2007-2012(答案)年研究生学位英语考试真题(部分)

目录

2007-2012

2007-1

PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points)

Section A (0.5 point each)

21. If innovators are not financially rewarded for their innovations, the incentive for path-breaking innovation will eventually dry up.

A. investment

B. resource

C. inspiration

D. stimulus

22. These illegal immigrants have to work long hours a day despite the appalling working conditions.

A. bewildering(令人困惑的)

B. exasperating（气死人的）

C. dismaying（惊慌的，沮丧的）

D. upsetting（令人苦恼的）

23. Many critics agreed that by and large, this movie was a success in terms of acting and photography.

A. all at once

B. by and by

C. to some extent

D. on the whole

24. The country carried on nuclear tests without feeling apprehensive about the consequences.

A. optimistic

B. anxious

C. uncertain

D. scared

25. There is the fear that babies might be genetically altered to suit the parents' wishes.

A. enhanced

B. revised

C. alternated

D. modified

26. The American Civil War is believed to have stemmed from differences over slavery.

A. arisen from

B. contributed to

C. patched up

D. participated in

27. Experts said the amount of compensation for sick smokers would be reduced if cooler jurors prevailed.

A. resigned顺从

B. compromised

C. persisted

D. dominated

28. Hamilton hoped for a nation of cities while Jefferson contended that the country should remain chiefly agricultural.

A. inclined

B. struggled

C. argued

D. competed

29. There have been some speculations at times as to who will take over the company.

A. on occasion

B. at present

C. by now

D. for sure

30. TWA was criticized for trying to cover up the truth rather than promptly notifying victims' families.

A. briefly

B. quickly

C. accurately

D. earnestly认真地真诚地

Section B (0.5 point each)

31. New York probably has the largest number of different language _________ in the world.

A. neighborhoods

B. communities

C. clusters

D. assemblies

32. Nuclear wastes are considered to _____ a threat to human health and marine life.

A. compose

B. impose

C. expose

D. pose

33. Some states in the US have set _____ standards concerning math and science tests.

A. energetic

B. vigorous

C. rigorous

D. grave

34. This school promised to make classes smaller and offer more inpidualized ___________.

A. presentation

B. instruction

C. conviction

D. obligation

35. Because of ______ ways of life, the couple has some difficulty getting along with each other.

A. incomprehensible

B. incomparable

C. inconceivable 难以置信的

D. incompatible

36. As __________ China and other emerging export powers, efforts to strengthen anti-corruption activities are gaining momentum.

A. in the light of

B. in the event of

C. in the case of

D. in the course of

37. According to an Australian research, moderate drinkers ________ better thinkers than heavy drinkers or those who never drink.

A. end up

B. take up

C. put up 提供

D. turn up

38. Strangely enough, an old man ______ me and introduced himself, who turned out to be a friend of my father?s.

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A. stood up to

B. walked up to

C. lived up to

D. added up to

39. Many children often _____ why airplanes can fly like birds while we humans cannot.

A. assume

B. anticipate

C. assure

D. wonder

40. The FDA was created to _______ the safety of products, review applications and grant approvals.

A. manipulate

B. adjust

C. regulate

D. manage

PART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)

Tall people earn considerably相当的more money throughout their lives than their shorter co-workers, with each inch adding about US$789 a year in pay, according to a new study. "Height 41 career success," says Timothy Judge, a University of Florida professor of management, who led the study. "These findings are troubling since, with a few 42 , such as professional basketball, no one could argue that height is something essential required for job 43 ," Judge points out.

Judge analyzed results of four large-scale studies in the US and Britain that followed thousands of people from childhood to adulthood, examining details of their work and personal lives. "If you take this 44 the course of a 30-year career, we're talking about literally hundreds of thousands of dollars of earnings 45 that a tall person enjoys," Judge said.

Greater height boosted both subjective ratings of work performance--a supervisor's 46 of how effective someone is-- and 47 measures of performance--such as sales volume. Being tall may boost 增加,促进self-confidence, improving performance. Other people may also give higher 48 and greater respect to a tall person, giving them

an edge in negotiating states, he says.

The commanding influence of height may be a remainder of our evolutionary 49 . Maybe from a time when humans lived among animals and size was 50 power and strength used when making "fight or run" decisions.

41. A. makes out B. works in C. takes on D. matters for

42. A. cases B. exceptions C. examples D. problems

43. A. performance B. operation C. condition D. environment

44. A. on B. with C. over D. to

45. A. deficiency B. advantage C. loss D. necessity

46. A. imagination B. decision C. judge D. evaluation

47. A. relative B. absolute C. objective D. initiative

48. A. state B. status C. situation D. statue

49. A. origins B. sources C. courses D. organizations

50. A. a time in B. a hold on C. a work at D. a sign of

PART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)

Passage One

At the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), a student loaded his class notes into a handheld e-mail device and tried to read them during an exam: a classmate turned him in. At the University of Nevada at Las Vegas (UNLV) students photographed test questions with their cellphone cameras and transmitted them to classmates. The university put in place a new examination-supervision system. "If they'd spend as much time studying, they'd all be A students," says Ron Yasbin, dean of the College of Sciences of UNLV.

With a variety of electronic devices, American students find it easier to cheat. And college officials find themselves in a new game of cat and mouse. They are trying to fight would-be cheats in the exam season by cutting off Internet access from laptops, demanding the surrender of cellphones before tests or simply requiring that exams be taken with pens and paper.

"It is annoying. My hand-writing is so bad," said Ryan Dapremont, 21 who just finished his third year at Pepperdine University in California. He had to take his exams on paper. Dapremont said technology has made cheating easier, but plagiarism (剽窃) in writing papers was probably the biggest problem. Students can lift other people's writings off the Internet without attributing them.

Still, some students said they thought cheating these days was more a product of the mindset, not the tools at hand. "Some people put too much emphasis on where they're going to go in the future, and all they're thinking about is graduate school and the next step," said Lindsay Nicholas, a third-year student at UCLA. She added that pressure to succeed "sometimes clouds everything and makes people do things that they shouldn't do."

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Some professors said they tried to write exams for which it was hard to cheat, posing questions that outside resources would not help answer. Many officials said that they rely on campus honor codes. They said the most important thing was to teach students not to cheat in the first place.

51. One student at UCLA was found cheating ________________.

A. when he was loading his class notes into a handheld e-mail device

B. when he was trying to tell the answers to his classmates

C. after the university put in place a new examination-supervision system

D. after his classmate reported his cheating to the authority

52. According to Ron Yasbin, all the cheating students _____________.

A. should be severely punished for their dishonesty

B. didn't have much time to study before the exam

C. could get the highest grades if they had studied hard enough

D. could be excused because they were not familiar with the new system

53. To win the new game of cat and mouse in examinations, the college officials have to______________.

A. use many high-tech devices

B. cut off Internet access on campus

C. turn to the oral exanimation forms

D. cut off the use of high-tech devices

54. According to Ryan Dapremont, ______________.

A. examinations taken with pens and paper were useless in fighting cheating

B. his examination paper was under-graded because of his bad hand-writing

C. cheating was more serious in writing papers than in examinations

D. it was more difficult for him to lift other people's writings off the Internet

55. Which of the following is probably the most Significant measure to fight cheating?

A. Putting less emphasis on where the students are going to go in the future.

B. Letting students know that honesty is more important.

C. Writing examinations for which it is hard to cheat.

D. Setting up more strict campus honor codes.

56. The best title of the passage might be_____________.

A. Cheating Has Gone High-tech

B. Game of Cat and Mouse

C. A New Examination-supervision System

D. Measures to Fight Against Dishonesty

Passage Two

Top marathon runners tend to be lean and light, star swimmers are long thighs with huge feet and gold medal weightlifters are solid blocks of muscle with short arms and legs. So, does your physical shape--and the way your body works--fit you for a particular sport? Or does your body develop a certain way because of your chosen sport?

"It's about 55:45, genes to the environment," says Mike Rennie, professor of clinical physiology at Britain's University of Nottingham Medical School. Rennie cites the case of identical twins from Germany, one of whom was a long-distance athlete, the other a powerful sportsman, so, "They look quite different, despite being identical twins."

