高一升高二英语教案

一． 名词：Noun

名词解说：名词是用来表示人名、地名、时间、事件名称及抽象概念的词。

高考聚焦：名词的复数、可数与不可数、近义词辨析、名词的习惯用法。 1.名词的性：

表示男人或雄性动物的名词属于阳性，表示女人或雌性动物的名词属于阴性，其他名词属于中性。 注意以下名词的区别： 阳性：

bull公牛， cock公鸡， king国王， actor男演员， prince王子， waiter服务员， policeman警察， salesman售货员， landlord房东， male男性， goat公羊， wolf公狼。

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阴性： cow母牛， hen母鸡， queen王后， actress女演员， princess公主， waitress女服务员， policewoman女警察， saleswoman女售货员， landlady女房东， female女性， she-goat母羊， she-wolf母狼。

2.名词的数： 名词的不规则变化： a. 内

部

元

音

发

生

变

化:man-men,woman-women,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice.

b. 词尾加-en或-ren:ox-oxen,child-children

c. 单复数通形：sheep绵羊，fish鱼，deer鹿，Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,means方法，crossroads十字路口，works工厂，species种类。 d. 注意：

1.chicken当“小鸡”讲时，是可数n,

：There are a lot of chickens in the fields.田地里有很多小鸡。

当“鸡肉讲时，是不可数的。

I prefer chicken to fish.我喜欢吃鸡肉而不喜欢吃鱼肉。 2.fish当“鱼”讲时，单复数同形，是可数的。 例：She gave me two fish. 她给了我两条鱼。 Fish当“鱼的种类”讲时，复数形式为fishes.

例：There are two fishes in the pool. 这个池塘里有两种鱼。 Fish当“鱼肉”讲时，是不可数的。

例：There isn’t much fish on the plate.盘子里的鱼肉不多。 复合名词的复数形式：

通常是将其主要名词变为复数。如：

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Passer-by, passers-by.过路人。Shoe-maker, shoe-makers,鞋匠

Looker-on,lookers-on旁观者。Father-in-law, fathers-in-law岳父

若没有主要名词，则通常在最后一个词尾加-s。如： Go-between, go-betweens,中间人，媒人。 Know-all, know-alls, 万事通。 注意:

由man/woman用于另一名词前构成的合成名词，在变复数时man/woman以及其后的名词均应变为复数。如： Man doctor—men doctors, 男医生 Woman writer—women writers, 女作家 单位词piece与pair：

1.不可数名词计数常用piece,意为“张，块，条”等。如： A

music/furniture.

2.pair主要用来指由两者组成的“一双”或“一对”，或由两部分合成的“一条，一副，一把”等。如： A

pair

of

shoes/wings/gloves/socks/glasses/trousers/shorts(短裤) 几组集合名词的用法特点：

1. family家庭，team队，class班，audience听众等，其用

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piece of

paper/news/bread/meat/information/wood/advice/chalk/ice/

法特点为：若视为整体，表示单数意义；若考虑其个体成员，表示复数意义。如：

This class has 40 pupils. 这个班有40个学生。

This class are playing football now.这个班的学生正在踢足球。

2. cattle牛，people人，police警察等，其用法特点为：只有单数形式，但表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语动词用复数形式，不与a/an 连用，但可与the连用。如： people are beginning to talk about her.人们开始议论她。 The police were after him.警察正在追捕他。

3. goods货物，clothes衣服等，其用法特点是：只有复数形式，表复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式，但通常不与数词连用。如：

Such clothes are very expensive. 那样的衣服很贵。 The goods were stolen.货物被偷了。

4. baggage/luggage行李，clothing衣服，furniture家具，poetry诗，scenery风景，jewelry珠宝等，其用法特点是：是不可数名词，只用单数形式，作主语时谓语动词用单数。如：

Our clothing protects us from the cold.我们的衣服可以御寒。

Is this all your baggage? 这就是你所有的行李吗？ 3. 名词的格:

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1.-‘s 用于有生命的名词，有时也用于无生命的名词，如： My mother’s bag, the horse’s tail.

Two days’ journey, the earth’s surface, the moon’s rays月光。

2.of 一般用于无生命的名词所有格，如: The title of the novel, at the end of the road.

