有机化学方程式归纳（答案）

宁波中学2012届高二《有机化学基础》

有机化学方程式归纳

一、取代反应 R-H+X2CH3Cl+Cl2CHCl3+Cl2

+ Br2

R-X+HX CH4+Cl2

CH2Cl2+HCl CH2Cl2+Cl2CCl4+HCl

(2010.11.5)

CH3Cl+HCl CHCl3+HCl

NO2+ H2O CH3CH2OH + HBr

+ HO-NO2

Br + HBr CH3-CH2-Br + H2O

2CH3─CH2OH二、加成反应 CH2=CH2 + H2CH2=CH2+ H2OCHCH+ 2H2

+ 3H2

CH3CHO + H2

C2H5OC2H5 + H2O

CH3─CH3 CH2=CH2+HCl→CH3─CH2Cl CH3─CH2OH CHCH+ H2

CH3─CH3

CH2=CH2 CH2=CHCl R─CH2OH

OH

CHCH+HCl

RCHO + H2CH3─CH2OH

(C17H35COO)3C3H5

OH + 3H2

(C17H33COO)3C3H5 + 3H2三、氧化反应 CxHy+(x+

y4)O2?点燃xCO2+???y4y2H2O

点燃????CxHyOz + (x+CH4+2O22C2H2+5O2

－

z2) O2 xCO2 +

y2H2O

2CH3CHO 12CO2+6H2O

CO2+2H2O 2CH2=CH2 + O24CO2+2H2O 2C6H6+15O2

2CH3 CH3

CHO + 2H2O CHO + H2O + Cu

2CH3─CH2OH + O2CH3─CH2OH + CuO

1

宁波中学2012届高二《有机化学基础》 2CH3CHO + O2

2CH3COOH

R─COO Na +Cu2O↓+3H2O

RCHO+2Cu(OH)2+ NaOH

CH3CHO+ 2Cu(OH)2+ NaOHCH3COO Na +Cu2O↓+3H2O CH3CHO+2Ag（NH3）2OHCH3COONH4+H2O+ 2Ag↓+3NH3 CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO+2Ag(NH3)2OH CH2OH(CHOH)4COO NH4+H2O+ 2Ag↓+3NH3 四、水解反应 CH3-CH2-Br + H2OCH3-CH2-Br ++ NaOH RCOOR'+H2ORCOOR'+ NaOH

CH3─CH2OH + HBr CH3─CH2OH +NaBr

RCOOH+R'OH RCOONa+HOR'

CH3COOH + C2H5OH

CH3COONa + C2H5OH

CH3COOC2H5 + H2OCH3COOC2H5 + NaOH

(C6H10O5)n+nH2O

nC6H12O6 C12H22O11+H2O

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

（淀粉） （葡萄糖） （蔗糖 ） (葡萄糖) (果糖) C12H22O11+H2O

2C6H12O6 (C6H10O5)n+nH2O

nC6H12O6

（纤维素 ） （葡萄糖） （麦芽糖） （葡萄糖） 五、酯化反应 CH3COOH + HOC2H5RCOOH+HOR'

CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

RCOOR'+H2O

2

CH3COOH + HOC2H5六、消去反应 CH3CH2Br+NaOH七、加聚反应

18

CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

18

CH2=CH2↑+NaBr+H2O CH3─CH2OHCH2=CH2+ H2O

n CH2=CH2?催化剂 CH2—CH2 ］— n —????［八、缩聚反应

nHO-CH2-CH2-COOH?催化剂 O- CH2-CH2 -C］— n +nH2O —????［

九、裂化反应 CH4C8H18C4H10

C+2H2 C16H34C4H10+C4H8 C4H10CH4+C3H6

C8H18+C8H16 C2H6+C2H4

十、置换反应 2CH3─CH2OH + 2Na2CH3COOH+2Na十一、其它反应

OH + NaOH

CH3COOH+NaOH2CH3COOH+Na2CO3有机离子反应 2CH3COOH+Cu(OH)22CH3COOH+CaO

2CH3COO－+Cu2++2H2O

2+

－

2CH3─CH2ONa + H2↑ 2OH + 2Na2ONa + H2↑

2CH3COONa+H2↑

ONa + H2O ONa + CO2 + H2OOH + NaHCO3

(CH3COO)2Cu+2H2O

CH3COONa+H2O 2CH3COOH+ Cu(OH)2

2CH3COONa+CO2↑+H2O

Ca+2CH3COO+H2O 2CH3COOH+ZnZn+H2↑+2CH3COO

2+

－

2CH3COOH+CaCO3Ca2++2CH3COO－+CO2↑+H2O

O- + CO2 + H2O

OH + HCO3-

3

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