abraham Lincoln C Herbert Hoover D Jimmy Carter 6 New Englanders were originally known as _____, which come to stand for all Americans. A Hippies B Yankees C Uncle Sam D Brother Jonathan 7 On the 30th of April 1789, George Washington took the oath of office in _____, which housed the government then. A New York B Washington D.C. C Philadelphia D Boston 8 Which of the following people was not an American President? A John Hancock B John Adams C John Q. Adams D Jimmy Carter 9 Henry Fond was the first man to _____.

A design a plane B fly an aeroplane C mass-produciton D design and make a car 10 “That government of the people, by the people, for the people, … ”were the words by _____. A Thomas Jefferson B Abraham Lincoln C Andrew Johnson D Theodore Roosevelt

练习题答案及题解:

1 A, 哈佛大学位于马萨诸塞州的剑桥(Cambridge)镇。

2 C, 在美国， 私立高等教育机构要多于公立的。象麻省理工， 耶鲁大学， 哈佛大学都是私立的。

3 A, 百老汇是一条由南向北贯穿曼哈顿全岛的大道， 其中心地带是在第42借“时代广场”附近， 周围云集了几十家剧院， 上演被称为现代歌舞剧的剧目。 4 D, Stonehenge 在英国， 是古代城池的遗迹。

5 A, 里根从政前曾经在好莱坞闯荡20多年，参与演出了50多部电影。

6 B, Yankees 一词具有丰富的含义。 现在用于代表美国人，俗称美国佬。 在美国南部，Yankee是指美国北部各州的居民， 即北方佬；而对多数美国人来说，Yankee 意味着新英格兰人。

7 A, 1789年George Washington 在纽约宣誓就职， 1790年首都迁往费城。 1800年以后定都华盛顿。 8 A, John Hancock，因其当时在《独立宣言》上的签名很大，他的名字在美语里变成了签名的代名词。

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9 C, Henry Ford 早期是一名技师， 虽然没有发明汽车， 但他是第一位批量生产汽车的人。

10 B, 这是Abraham Lincoln 于1863年11月19日在葛底斯堡阵亡将士墓举行落成仪式上发表的著名的《葛底斯堡演说》的片语。。

BCAAA CACAB

1. St. Lawrence and River Columbia are shared by both ____ A America and Mexico B America and Canada C America and Cuba D America and Brazil

2. European settlement of Australia began in the late part of ____ when a British penal colony was established on the east coast of the continent.

A the 16th century B the 17th century C the 18th century D the 19th century

3. Which sport is supposed to be America’s national sport and used to be call “American’s favorable pastime”? A baseball B basketball C rugby D cricket

4. The largest city in New Zealand is ____

A Auckland B Wellington C Christchurch D Dunedin

5. After Adam Bede,____wrote The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner in which moral problems are discussed and psychological analysis of characters are emphasized.

A George Eliot B Jane Austin C George Dickens D Charlotte Bronte 6.All of the following odes are written by John Keats EXCEPT____ A Ode to Autumn B Ode to a Nightingale C Ode to a Skylark D Ode on Melancholy

7. Of____’s four famous comedies, the best known is Lady Windermere’s Fan. A Oscar Wilde B Richard Sheridan C Bernard Shaw D Somerset Maugham

8. If the air stream meets with no obstruction when a sound is pronounced, it is a(n) ____ A voiced consonant B voiceless consonant C vowel D explosive 9. The internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is ____ A I.P.A B I.A.P.S C I.S.S D S.S.I.P

10. With the ____, Latin words were added into the vocabulary of the language spoken in Britain. A invasion of the Romans B Christianization of Britain C Scandinavian invasion D Norman Conquest

美国人口构成

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ACCBB DBBAA

1. The population of the United States is a bit more than 272 million, about 13% of which are Black, 12 % are Hispanic(讲西班牙语的人)，4% are Asian and the rest are White Americans. 2. It is the third most populous country in the world after China and India. 3. The most populous states are California, Texas, New York, Florida and Illinois. 4. More than 80% of Americans live in urban areas.

巩固：按照人口数量排列，美国在世界排在第几位；按照面积排，美国又是排第几位呢？ 1. Christmas is usually connected to ____

A the reunion of a large family B the eating of Easter eggs C the resurrection of Christ D the forgiving of other’s sins 2. The largest of the ethnic minorities in America is ____ A the blacks B the Mexico-Americans C the Spanish-Americans D the Chinese

3. The British establish ____colonies along the east coast of North American between 16.7 and 1733.

A. 11 B 12 C13 D14

4. The largest university in Canada is ____

A Laval University B The University of Toronto C McGill University D Simon Fraser University

5. Robinson Crusoe is written by ____

A Henry Fielding B Daniel Defoe C Samuel Richardson D Jonathan Swift 6. ____is written by Walt Whitman.

A Representative Men B English Traits C Nature D Leaves of Grass 7. ____is not a novelist.

A Henry James B Emily Dickinson C William Dean Howells D Mark Twain 8. ____is not one of the core branches of linguistics. A Phonology B Psycho-linguistics C Syntax D Semantics 9. ____ is the common factor of the three sounds:[p], [t], [k] A voiceless B spread C voiced D nasal

10. English consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, nasals, etc, in terms of ____ A manner of articulation B openness of mouth C place of articulation D voicing

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新西兰，由于新西兰整个国家非常狭窄，所以新西兰的任何地方距离海洋都不超过110公里，全国只有一个时区。新西兰正好位于国际日期变更线以西的第一个时区，所以它是第一个迎接新一天的国家。 BBACB AADAB

1. It was during ____ reign that the name Great Britain came into being. A Mary's B Anne's C Jame II's D Oliver Cromwell

2.Where is Edinburgh?

A In Wales B In Scotland C In Northern Ireland D In Ireland 3. One of the most famous national parks in the U.S. is the ____ A Yellowstone National Park B Hyde Park

C Kakadu National Park D American Fishing Center

4. New Zealand is just west of the International Date Line, so it is the first country to get ____ A frozen B wet C the new day D united

5. Mr.Darcy is a character in ____

A Tess of the D'Urbervilles B Pride and Prejudice C Happy Prince D The Mill on the Floss 6. Lyrical Ballads is the joint work between Wordsworth and his friend____ A Coleridge B Bryon C Keats D Shelly

7.____is the representative work of the Jazz Age

A The Great Gatsby B On the Road C Look Back in Anger D The Sun Also Rises 8. The distinction of langue and parole is made by ____ A Hall B Sapir C Chomsky D Saussure

9. ____examines how meaning is encoded in a language. A Semantics B Syntax C Pragmatics D Morphology

10.The sentence “I apologize!” belongs to the category of ____according to the speech act theory. A. expressive B performative C representative D constative

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