3.of 所有格也可用于有生命的人或物，有时可与-‘s呼唤。如：

Mr. Smith’s son=the son of Mr. Smith. Jim’s patience=the patience of Jim

4双重所有格：是指将-‘s 与of 所有格结合起来一起使用，如：

A friend of my father’s. 我父亲的一位朋友。

A photo of Mr. Smith’s. 史密斯先生（收集）的一张照片。 有时既可使用双重所有格也可使用of 所有格，但含义稍有差别，如：

A photo of Mary’s. 玛丽（收藏）的一张照片（不一定是她本人的照片）

A photo of Mary. 一张玛丽的照片（是她本人的照片） 4. 易混名词辨析： Sound, noise, voice

1.Sound 声音、音响，含义最广，指人能听到的任何声音。如：

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We couldn’t hear a sound here.

2. noise噪音、喧闹声，指不悦耳的、不和谐的嘈杂声、喧闹声。如：

He enjoys the country life, away from city noise.

3. voice指说话声、歌唱声、鸟叫声、电台声音等。如; Don’t speak in such a high voice.说话声音不要这么大。 Home, house, family

1. home“家，家庭，住所”强调一个人以及被抚养长大的环境。如：

He is glad to see his old home once again.他很高兴再次见到自己的家。

2. house“住宅，房子”一般指供人居住的建筑物本身。如： Many new houses have been put up.很多新住宅已经建成。 3. family“家，家庭‖ 一般指一种社会结构的家庭，也可指家庭各成员。如;

He was born in a doctor’s family.他出生在一个医生家庭。 His family are all very worried about him.他的家人都对他很担心

Some time, sometime, sometimes 1. some time“一段时间”，如：

I haven’t heard from him for some time since he went abroad. 自他去国外以来，我有一段时间没收到他的来信了。 2. sometime“某个时候、有朝一日、日后”，可指过去，也

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可指将来。如：

I met her sometime last year.我去年某个时候见过他。 I will call you up sometime tomorrow.我明天某个时候会给你打电话。

3.sometimes“有时候”，不能表示一段时间。如： Sometimes I can receive more than 20 emails a day. 有时我一天能收到20多封电子邮件。

二． 冠词

一．冠词概述：用于名词前说明和限定名词，表示泛指或特指的虚词。分为不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词。“不定”指“不确定或泛指”，“定”指“确定或特指”。

例：It’s a very interesting film.那是一部很有趣的电影。 The book on the desk is mine.桌上的书是我的。 Many people are out of work.许多人失业了。

二． 冠词的位置：一般放在名词前，若名词前有形容词等

修饰语，则放在相应的修饰语之前。如： It is a book.

The old man is her father. 特殊位置：

1.若修饰名词的形容词受too, so, as, how, however等副词修饰，则通常将不定冠词置于形容词与名词之间。如: He is as good a student as his brother.他跟他兄弟一样是好

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学生。

He is so clever a boy that we all like him.他很聪明，我们都喜欢他。

It’s too small a box to put it in.要把它放进去，这盒子太小了。

2.若单数可数名词前有such,what,many等词修饰，不定冠词应置于这些修饰语之后。如： What a beautiful flower.多美的花啊！

We seldom hear such a strange story.我们很少听到这么奇怪的故事。

I have never seen such a big apple.我从未见过那么大的苹果。

3. 不定冠词与副词quite, rather连用时，不定冠词通常置于其后，但若其后的名词前有形容词修饰，则不定冠词可以放在rather之前。如：

You have quite a memory.你记性真好。（a 必须后置）。 He is rather a clever boy. It was a rather difficult question. 三．不定冠词的用法：

a 用于读音以辅音音标开头的单词，an用于元音音标开头的单词。如：

a student, a boy, a desk, an apple, an egg, an old man. 注意：

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1． 表示“一”的时候类似于one, 但语气比one弱。如： He asked me for a day off.

He spent an hour reading the passage.

从本质上说，不定冠词侧重指“类别”概念，而数词one 侧重指“数量”概念。如：

I bought a pen.(买的是钢笔，不是铅笔或其他) I bought one pen.(是一支，不是两支或三支)

2. 当要强调数量概念或进行数量对比时，只能用数词one. 如：I want one egg, not two eggs.

3. 用于序数词之前，表示数量或序数的增加。如： Shall I ask him a third time?我还要问他一次吗？（问第三次需记忆的短语：

a few (接可数名词复数)，a little(接不可数名词) have a rest休息一会=have a break

have a good time玩的开心愉快，=have fun have a cold感冒=catch a cold have a fever发烧， give a talk做演讲。 四．定冠词的用法：

1. 与某些形容词连用表示类别：与表示特征、特性、品质等形容词连用。如：

The rich, the poor, the blind, the sick, the old, the young, the dead, the strong.

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注意：这类用法往往具有复数概念，如:

The rich are not always happier than the poor.富人并不总是比穷人过得开心。

与表国籍的形容词连用。如：

The British/English/French/Chinese/Japanese The British drink a great deal of tea.

The Chinese are a friendly people.中华民族是一个友善的民族。

2. 特指前面提到的人或物。如：

Look! A car stopped there. The car is beautiful. 3特指说话双方都知道或能体会到的人或物。如： Please open the window. I don’t like the books.

4. 用于表示独一无二的事物。如： The moon has come out.月亮出来了。

The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 4. 用于表示方位或方向的名词前，如： The sun rises in the east.

Turn to the right at the second crossing.第二个十字路口右拐。 5. 用于序数词或形容词最高级前，如： I was the first one to arrive. This is the worst room in the hotel. 6. 用于乐器名词前表示演奏。如：

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999: nine hundred and ninety-nine

4.1000以上的基数词的表示法：先从右至左数，每三位数加一个逗号，第一个逗号前的数为thousand(千)，第二个逗号前的数为million(百万)，第三个逗号前的数为billion(十亿)，然后一段一段地数。如：

6863：six thousand, eight hundred and sixty-three 365,261: three hundred and sixty-five thousand, two hundred and sixty-one

2,050,331,250: two billion, fifty million, three hundred and thirty-one thousand, two hundred and fifty 注意：

1.英语中没有“万”，表示“万”时用“十千”。如： Ten thousand 一万 fifty thousand 五万

2. hundred, thousand, million 等词在读数时，即在其前有具体的数字时，用单数形式。如： 335：three hundred and thirty-five(正) three hundreds and thirty-five(误)

3. 若不是用于读数，而是用于表示不确定数目，泛指许多，hundred, million 等词要用复数，且与of 连用。如： tens of数十 hundreds of 数百 thousands of 数千 Millions of workers lost their work.数百万人失业。 4. score(20), dozen(12)也可表示数量，其用法与hundred, thousand 类似，但前面有具体数字时不加-s，可与of 连

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用。如：

a score of books二十本书 two score of books 四十本书 scores of books 几十本书 a dozen （of ）books 十二本书 two dozen (of) books 两打书 5. 基数词表示时刻：

对于带“分”的时间，可借助past(过)和to(差)来表示，但是此时的分钟数不能超过30，否则应做处理，如：9：38应处理成“10点差22分”。如：

9:18 eighteen minutes past nine=nine eighteen 10:46 fourteen minutes to eleven=ten forty-six

若分钟数为15或45，可借用quarter, 若分钟数为30，可借用half. 如： 6:15 a quarter past six 6:45 a quarter to seven 6:30 half past six 6. 基数词的句法功能：

① 作主语：Two of the girls are from Tokyo. ② 作宾语：I’ve just read four parts of the novel. ③ 作表语：I’m twenty while my brother is sixteen. ④ 作定语：We have 300 workers in our company. ⑤ 作同位语：You two clean these seats.

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三．序数词：

1. 特殊序数词的拼写形式：fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, twentieth.

2. 两位数的词，只需把个位数变成序数词，十位数不变。如：twenty-first 第21. twenty-fifth 第25

3. 三位数以上的词，只把最后两位数变为序数词，如: 第101：one hundred and first 第999：nine hundred and ninety-ninth

4. 在类似编号的场合，基数词和序数词均可用：序数词放在被修饰词之前，基数词放在其后。如： the first lesson=Lesson One 第1课 the fifth line= