教育技术专业英语第十九章翻译

第十九章

sectionA survey methods

survey rearch is the method of gathering data from respondents thought to be representative of

some population,using an instrument composed of closed structure or open-ended items (questions).

this is perhaps the dominant from of data collection in the social sciences,providing for efficient collection of data over broad populations,amenable to administration in person,by telephone,amd over the internet.

some forms of survey research by telephone or the interent may be completely automated.

Key terms and concepts

the survey instrument is name given to the schedule of question or respone items to be posed to respondents.it is equivalent to the terms questionnaire or interview schedule,depending on the type of survey research being conducted. interviews and questionnaires

ordinarily,interviews refers to the face-to-face administration of a survey instrument,whereas quwstionnaires refers to mail or other indirect methods of administration.

items are the individual survey question or statements for which a response is solicited from the respondent.

Data Collection Modes

1.Face-to-face interviewing is usually the most expensive but it can obtain the highest response rate because it maximizes engagement with the respondent and imposes the lowest burden on the respondent.For the same reasons,face-to-face interviews can support longer instruments.It is also the best data collection type for open-ended responses.

2.Mail surveys are usually among the least expensive modes,are often best for sensitive items, and there is no interviewer bias.However,mail surveys are a poor choice for open-ended items or complex survey designs as they place a high burden on the respondent.

3.Telephone interviewing has the advantage of speed of data collection while supporting longer instruments than mail surveys and supporting open-ended responses,though not as well as face-to-face interviewing.

4.Web surveys are often the least expensive to administer yet can be fast of data collection,particularly since implementation time may be low.Web surveys can be administered to very large populations,even internally.

调查研究的方法是收集数据从受访者认为是代表

一些人口,使用一个仪器由封闭的结构或开放式项目(的问题)。

这也许是最主要的数据收集在社会科学中,提供有效的数据收集在广泛的人群,服从政府的人,通过电话,amd在因特网上。

某些形式的调查研究通过电话或网络营销可能完全自动化。

关键术语和概念

这项调查仪器的名字给了时间表的问题或响应项目对受访者。它与术语问卷或面试时间表,根据类型的调查研究正在进行。

访谈和问卷调查

通常,面试指的是政府的一个测量工具面对面,而问卷指邮件或其他间接的方法管理。

项目是个体调查问题或声明的反应是请求从被申请人。

数据收集方式

1。面对面的面试通常是最昂贵的,但它可以获得最高的响应速度,因为它最大限度地参与被申请人和征收最低被申请人负担。出于同样的原因,面对面的访谈可以支持更长时间的工具。它也是最好的数据集合类型的响应。

2。邮件调查通常是最昂贵的模式,通常最适合敏感物项,没有面试官偏见。然而,邮件调查是一个贫穷的首选项或复杂的调查设计开放式作为他们的地方一个高负担被申请人。

3。电话面试的优点是速度的数据收集工具同时支持长比邮件调查和支持开放式的反应,尽管不是以及面对面的面试。

4。网络调查往往最昂贵的管理还可以快速的数据收集,尤其是实现时间可能较低。网络调查可以被输送到非常大的人口,即使在内部。

SectionB

The experimental method is usually taken to be the most scientific of all methods,the "method of choice". The main problem with all the non-experimental methods is lack of control over the situation.The experiment is sometimes described as the cornerstone of psychology:This is partly due to the central role experiments play in many of the physical sciences and also to psychology's historical view of itself as a science.A many of the physical sciences and also to psychological research uses the experimental method.

An experiment is a study of one cause and effect.It differs from non-experimental methods in that it involves the deliberate manipulation of one variable,while trying to keep all other variables constant.

Experiments in the Laboratory:

In psychological experiments,we try to keep all aspects of the situation constant except one-the one we are looking at.For example,suppose we want to investigate which of two methods is more successful at teaching children to read.The aspect that we vary is called the indepedent variable and we change this in a very precise way.In this example,the teaching method is the independent variable.We call the factor which we then measure,in our example it would be some measure of the children's reading ability,the dependent variable(DV),because if our ideas are correct,it depends on the independent variable.In our example,the children's reading ability depends on the teaching method used.

The variable which is being manipulated by the researcher is therefore called the independent variable and the dependent variable is the change in behavior measured by the researcher.

实验方法通常被认为是最科学的方法,”方法的选择”。主要的问题与所有的非实验方法是缺乏控制这种情况。这个实验是有时被描述为基石的心理学:这部分是由于中央的角色扮演实验在许多的物理科学和心理学的历史视图作为一门科学的本身。一个许多物理科学和心理学研究用实验方法。

一个实验是一个因果关系的研究。它不同于非实验方法,它涉及故意操纵一个变量,同时努力保持所有其他变量常数。 在实验室的实验:

在心理实验,我们尽量保持所有方面的情况——一个我们不断除了看。例如,假设我们想调查这两个方法更成功地教孩子阅读。方面,我们称为独立不同变量和我们改变这一种非常精确的方式。在这个例子中,教学方法是独立的变量。我们所说的因素,然后我们测量,在我们的示例中它将一些测量儿童的阅读能力,因变量(DV),因为如果我们的想法是正确的,这取决于独立变量。在我们的示例中,孩子们的阅读能力取决于使用的教学方法。

被操纵的变量,它由研究者因此称为独立变量和因变量是改变行为来衡量研究员。

Section D

Main Characteristics of Design-based Research

Drawing on the literature,Wang and Hannafin proposed five basic characteristics of design=based research:"pragmatic,grounded,interactive,iterative and flexible,integrative,and contextual".

First,design-based research is pragmatic because its goals are solving current real-world problems by designing and enacting interventions as well as extending theories and refining design principles.

Second,design based research is grounded in both theory and the real-world context.

Third,in terms of research process,design-based research is interative and flexible.

Fourth,design-based research is integrative because researchers need to integrate a variety of research methods and apprroaches from both qualitative and quantitative research paradigms,depending on the needs of the research.

Fiifth,design research is contextualized because research results are "connected with both the design process through which results results are generated and the setting where the research is conducted".

It is imperative that design-based research process concerning how the design outcomes have worked or have not worked,how the innovation has been improved,and what kind of changes have been made.Through this documentation,other researchers and designers who are interested in those findings can examine examine them in relation to their own context and needs.To increase the "adaptability"of the findings in the new settings,guidance on how to apply those findings is also required.

基于设计研究的主要特征:

借鉴文学,王建民和Hannafin提出的五个基本特性的基础研究的设计=:“务实、接地、互动、迭代和灵活的、整合、上下文”。

首先,基于设计研究是务实的,因为它的目标是解决当前的现实问题,设计和制定干预措施以及扩展理论和精炼设计原则。

其次,设计基础研究是建立在两个理论和现实世界的上下文。

第三,在研究过程中,基于设计方面的研究是交互式和灵活。

第四,基于设计研究是综合因为研究人员需要集成各种研究方法和接近从定性和定量的研究范式,具体取决于研究的需要。

Fiifth、设计研究是符合实际的,因为研究结果是“与两个设计过程。通过它,结果结果生成和设置的研究”。

当务之急是基于设计研究过程涉及如何设计结果有工作或没有,怎么工作创新已得到改进,和什么样的变化。通过这个文档,其他研究人员和设计师感兴趣的这些发现可以检查检查她们在与自己的环境和需求。增加“适应性”的结果在新设置,指导如何应用这些发现也是必需的。

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