Someone who's 1.5-meters tall has little chance of becoming an elite basketball player. Still, being over two meters tall won't automatically push you to Olympic gold. "Unless you have tactical sense where needed, unless you have access to good equipment, medical care and the psychological conditions, and unless you are able to drive yourself through pain, all the physical strength will be in vain," said Craig Sharp, professor of sports science at Britain's Brunel University.

Jonathan Robinson, an applied sports scientist at the University of Bath's sports development department, in southwest England, points to the importance of technique. "In swimming only 5-10 per cent of the propelling force comes from the legs, so technique is vital."

Having the right physique for the right sport is a good starting point. Seventeen years ago, the Australian Institute of Sport started a national Talent Search Program, which searched schools for 14-16-year-olds with the potential to be elite athletes. One of their first finds was Megan Still, world champion rower. In 1987, Still had never picked up an oar in her life. But she had almost the perfect physique for a rower. After intensive training, she won gold in women's rowing in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.

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Other countries have followed the Australian example. Now the explosion of genetic knowledge has meant that there is now a search, not just for appropriate physique but also for "performance genes."

57. It can be concluded from the passage that__________.

A. physical strength is more important for sportspersons' success

B. training conditions are more important for sportspersons' success

C. genes are more important for sportspersons' success

D. psychological conditions are more important for sportspersons' success

58. The case of identical twins from Germany shows that_________.

A. environment can help determine people's body shape

B. genes are the decisive factors for people's body shape

C. identical twins are likely to enjoy different sports

D. identical twins may have different genes for different sports

59. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by Craig Sharp as a required quality for a sportsperson to win an Olympic gold medal?

A. The physical strength.

B. The right training conditions.

C. The talent for the sports.

D. The endurance for pains.

60. Seventeen years ago Megan Still was chosen for rowing because____________.

A. she had the talent for rowing

B. her body shape was right for a rower

C. she had the performance genes

D. she was a skillful rower

61. The word "elite" in Paragraph 5 means ________ .

A. the most wealthy

B. the most skilled

C. the most industrious

D. the most intelligent

62. The elite athletes of the future may come from people who naturally possess___________.

A. the best body shapes and an iron purpose

B. the extremes of the right physique and strong wills

C. the right psychological conditions and sports talents

D. the right physique and genes for sports

Passage Three

For years, a network of citizens' groups and scientific bodies has been claiming that science of global warming is inconclusive. But who funded them?

Exxon's involvement is well known. ExxonMobil is the world's most profitable corporation. It makes most of its money from oil, and has more to lose than any other company from efforts to tackle climate change. To safeguard its profits, ExxonMobil needs to sow doubt about whether serious action needs to be taken on climate change. But there are difficulties: it must confront a scientific consensus as strong as that which maintains that smoking causes lung cancer or that HIV causes Aids. So what's its strategy?

The website d612b89e360cba1aa811daaa, using data found in the company's official documents, lists 124 organizations that have taken money from the company or work closely with those that have. These organizations take a consistent line on climate change: that the science is contradictory, the scientists are split, environmentalists are liars or lunatics, and if governments took action to prevent global warming, they would be endangering the global economy for no good reason. The findings these organizations dislike are labeled "junk science". The findings they welcome are labeled "sound science".

This is not to claim that all the science these groups champion is bogus. On the whole, they use selection, not invention. They will find one contradictory study - such as the discovery of tropospheric (对流层的) cooling - and promote it relentlessly. They will continue to do so long after it has been disproved by further work. So, for example, John Christy, the author of the troposphere paper, admitted in August 2005 that his figures were incorrect, yet his initial findings are still being circulated and championed by many of these groups, as a quick internet search will show you.

While they have been most effective in the United States, the impacts of the climate-change deniers sponsored by Exxon have been felt all over the world. By dominating the media debate on climate change during

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seven or eight critical years in which urgent international talks should have been taking place, by constantly seeding doubt about the science just as it should have been most persuasive, they have justified the money their sponsors have spent on them many times over.

63. Which of the following has NOT been done by the organizations to establish their position on climate change'?

A. Damaging the reputation of environmentalists.

B. Emphasizing the lack of consensus among scientists.

C. Stressing the unnecessary harm to tile global economy.

D. Protecting the scientific discoveries from being misused.

64. Which of the following is closest in meaning to "bogus' (in Paragraph 4)?

A. Reasonable.

B. Fake.

C. Limitless.

D. Inconsistent.

65. John Christy is mentioned to show_______________.

A. how closely these organizations work with scientists

B. how these organizations select scientific findings for their own purpose

C. how important correct data are for scientists to make sound discoveries

D. how one man's mistake may set back the progress of science

66. The organizations sponsored by Exxon ___________.

A. have lived up to their promises

B. have almost caused worldwide chaos

C. have failed to achieve their original goal

D. have misunderstood the request of the sponsor

67. The passage is mainly focused on____________.

A. Exxon's involvement in scientific scandals

B. Exxon's contributions to the issue of climate change

C. Exxon's role in delaying solutions to global warming

D. Exxon's efforts to promote more scientific discoveries

68. What is the author's tone in presenting the passage?

A. Factual.

B. Praiseful.

C. Biased.

D. Encouraging.

Passage Four

Where anyone reaching the age of 60 was considered to be near death's door at the turn of the 20th century, it is barely old enough for retirement at the turn of the 21st century. And scientists are still not holding back. They say that as new anti-ageing treatments become available, our species will get even older. While few would argue that living longer is an attractive idea, the rapid increase in the number of years begs a question: Can our health expectancy be as close as possible to our life expectancy?

Predictions for future health expectancy have changed over the past few decades. In the 1980s, life expectancy was increasing but the best data suggested that for every increased year of life expectancy, a greater fraction was disabled life expectancy. What we would see was a piling up of chronic illness and related disability which medical science couldn't prevent.

But that world view changed suddenly in the early 1990s with the publication of a study by researchers at Duke University, who had been following the health of 20,000 people for almost a decade. They showed that disability among the elderly was not only dropping, but it was doing so at an ever-increasing rate.

Arian Richardson, director of the Barshop Institute for Ageing and Longevity research, predicts that understanding the mechanisms behind calorie restriction and other genetic reasons behind ageing could be used within the next two decades to give people several extra healthy years of life. Restrict how much an animal eats, for example, and it will live longer. In lab experiments, rats on calorie-restricted diets were found to be physiologically younger, got diseases later in life and, at any rate, had less severe cases. "From the models that have been looked at, the increase in lifespan is usually in the range of 15-30% maximum," says Richardson. Cutting calories is thought to trigger a switch in an animal's behaviour from normal to a state of stasis in which growth and ageing are temporarily put on hold. When food becomes available again, the animal's behaviour switches back.

Richardson says that thinking about stopping ageing is a "little bit silly" at the moment but doesn't dismiss it altogether, arguing that none of the illnesses related to ageing should be inevitable. Start with a high-quality body (and that means eating your greens, not smoking and doing lots of exercise in your younger days) and you can keep it going for longer with high quality maintenance. "It'll be like the difference between a Rolls-Royce and

a cheap car."

69. It can be seen from the first paragraph that people have doubts on whether _____________.

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A. is possible to live a longer healthy and life

B. humans can live as long as scientists predict

C. living longer is still considered a good idea

D. new anti-ageing treatments are safe for humans

70. In the 1980s, the data on people's health expectancy_______________.

A. gave an optimistic prediction

B. showed an unclear future

C. led to a pessimistic perception

D. turned out to be a mixed blessing

71. In the lab experiment on rats,_____________.

A. food restriction is not the only factor proved to have worked

B. responses to food restriction vary from animal to animal

C. the animals' lifespan increases with the amount of food eaten

D.different amounts of food cause a change in the animals' behavior

72. Richardson believes that_________.

A. it is impossible for humans to stop ageing

B. it is worthless to talk about stopping ageing

C. stopping ageing is a dream that may come true

D. illness is the biggest obstacle to stopping ageing

73. Rolls-Royce is used to convey the idea that_______________.

A. quality life is out of reach for most people

B. quality life can slow down the process of aging

C. how long one can live depends on the genes one carries

D. the more money one invests in health, the healthier one will be.

74. The most suitable title for the passage is “___________”.

A. Problems of An Ageing Society

B. Health Care for the Elderly

C. Eating Healthier, Living Longer

D.The Future of Old Age

Passage Five

In dealing with a student who is acting aggressively toward his classmates, you want to send a strong message that aggressive behavior will not be tolerated in your classroom. In addition, you want to help him develop more appropriate ways of settling disputes with his peers.

If two elementary school students are engaged in a fight, use a strong loud voice to stop it. If that doesn't work, you might say something odd ("Look up! The ceiling is falling!") to pert their attention. If they still don't stop and you can't separate them, send a student to the office to get help. If a crowd of children is gathering, insist that they move away or sit down, perhaps clapping your hands to get their attention: After the incident is over, meet with the combatants together so they can give you their versions of what happened and you can help them resolve any lingering problems. Also notify the parents.

Speak in a firm, no-nonsense manner to stop a student's aggressive behavior: use physical restraint as a last resort. When responding to the student, pay attention to your verbal as well as non-verbal language. Even if he is yelling at you, stay calm. Allow him to express what he is upset about without interrupting him and then acknowledge his feelings. Avoid crossing your arms, pointing a finger or making threats: any of those actions could intensify his anger and stiffen his resistance.

You might conclude that a student's aggressive behavior warrants separating him from the rest of the class, either to send him a strong message that what he did merits a serious consequence or to protect the other students. You can do that by giving him a time out in class or by sending him to the office.

Although he might expect you to react punitively, surprise him by reacting supportively. Express your confidence that he can resolve problems without being hurtful to his peers. Tell him that you think he must be upset about something to lose control as he did and you want to understand what might be bothering him. If he does open up to you, listen attentively without interrupting. Speaking m a calm voice, tell him that you understand why he was upset, but stress that he has to find a way to express his anger with words rather than with his hands.

You don't want to force an aggressive student to say he is sorry because that might fuel his anger, however, you do want to strongly encourage him to make amends with the student he hit. If he is willing to do that, it will help soothe hurt feelings and avoid future conflicts.

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75. What is the purpose of saying something odd when seeing students in a fight?

A. To please the students.

B. To surprise the students.

C. To get the students' attention.

D. To distract the students' attention.

76. What is to be done about a student's aggressive behavior?

A. Respond calmly but finny.

B. Tell the student's parents immediately.

C. Ask other students for help to stop the action.

D. Have the student go to see the principal.

77. What is NOT encouraged to do toward an aggressive student?

A. Use physical restraint.

B. Give the student a time out.

C. Point at the student or make threats.

D. Talk with the student privately.

78. What does the word "'punitively" (in Paragraph 5) probably mean?

A. Surprisingly.

B. Depressingly.

C. Involving persuasion.

D. Involving punishment.

79. What might be the last step to help all aggressive student?

A. Encourage the student to be nice to the student he hit.

B. Ask the student to promise he'll never do it again.

C. Force the student to apologize for his behavior.

D. Persuade the student to open up to you.

80. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

A. Problems in Classrooms.

B. Dealing with Student Aggression.

C. Aggressive Behavior in Classrooms.

D. Settling a Student Fight.

PART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)

Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)

One of the unintended consequences of the flattening world is that it puts different societies and cultures in much greater direct contact with one another. It connects people to people much faster than people and cultures can often prepare themselves. Some cultures thrive on the sudden opportunities for collaboration合作勾结沟通that this global intimacy makes possible. Others are frustrated, and even humiliated使丢脸使蒙羞by this close contact紧密接触, which, among other things, makes it easy for people to see where they stand in the world in relation to everyone else. All of this helps to account for the emergence of one of the most devastating forces today - the suicide bombers and other terrorist organizations which have no regard for human lives and which it is in our best interest to wipe out.

Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)

该法案旨在对美国中小学进行教育改革并使所有儿童有机会得到高质量的教育。最终目标是确保无一人落后。由于此法案的实施，学校有更多的灵活性把资源用于最急需的地方。父母可更多地参与孩子的教育。

PART VI WRITING ( 30 minutes, 10 points )

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 150 words under the title of "Work Experience". Your composition should be based on the following outline:

As the job market becomes more competitive, many employers require work experience. Do you think graduate students should gain work experience before graduation? How can you gain work experience before graduation?

参考答案

Part II Vocabulary

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Section A

世界变平产生一些意外的后果，其一就是不同的社会和文化可以更多地直接接触。人们之间连接的速度之快使人和社会措手不及。一些文化凭借全球亲密接触突然带来的合作机遇兴旺发达(蓬勃发展)。另一些文化却由于这种亲密接触而感到灰心丧气，甚至感到自尊受到伤害，原因是这种亲密接触的后果之一是使人们轻易地发现彼此在世界中的位置。所有这一切有助于说明为什么现在会出现一种最具有杀伤力的力量——自杀性爆炸者和其他恐怖组织。这些组织不顾人们的死活，消灭它们最符合我们的利益。

Section B

This act is intended (aims) to introduce education reform in America's elementary and secondary schools and give all children the access to high-quality education. The ultimate goal is to ensure that no one is left behind. As a result of the implementation of this act, schools enjoy more flexibility to use resources where they are needed most. Parents can get more involved in the child's education.

2007-6

PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )

Section A (0.5 point each )

21. Nothing can be more absurd than to say that human beings are doomed.

A. compelling

B. rational

C. ridiculous

D. ambiguous

22. The Chinese government continues to uphold the principle of peaceful co-existence.

A. support

B. restrict

C. raise

D. modify

23. Patients are expected to comply with doctors' instructions for quick recovery.

A. improve on

B. abide by

C. draw upon

D. reflect on

24. Scientists have achieved findings substantial enough to remove our fear of GM foods.

A. abundant

B. controversial

C. conducive

D. convincing

25. Those students who have made adequate preparations for the test will be better off.

A. more wealthy

B. less successful

C. dismissed earlier

D. favorably positioned

26. If you hold on to a winning attitude, you'll make a greater effort and also create positive momentum.

A. influence

B. strength

C. outlook

D. consequence

27. Academic integrity is deemed essential to those devoted to scientific researches.

A. believed

B. discarded

C. advocated

D. confirmed

28. Customers in these markets of antiques are good at slashing prices.

A. assessing

B. cutting

C. elevating

D. altering

29. The public attached great importance to the news that prices of housing would be brought under control.

A. joined

B. ascribed

C. fastened

D. perted

30. Thousands of people left their rural homes and flocked into the cities to live beside the new factories.

A. dashed

B. filed

C. strolled

D. swarmed

Section B (0.5 point each)

31._________this dull life, the full-time mom decided to find a part-time job.

A. Tied up with

B. Fed up with

C. Wrapped up in

D. Piled up with

32. In the letter, my friend said that he would love to have me as a guest in his _____ home.

A. humble

B. obscure

C. inferior

D. lower

33. Tom is sick of city life, so he buys some land in Alaska, as far from ________ as possible.

A. humidity

B. humanity

C. harmony

D. honesty

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34. As an important _______ for our emotions and ideas, music can play a huge role in our life.

A. vessel

B. vest

C. venture

D. vehicle

35. The day is past when the country can afford to give high school diploma to all who ___six years of instruction.

A. set about

B. run for

C. sit through

D. make for

36. The wages of manual laborers stay painfully low, meaning digitalization could drive an even deeper

______between the rich and poor.

A. boundary

B. difference

C. wedge

D. variation

37. A farmer must learn the kinds of crops best ____ the soils on his farm.

A. accustomed to

B. committed to

C. applied to

D. suited to

38. The sun is so large that if it were ______, it would hold a million earths.

A. elegant

B. immense

C. hollow

D. clumsy

39. This patient's life could be saved only by a major operation. That would _____ her to a high risk.

A. expose

B. lead

C. contribute

D. send

40. It takes a year for the earth to make each ________, or revolution, around the sun.

A. tour

B. travel

C. visit

D. trip

PART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)

Harvard University's under-graduate education is being reformed so that it includes some time spent outside the US and more science courses, the US Cable News Network (CNN) has reported. For the first time in 30 years, Harvard is 41 its under-graduate curriculum. William Kirby, dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, said this 42 what many people had said that Harvard's curriculum did not provide enough choice and encourage premature specialization.

"Harvard needs to 43 its education for a world where global connections, cross disciplinary research, and science in general are ever more important," said Kirby.

Particularly 44 is the idea that students need to spend time overseas, either in a traditional study-abroad program or over a summer, perhaps doing an internship or research.

Students can either find the program themselves or 45 some exchange programs offered by the university.

" 46 studying Chinese history without leaving the university, students interested in the subject should be spending a semester at a university in China."

It was also recommended that Harvard 47 its required "core curriculum". The core curriculum was an effort created in 1978 to broaden education by requiring students to choose from a list of courses in several areas of study. Classes often focused on a highly 48 topic and emphasized "ways of knowing".

Under a new plan, the curriculum would be replaced with a set of 49 "Harvard College Courses", emphasizing knowledge over methodology and 50 wider territory. A life sciences course, for example, might combine molecular and evolutionary biology and psychology, rather than focusing on one of those, said Benedict Gross, Harvard College dean.

41. A. inspecting B. reviewing C. searching D. underlying

42. A. in accordance with B. in line with C. in charge of D. in response to

43. A. update B. uphold C. upset D. upward

44. A. trust-worthy B. note-worthy C. praise-worthy D. reward-worthy

45. A. turn out B. turn in C. turn to D. turn over

46. A. In spite of B. As if C. Let alone D. Rather than

47. A. perish B. destroy C. abolish D. denounce

48. A. appropriate B. imaginative C. special D. specific

49. A. optical B. optional C. opposite D. optimistic

50. A. sparing B. spiraling C. spanning D. sparkling

PART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)

Passage One

A report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power disaster. The report was published by the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution.'? Quite a lot, it turns out.

Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source--exhaust fumes(烟气). Also don't walk

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behind smokers. Walk on the windward side of the street where exposure to pollutants can be 50 percent less than on the downwind side.

Sitting on the driver's side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker can reduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be, less toxic than that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles thrown up by wheels hitting the rails. But diesel and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants.

When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb while you wait for the light to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly.

There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants.

51. What is the passage mainly about?

A. How to fight air pollution in big cities.

B. How to avoid air pollution in big cities.

C. How to breathe fresh air in big cities.

D. How serious air pollution is in big cities.

52. According to the report, air pollution in big cities __________.

A. can be more serious than Chernobyl nuclear disaster

B. cannot be compared with the disaster in Chernobyl

C. can release as damaging radiation as the Chernobyl disaster

D. can be more serious than we used to think

53. When you walk in a busy street, you should walk on the side ___________.

A. where the wind is coming

B. where the wind is going

C. where the wind is weaker

D. where the wind is stronger

54. If you take a bus in a big city in China, you should sit _________.

A. on the left side in the bus

B. on the right side in the bus

C. in the middle of the bus

D. at the back of the bus

55. It is implied in the passage that ________.

A. people should not take street level transportation

B. tiny iron particles will not cause health problems

C. air pollution on an underground train is less poisonous

D. traveling on an underground train is better than taking the bus

56. While waiting to cross a busy street, you should ___________.

A. wait a few seconds until the fumes reduce

B. stay away from the traffic as far as possible

C. hold your breath until you get to the other side of the street

D. count down for the light to change

Passage Two

Global warming poses a threat to the earth, but humans can probably ease the climate threats brought on by rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, global climate specialist Richard Alley told an audience at the University of Vermont. Alley said his research in Greenland suggested that subtle changes in atmospheric patterns leave parts of the globe susceptible to abrupt and dramatic climate shifts that can last decades or centuries.

Almost all scientists agree that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere created as humans burn fossil fuel is warming the planet. How to respond to the warming is a matter of intense political, scientific and economic debate worldwide.

Alley said he was upbeat about global warming because enough clever people existed in the world to find other reliable energy sources besides fossil fuels. He said people can get rich finding marketable alternatives to fossil fuel. "Wouldn't it be useful if the United States were to have a piece of the action. Wouldn't it be useful if some bright students from University of Vermont were to have a piece of the action," Alley said.

Alley said that Europe and parts of eastern North America could in a matter of a few years revert to a cold,

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windy region, like the weather in Siberia. Such shifts have occurred frequently over the millennia, Alley's research shows. A gradual change in atmospheric temperature, such as global warming, could push the climate to a threshold where such a shift suddenly occurs, he said.

Alley told his audience of about 200 people in a University of Vermont lecture hall Wednesday evening that he couldn't predict if, when or where sudden shifts toward cold, heat, drought or water could occur under global warming, but it is something everyone should consider.

"This is not the biggest problem in the world. The biggest problem in the world is getting along with each other. But it's part of that because we're not going to get along with each other if we're not getting along with the planet," Alley said.

57. According to Ally the climate threats to the earth brought by global warming _________.

A. can be eased

B. can be ended

C. will become worse

D. will last for decades

58. Ally's research shows that dramatic climate changes may be caused by ___________.

A. abrupt changes in atmospheric patterns

B. subtle changes in atmospheric patterns

C. humans' burning of fossil fuel

D. increasing levels of carbon dioxide

59. The word "upbeat" (in Paragraph 3) probably means __________.

A. pessimistic

B. optimistic

C. worried

D. insensible

60. What does Ally suggest people do in order to reduce global warming?

A. To find other energy sources besides fossil fuels.

B. To start a political, scientific and economic debate.

C. To take action to burn no fossil fuels.

D. To call on people worldwide to protect our earth.

61. Alley predicts that global warming could turn Europe and parts of eastern North America into ______.

A. a region like Siberia

B. a warmer and warmer place

C. a tropical region

D. a place like North Pole

62. Ally thinks the biggest problem in the world is

A. lack of harmony

B. violence

C. global warming

D. climate shift

Passage Three

We're talking about money here, and the things you buy with it--and about what attitude we should take to spending.

Across most of history and in most cultures, there has been a general agreement that we should work hard, save for the future and spend no more than we can afford. It's nice to have a comfortable life right now, but it is best to think of the future. Yet economists have long known that things don't work out that way. They point to an idea called the "paradox of thrift." Imagine you are the owner of a big business making consumer goods. You want your own staff to work hard and save their money. That way, you don't have to pay them as much. But you want everybody else to spend all the money they can. That way you make bigger profits.

It's a problem on a global scale. Many people in the UK and the United States are worried about levels of personal debt. Yet if people suddenly stopped buying things and started paying back what they owe to credit card companies, all the economies of the Western world would collapse. The banks would be happy, but everybody else would be in trouble.

Traditionally, economists have believed that spending money is about making rational choices. People buy things to make their life better in some way. But in recent years, they have noticed that people often do not actually behave in that way. We all know people who take pleasure in buying useless things. And there are many people around who won't buy things that they need.

In a recent series of experiments, scientists at Stanford University in the US confirmed something that many people have long suspected. People spend money because the act of buying gives them pleasure. And they refuse to spend when it causes them pain. The scientists discovered that different areas of the brain that anticipate pleasure and pain become more active when we are making a decision to buy things. People who spend a lot have their pleasure centers stimulated. People who like to save find buying things painful.

If you think you really want that product because it's beautiful or useful, you are wrong, say the scientists. The desire to buy something is a product of the reaction between chemicals released by different parts of the brain

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when the eyes see a product.

63. Across most of history and in most cultures, people are advised to _____________.

A. enjoy their present life as much as possible

B. spend every penny they have earned

C. save every penny for the future

D. save some money for later use

64. According to the context, "paradox" (in Paragraph 2) probably means “__________”.

A. contradiction

B. hypothesis

C. declaration

D. assertion

65. It is implied that many people in the UK and the United States

A. have to work hard to make ends meet

B. spend more than they can afford

C. have trouble in paying back their debts

D. don't pay back their debts on time

66. According to the resent studies made by economists, people__________.

A. take pleasure in buying useless things

B. won't buy things that they need.

C. spend their money irrationally

D. make rational choices while spending their money

67. It has been proved by the scientists at Stanford University that some people like to save money because_____.

A. they like keeping their money in the bank

B. they will feel safe if they save enough money for the future

C. they don't want to spend their money on useless things

D. spending money gives them pain

68. The passage mainly tells us_________.

A. how to spend our money

B. it is better to save some money for the future

C. it is the chemicals released from the brain that decide our spending

D. how to form a habit of rational spending

Passage Four

Trees are good. Good enough to hug. Planting trees will make the world cooler than it would otherwise be. This is the subject of a newly published study by Govindasamy Bala, of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in California, and his colleagues. Dr Bala has found, rather counter-intuitively, that removing all of the world's trees might actually cool the planet down.

The reason for this is that trees affect the world's temperature by means other than the carbon they take in. For instance forests remain quite a dark shade even after a snowstorm. They are certainly darker than grasslands, and thus they can absorb more of the sun's heat than vegetation which might otherwise cover the same stretch of land. That warms things up.

Dr Bala and his colleagues took such effects into account using a computer model called the Integrated Climate and Carbon Model. Unlike most climate-change models, which calculate how the Earth should absorb and radiate heat in response to a list of greenhouse-gas concentrations, this one has many subsections that represent how the carbon cycle works, and how it influences the climate.

Overall, Dr Bala's model suggests that complete deforestation would cause an additional 1.3?C temperature rise compared with business as usual, because of the higher carbon-dioxide levels that would result. However, the additional reflectivity of the planet would cause 1.6?C of cooling. A treeless world would thus be 0.3?C cooler than otherwise.

No one, of course, would consider chopping down the world's forests to keep the planet cool. But having made their point, Dr Bala and his colleagues then went on to look at forest growth and loss at different latitudes. Planting trees in convenient places such as Europe and North America may actually be counterproductive. In Russia and Canada, cutting trees down led mostly to local cooling. The carbon dioxide this released into the atmosphere, though, warmed the world all over. Around the equator, by contrast, warming acted locally (as well as globally), so a tropical country would experience warming created by cutting down trees.

The results follow increasing criticism from climate scientists of the benefits of forestry schemes to offset carbon emissions. Planting trees to neutralise carbon emissions has become a big business: ￡60m worth of trees have been bought this year, up from ￡20m in 2005. By 2010 the market is expected to reach ￡300m.

69. According to the passage, trees make the world warmer because of their _________.

A. deep color

B. round shape

C. enormous size

D. high reflectivity

70. Dr Bala's Integrated Climate and Carbon Model____________.

A. supports the findings of other climate models

B. is based on the results of other climate models

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C. uses a system different from other climate models

D. challenges the basic theory of other climate models

71. Based on Dr Bala's model, a treeless world would__________.

A. cause serious environmental problems

B. prove helpful in fighting global warming

C. make it difficult to deal with climate change

D. raise carbon dioxide levels and global temperature

72. According to Dr Bala, the best places to plant trees would be__________.

A. North America

B. Europe

C. High-latitude countries.

D. tropical countries

73. As is shown in the passage, criticism from other climate scientists__________.

A. should be taken rather seriously

B. is unreasonable and far-fetched

C. involves mostly economic interests

D. is voiced on behalf of the government

74. The best title for the passage is____________.

A. Should Green Trees Be Left Alone?

B. Why Green Trees Might Not Be Green?

C. How to Help Green Trees Survive?

D. How to Go Green with Green Trees?

Passage Five

The patient needed a spinal tap, and a senior attending physician asked a medical resident whether a preparatory blood test had been checked. The medical student was stunned to hear him answer in the affirmative, because she was quite certain it had not been checked.

Well, almost certain.

Doctors in training sometimes confront situations in which they worry that their supervising physicians are making mistakes or bending the truth. Yet even though such acts can jeopardize patients, the inclination and ability of young doctors to speak up is hampered by the hierarchies in teaching hospitals.

On the top were the senior physicians who made rounds on the wards once or twice daily. Next were the overworked residents, who essentially lived in the hospital while training. Last were the medical students who were most assuredly at the bottom of the heap.

The student whose resident seemingly lied to the attending physician about the blood test did not speak up. The resident was a good doctor, she said, and so she had given him the benefit of the doubt. And, she added, both the resident and the attending physician would be grading her.

What should a medical student do in such a situation? One possibility is to take the matter up with a more senior doctor. Or the student might go directly to the patient or family, telling them that the physicians have a genuine disagreement and that they deserve to know about it.

These options seem logical on paper. As the ethicist James Dwyer has written in The Hastings Center Report, "The practice of always keeping quiet is a failure of caring." But in the real world, it may be extremely difficult to go up the chain of command.

Fortunately, medical educators are increasingly recognizing the dilemmas that doctors in training confront when they witness behavior that makes them uncomfortable. Students and residents are now expected to provide routine feedback -- positive and negative -- about their supervising physicians at the close of their rotation.

Of course, physicians and students need to be educated about how to give feedback in professional and nonconfrontational ways. Medical educators are only now beginning to teach this skill. Still, it will be hard to change the unfortunate perception that constructive feedback, even for a patient's benefit, is whistle-blowing.

75. As mentioned in the passage, the hospital hierarchy______________.

A. is useful to the people on the lower layer

B. is built on a performance-reward system

C. is a barrier to the exchange of medical views

D. is an effective way of teaching medical students

76. "the benefit of the doubt" in Paragraph 5 shows that_________________.

A. the student was not quite certain that she was right

B. the resident did not respond to the student's doubt

C. the student was denied the chance to doubt the superior

D. the resident benefited from the student's suggestion

77. James Dwyer's words mean that___________.

A. students should learn to speak both kindly and professionally

B. students should challenge the superior for the benefit of patients

C. students should retain their faith even after facing some difficulties

D. students should be educated on how to care more about the patients

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78. What is the attitude of medical educators toward teaching students to give feedback?

A. Confused.

B. Indifferent.

C. Reluctant.

D. Enthusiastic.

79. The author tends to believe that the problem faced by medical students

A. will remain for a long time

B. will disappear in the near future

C. should not be exaggerated

D. cannot be solved successfully

80. The passage focuses on_____________.

A. the development of teaching hospitals' hierarchies

B. the different roles in teaching hospitals' hierarchies

C. the future reforms on teaching hospitals' hierarchies

D. the problems caused by teaching hospitals' hierarchies

PART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)

Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)

In this book, we offer advice that we hope will seem reasonable and worth serious consideration. But as any experienced writer knows, there are occasions when even the best advice may not apply. The demands of writing for different audiences, with different purposes, on different subjects, at different levels of formality are so varied that they cannot begin to be anticipated in a book like this, and we recognize that what is appropriate for one piece of writing may not be appropriate for another. In most cases, you will have to avoid ambiguity at all costs so as not to leave your words open to misinterpretation．

Section B(15 minutes，10 points)

中国可持续发展依赖的有限自然资源正在锐减。一方面是生产规模在不断扩大，消耗更多的能源；另一方面是缺少能高效利用能源的生产设备。这迫使我们思考如何为后人留下足够的环境空间以使他们实现他们的愿望。

PART VI WRITING(30 minutes，10 points)

Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 150 words under the title of “Publish or Perish” Your composition should be based on the information given below：Many universities require each graduate student to have at least one paper published before getting the master's degree．They say this is a good way to evaluate the graduate students．What do you think about this?

参考答案

Part V Translation

Section A

在本书中，我们提出一些建议，我们希望这些建议看起来合理并值得认真考虑。但有经验的作者都知道，有时最好的建议也可能不适用。写书要针对不同的读者，具有不同的目的，有关不同的题材，语言的正式程度也不同，所有这一切提出种种要求，本书是无法预见到的。我们也意识到对某一作品是合适的内容而对另一作品来说可能不合适。在多数情况下，你只好不惜代价把含义表达清楚(避免含义不清)，目的是防止人们随意曲解你使用的文字。

Section B

The limited natural resources on which China's sustainable development depends are declining sharply, on the one hand, the expanding scale of production leads to (results in) increased consumption of energy / the scale of

14

production keeps expanding, consuming more energy. On the other hand, production facilities (equipment) that can utilize energy efficiently are lacking. That (This) forces us to think about how to leave enough environmental space to future generations (our offspring) so that they can fulfill their aspirations.

2008-1

PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )

Section A (0.5 point each)

21. The city was virtually paralyzed by the transit strike for better wages.

A. subjectively

B. imaginably

C. positively

D. practically

22. In spite of the taxing business schedule, he managed to take some time off for exercise.

A. imposing

B. demanding

C. compulsory

D. temporary

23. The court held the parents accountable for the minor child's acts of violence.

A. responsible for

B. indifferent to

C. desperate for

D. involved in

24.The visitors were impressed by the facilities planned and programmed in terms of their interrelationships.

A. in units of

B. with reference to

C. in aspects of

D. on condition of

25. "There is a weird power in a spoken word," Joseph Conrad once said.

A. mighty

B. prospective

C. odd

D. formidable

26. Poverty and inadequate health care take their toll on the quality of a community's health.

A. destruction

B. contribution

C. charge

D. origin

27. This old man had trouble expressing the attachment he felt when arriving at his native town.

A. hospitality

B. affection C: appeal D. frustration

28. If you become reconciled to your lot, you will never get a new start in life.

A. submissive

B. resistant

C. tolerable

D. committed

29. The little girl felt increasingly uneasy while waiting for her mother at the bus-stop.

A. difficult

B. excited

C. relieved

D. restless

30. A high official is likely to win respect and trust if he can stick to his principles.

A. turn to

B. add to

C. keep to

D. lead to

Section B (0.5 point each)

31. To achieve sustainable development, the of resources is assuming new importance.

A. conservation

B. reservation

C. exhaustion

D. devastation

32. The sale of alcoholic beverages is ________ to those above 21 in some regions.

A. confined

B. inhibited

C. obliged

D. restricted

33. The importance of protecting rainforests from human invasion is increasingly realized by developing and developed

countries_______.

A. both

B. either

C. alike

D. apart

34. Before the 1980s, the idea of health insurance was quite _______ to those living in the mainland of China.

A. overseas

B. abroad

C. foreign

D. offshore

35. The government is expected to make new legislations to ______ foreign investment in real estate.

A. manipulate

B. regulate

C. dominate

D. prevail

36. Despite the suspect's ________to be innocent, there is compelling evidence that he was involved.

A. conviction

B. assertion

C. accusation

D. speculation

37. For many countries, being part of a global supply chain is like striking oil -- oil that may never ____.

A. run out

B. work out

C. turn out

D. call out

38. Having been an office secretary for some years, she always _______chores in a responsible way.

A. goes on

B. goes for

C. goes without

D. goes about

39. Without clear guidelines ______, executives of hospitals are sometimes at a loss about what to do.

A. in order

B. in place

C. in need

D. in trouble

40. The age of other trees is variously estimated as ______ from two hundred to eight hundred years.

A. changing

B. differing

C. varying

D. ranging

PART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)

Every year, as the price of goods rises, the inflation refuses to (41) even from the high educational institutions.

In the US, according to a 2005 survey by the College Board, (42) at state universities rose by an average of 7.1 percent annually, after a year when inflation grew much less. At private schools it was up 5.9 percent. The survey which (43) more than 3,000 colleges and universities did not provide clear reasons for the continued increases. It did say that the price of goods and services at universities have risen rapidly. Some of the fastest growth has been in employee health

15

(44), and professional salaries.

Living expenses on campus have also (45). At the university of Southern California student dining hall, a buffet meal cost $5.50 in 2004. But now it's $9. The US government often provides (46) assistance to students' lunch in primary and high schools, but these favorable policies usually don't (47) universities.

Some students said the food on campus is sometimes even more expensive than that at restaurants (48) campus.

To compensate the rise in tuition and living expenses, the federal and state governments (49) universities and private sources have provided (50) for students. Of all the full time undergraduates about 62 percent have a grant covering 30-50 percent of their tuition, according to the College Board.

41. A. stay away B. stand out C. step down D. set off

42. A. fares B. payment C. charges D. tuition

43. A. attended B. covered C. included D. composed

44. A. welfares B. advantages C. benefits D. goods

45. A. rolled up B. gone up C. sat up D. taken up

46. A. management B. economic C. policy D. financial

47. A. apply to B. suit for C. adjust to D. gear for

48. A. in B. to C. off D. over

49. A. as well as B. the same as C. as far as D. such as

50. A. grasps B. grains C. grounds D. grants

PART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)

Passage One

Did your mum and dad go to university, or did they leave school and go straight to the Job Centre? The educational experience of parents is still important when it comes to how today's students choose an area of study and what to do after graduation, according to The Future-track research in the UK.

The research was done by the Higher Education Careers Service Unit. It plans to follow university applicants for six years from 2006 through their early careers.

The first year's findings come from a study of 130,000 university applicants. They show significant differences in prospective students' approach to higher education, depending on whether their parents got degrees (second-generation applicants) or didn't (first-generation applicants).

First-generation applicants were more likely to say that their career and employment prospects were uppermost in their minds in deciding to go to university. About one-fifth of this group gave "to enable me to get a good job" as their main reason for choosing HE. And 37 percent said that a degree was "part of my career plan".

A young person coming from a non-professional household where finances are stretched may find the idea of learning for its own sake to be a luxury. This explains the explosion in vocational courses.

At Portsmouth University, first-year student Kim Burnett, 19, says that she specifically chose her degree in health research management and psychology to get a secure, well-paid job. Harriet Edge, 20, studying medicine at Manchester University, also wanted job security. Her parents lacked college degrees, though the fact that her uncle is a doctor appears to have influenced her choice.

"Medicine is one of those fields where it's pretty likely you'll get a job at the end. That's a big plus, as the debt levels after five years of study are going to be frightening," she says. Many experts believe that this situation affects those with no family tradition of higher education far more keenly. The fact that 26 percent of respondents said that they needed more advice implies that some students may end up feeling that their higher education investment was not worthwhile.

For those with graduate parents, this lack of guidance may, the researchers suggest, be less of a problem. " But, for those without the advantages, lack of access to career guidance before applying for higher education leaves them exposed to making poorer choices," the survey concludes.

51. The main idea of the passage is that_________.

A. parents' experiences are more important for their children's education

B. parents' careers are vitally important for their children's degrees

C. students' approach to higher education correlates with their parents' educational experience

D. students' career and employment prospects are decided by their parents

52. "HE" in the 4th paragraph probably refers to __________.

A. health education

B. higher employment

C. Harriet Edge

D. higher education

53. A young person coming from a non-professional household ____________.

A. is less likely to get financial aid to go to university

B. is more likely to choose vocational education

C. may think learning for pleasure is a good idea

D. may choose to study for a professional degree

54. In which of the following aspects do Kim Burnett and Harriet Edge have in common?

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A. They both chose their majors because of their family influence.

B. They are both the first-year students in university.

C. Both of their parents lack college degrees.

D. Both of them chose degrees for job security.

55. It is implied that ____________.

A. the cost of a degree in medicine is very high

B. higher education investment in medicine is not worthwhile

C. a student without family medical tradition is less likely to choose medicine

D. medicine is a field where every degree-holder can get a job

56.Those with graduate parents may _________.

A. make poorer choices when choosing their majors

B. make better choices when applying for higher education

C. not need career guidance before graduation

D. have no problems in applying for a college

Passage Two

Last month, the public address system at Earl's Court subway station in London was ordered to get the noise down. Passengers, it seems, had had enough of being told the blindingly obvious: "Stand back or the train will run you over." "Don't lean on the doors." "Stand back from the opening doors." "Do this." "Don't do that."

Bossiness is not just aural. It is also written. As a commuter, I'm continually bombarded by notices on car walls. "Please take your feet off the seat." "Please turn down your personal stereo." And when I drive past the local primary, a sign flashes: "School. Slow down!"

The presumption behind these signs is that Britons must have everything spelled out because we are tow, uncivilized people who were raised by wolves.

Britain didn't use to be so bossy. When I was a boy, for instance, the local cinema put a warning on screen before we settled down to watch. "Don't," it said, "make noises." In those days, long before mobile phones, it was the only bossiness we saw in the cinema. Since then, bossiness has become more commonplace. Television, that strongest guide to public morals and lifestyles in this country, is alive with dominant people. On screen, we see health experts holding some poor woman's breasts and demanding that she get in shape. Cooking programs tell us not to think of leaving toast crumbs on the kitchen table.

There is no point in blaming TV for this new bossiness. We want to be bossed. We have behaved badly and now we yearn to feel the whip to correct us. On July 1, smoking will be banned in public places in England. My local government told churches in the area last week that no-smoking posters must be prominently displayed by church entrances.

I love this: the governments are bossing people to make them more bossy. They are insisting that priests tell their congregations (教区的教民) what to do.

My local government isn't the only source of bossiness. I find it everywhere. But the rise in bossiness does not seem to have been accompanied by a rise in socially well-adjusted behavior. In fact, the opposite. Perhaps this is because, if you feel as though you are treated with contempt, you will respond with the same.

57. The case at Earl's Court subway station shows that _________.

A. it is very noisy in public places

B. it is necessary to warn the passengers of their safety

C. people have realized the importance of public order

D. people have been tired of being bossed

58. It is presumed that bossiness is everywhere because Britons__________.

A. need to be bossed to behave themselves

B. want to be reminded of how to behave well

C. must have everything spelled out

D. are raised in uncivilized society

59. It is suggested in the passage that____________.

A. now Britons behave much better than they did in the past

B. in the past Britons behaved much better than they do now

C. the dominant people on screen should be blamed for the new bossiness

D. television has misguided the public morals and lifestyles in Britain

60. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?

A. Television should play a role in enhancing public morals.

B. The local government has got involved in the church activities.

C. The governments want to make themselves more authoritative by bossing people.

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D. The rise in bossiness has helped the improvement of people's behavior.

61. The author writes this passage in a _________.

A. funny tone

B. criticizing tone

C. friendly tone

D. radical tone

62. What is the appropriate title of this passage?

A. British People Have Had Enough Bossiness Around

B. British People Want to Be Bossed

C. Bossiness in Great Britain: Its Past and Present

D. Bossiness in Great Britain Should Be Ignored

Passage Three

It began as just another research project, in this case to examine the effects of various drugs on patients with a severe mood disorder. Using an advanced brain scanning technology--the clumsily named echo-planar magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (磁共振光谱成像) procedure, or EP-MRSI--researchers at Boston's McLean Hospital scanned the medicated and un-medicated brains of 30 people with bipolar disorder in order to detect possible new treatments for the more than 2 million American adults who suffer from the disease.

But something unexpected happened. A patient who had been so depressed that she could barely speak became ebullient after the 45-minute brain scan. Then a second patient, who seemed incapable of even a smile, emerged actually telling jokes. Then another and another. Was this some coincidence? Aimee Parow, the technician who made these observations didn't think so. She mentioned the patients' striking mood shifts to her boss and together they completely refocused the study: to see if the electromagnetic fields might actually have a curative effect on depressive mood.

As it turns out, they did. As reported last month in the American Journal of Psychiatry, 23 of the 30 people who were part of the study reported feeling significantly less depressed after the scan. The most dramatic improvements were among those who were taking no medication. The researchers are cautious. Says Bruce Cohen, McLean's president and psychiatrist in chief: “I want to emphasize that we are not saying this is the answer but this is a completely different approach in trying to help the brain than anything that was done before."

It's a completely different approach because of the way the magnetism is applied to the brain. But it's an example of new research on an old idea: that the brain is an electromagnetic organ and that brain disorders might result from disorder in magnetic function. The idea has huge appeal to psychiatrists and patients alike, since for many people the side effects of psychiatric (精神的) drugs are almost as difficult to manage as the disease itself. And 30 percent of the nearly 18.8 million people who suffer from depression do not respond to any of the antidepressants available now. People with other severe mental disorders might benefit as well. And while no one fully understands exactly why or how the brain responds as it does to electrical currents and magnetic waves, fascinating new research is offering some possible explanations.

63. The first paragraph describes a project aimed at finding ____________.

A. who has bipolar disorder

B. what improves people's moods

C. whether magnetic scanning is a treatment

D. how some patients respond to some drugs

64. What does the passage say about bipolar disorder?

A.It mainly affects males.

B. It may cause drug addiction.

C. It is a mental problem.

D. It is hard to detect.

65. The word "ebullient" in Paragraph 2 can be best replaced by________.

A. considerate

B. quiet

C. excited

D. sorrowful

66. The researchers' attitude toward the new finding can be described as_________.

A. confused

B. amused

C. careful

D. skeptical

67. The new finding is significant because it shows that electromagnetic fields may

A. treat mental disorders

B. cause mental disorders

C. increase the effectiveness of some drugs

D. reduce the effectiveness of some drugs

68. The passage mainly_________.

A. reports a discovery

B. challenges a discovery

C. explains the problems with a discovery

D. describes the background of a discovery

Passage Four

My kids tell me that I am "so 20th century", which troubles me. A person likes to feel that he is "with it", as we used to say in the 20th century.

So I have been thinking how I might change myself into a true 21st-century man. Clearly, in my advanced state of age I would be foolish to attempt some wild leap into the contemporary fashion. And anyway, my distinctive taste attracts much favourable comment.

But if my clothing is too characteristic to change, perhaps I should do something about my lifestyle. So last week I took myself to the NEC for the Smart Home Show which is "the exhibition dedicated to all the latest trends in smart

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home technology".

It was a shock. How could I have lived for half a century without a fingerprint-operated front door? ("Never lock yourself out of your home again!") Or vacuum cleaners that suck dust straight into a dustbin, via a system of pipes in your house walls? (All you have to do is rebuild your entire home.) Or automatic garden sprinklers which are so smart that they turn themselves off when it starts to rain? Of course, you could just look out of the window, observe that it's raining and turn them off yourself, but that would be so 20th century.

Besides, those were just the simpler things. For the true smart-home owner, a plasma (等离子) TV fireplace is a must. At first glance it's just an electric fire with a mantelpiece，but press your remote and a giant TV screen rises from the mantelpiece. "Thieves won't even know it's there," a spokesman claimed. Just as well. At ￡5,280，it would be a pity to have it broken. But the real revolution has happened in the bathroom. Never again need you feel cut off from world events as you go about your washing. Forget the mirrors that turn into TV screens. They're old hat. The buzz in bathrooms now is all about heated towel-racks that turn into TVs.

Enough! I was convinced: I want a smart home. There's only one problem: The cost. You are looking at ￡18,000 to ￡25,000 for an average home. Hmm. I won't be entering the 21st century just yet, then.

69. To be "21st century", the author decided to___________.

A. move to a new house

B. change the way he lived

C. improve his dressing style

D. talk in the most trendy fashion

70. The author's comment on the vacuum cleaner implies that___________.

A. he believed that it was useless

B. he wanted to purchase one himself

C. he hated to cause inconvenience

D. he thought that it was not worth the effort

71. What is the most revolutionary smart home technology according to the author?

A. The plasma TV fireplace.

B. The automatic garden sprinkler.

C. Mirrors that turn into TV screens.

D. Heated towel-racks that turn into TVs.

72. The Smart Home Show__________.

A. seemed too good to be true

B. was a true eye-opener for the author

C. left a negative impression on the author

D. appealed less to the middle- and old-aged

73. What does the author think of buying the smart home products?

A. He was interested, but found them too expensive.

B. He was fascinated, and determined to buy them.

C. He wasn't attracted, and wouldn't buy them.

D. He wasn't sure, so he would rather wait and see.

74. Which of the following words could best describe the author's tone?

A. Overstated.

B. Objective.

C. Ironic.

D. Passionate.

Passage Five

Never before has flying been so controversial. In the space of two years, the environmental damage done by planes has gone from being something quietly discussed by scientists and committed environmentalists, to a headline-grabbing issue no one can ignore.

Even those who fly once or twice a year on holiday can't help but feel a growing sense of guilt, while those opting for trips by car, train or ferry have a self-righteous spring in their steps.

Now, however, the backlash is beginning. The tourism and aviation industries are mobilizing, and pointing out some awkward facts. Did you know that some ferries emit far more carbon dioxide than some planes'? That driving can release twice as much carbon as flying? A new report from Balpa, the pilot's union, even claims that planes can be better than train.

While there are the campaigners who plot their camp at Heathrow to protest the air travel, in Kenya plans are being drawn up for a very different camp. Looking out from a cliff over the deserts of Samburuland is a stunning hotel, the O1 Malo Eco-Lodge. Revenue from the small number of visiting tourists has allowed the 5,000 acres around it to be transformed from over-grazed cattle ranch to a conservation site. More impressive still is the O1 Malo eye project. Up to 80 per cent of adults in the area suffer sight loss, so the O1 Malo Trust runs regular surgical camps, bringing doctors from the UK to treat them. In January, the camp gave 102 people back their sight. "It's very simple--all of our visitors fly here," said Julia Francombe, the founder. "If they stopped coming, it would kill us."

One thing on which all sides agree is that aviation is booming, so it becomes crucial to develop new and less polluting aircraft. Airbus's claim that it can save the world with the A380 may be far-fetched, but its "gentle giant" plane is far more efficient and quieter than those of 20 years ago.

Some environmentalists, however, scorn these advances, saying such measures are a "delusion." "The aviation industry is likely to vastly overstate the gains that can be made from technological improvements but sadly a climate friendly plane isn't on the horizon," says Emily Armistead of Greenpeace.

So the question is: who do you believe?

75. Pollution caused by planes used to _____________.

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A. be heatedly debated in the scientific community

B. be a controversial issue no one could ignore

C. draw little attention among the general public

D. pert people's attention from more important issues

76. Compared with people who fly, those who choose cars or trains for travel_________.

A. feel equally guilty of causing environmental damages

B. seem to care more about the environment than about time

C. believe that they are doing the right thing for the environment

D. are more troubled by the latest facts on environmental pollution

77. The camps in Kenya are mentioned to_________.

A. demonstrate the necessity of flying

B. emphasize the problems of flying

C. persuade people to turn to flying

D. present the two sides of flying

78. Emily Armistead suggests that the aviation industry___________.

A. has not made great efforts to develop environmentally friendly planes

B. cannot come up with environmentally friendly planes in the near future

C. should not use environmentally friendly planes to solve their problems

D. will not save the world even with environmentally friendly planes

79. What is the author's position on air travel?

A. Air travel should be avoided if possible.

B. Air travel is not as problematic as people believe.

C. It is too early to say that air travel has caused damages.

D. It is hard to decide whether we should continue air travel

80. The best title for the passage is “___________”.

A. Should We Stop Flying?

B. When Can We Stop Flying?

C. What Will Happen If We Stop Flying?

D. Will Stopping Flying Make a Difference?

PART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)

Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)

British previous colonial policies led to the spread of English across the world. This wide use of English has been reinforced by the sweeping influence of the U.S.. However, the dominance of English as an international language is considered both a blessing and a curse. For one thing, it has accelerated the extinction of some languages. People have been wondering about the possibility of creating a global language which might hold promises for an end to language-caused troubles and conflicts. Unfortunately, attempts to harmonize world languages have met with little success as a result of the reluctance of native speakers of a particular language to adopt another language as their mother tongue. To discard one's native language is to have the distinct features of his nation erased.

Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)

根据最新统计，67％的美国人能上网，该比例是中国的6倍。尽管互联网作用巨大，但许多问题远远没有解决，如：病毒侵入和信息安全。即使这些问题最终有可能得到解决，也需要艰辛的努力和多年时间。

PART VI WRITING ( 30 minutes, 10 points )

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 150 words under the title of "Should outsiders be allowed to study in university classrooms?" Your composition should be based on the information given below:

Nowadays many universities ban outsiders to study in their classrooms. They send security personnel to guard each entrance to the classroom buildings. Only students and teachers may enter. Do you think universities should allow outsiders to study in their classrooms? Give at least two reasons to support your ideas.

2008-6

PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )

Section A (0.5 point each)

21. Some scientists are trying to eliminate malaria by developing a GM mosquito that can't transmit the disease.

A. remove

B. fabricate

C. enhance

D. utilize

22. A tall building is usually equipped with several elevators, so it doesn't matter if one of them is out of order.

A. in a mess

B. in bad condition

C. in short supply

D. in a hurry

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23. As the train service had been suspended, thousands of people had to wait for days at the station.

A. elevated slightly

B. cancelled completely

C. delayed frequently

D. stopped temporarily

24. We can learn about the hazards of hunting big game in stories about their ancestors.

A. adventures

B. pleasures

C. dangers

D. consequences

25. Novel drugs developed through biotechnologies can be expected to deliver a better effect.

A. distribute

B. produce

C. liberate

D. express

26. The price of housing varies with demand, and the same rule seems to hold for automobiles.

A. contain

B. fasten

C. grasp

D. apply

27. Some people are skeptical about the validity of Aristotle's argument that man is by nature a political animal.

A. efficiency

B. soundness

C. availability

D. contribution

28. Heart-broken and desperate, she was determined to leave this family for good.

A. permanently

B. alternatively

C. temporarily

D. desirably

29. It is generally believed that money can always bring happiness, but studies and surveys have proved that this is

a myth.

A. fairy tale

B. absolute myth

C. mistaken idea

D. big controversy

30. The sight of these soldiers toiling along the expressway was extremely touching to a tender heart.

A. sympathetic

B. mild

C. concerned

D. feeble

Section B (0.5 point each)

31. Students of English are advised to try to ___________the meaning of a new word from the context.

A. turn out

B. figure out

C. look out

D. put out

32. The drastic changes that have taken place in China have won worldwide __________.

A. identification

B. realization

C. admission

D. recognition

33. Bill Clinton rose to prominence after he was elected ________ of Arkansas at age 32 in 1978.

A. president

B. secretary

C. governor

D. premier

34. The finding of this experiment is __________ with what was previously reported.

A. consistent

B. constant

C. coherent

D. competent

35. However, the nature of online ________ is such that we tend to be more honest, more intimate.

A. interruptions

B. interpretations

C. imaginations

D. interactions

36. Reading extensively can broaden our vision and extend our life into a new _________.

A. perspective

B. hierarchy

C. layer

D. dimension

37. I was quite _______ to find my test score well below that of my tablemate.

A. fascinated

B. dismayed

C. amused

D. convinced

38. An earthquake of 8- _________ struck some parts of this province, causing a death toll of over 30,000.

A. altitude

B. aptitude

C. magnitude

D. gratitude

39. Both linguists and psychologists are eager to learn more about the process of language ________.

A. acquisition

B. attainment

C. possession

D. fulfillment

40. An overseas market with a great growth potential is not easy to _________.

A. break down

B. break up

C. break through

D. break into

PART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)

According to the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), car crashes are the leading cause of death among children 41 5 and 14 years of age. Says NHTSA: "Over 50% of children who die in crashes are 42 by safety devices. 43 , 4 out of 5 children are improperly restrained."

The NHTSA offers a number of safety tips and 44 for those who are accompanied by children while driving. Although laws 45 from country to country and even from state to state, these guidelines may 46 food for thought to many parents and guardians of children. Please check your local laws and do 47 you can to keep your precious baby safe.

The safest place for all children is in the back seat. Infants should be 48 in a rear-facing safety seat in the backseat of the car. A child at least a year old and 49 at least 20 pounds may be placed in a forward-facing seat. At 40 pounds, the child can use a "booster seat", which is secured by one of the car's lap and shoulder 50 . At approximately 80 pounds and a height of about four feet nine inches, the child may begin using an adult safety belt.

41. A. at B. between C. for D. about

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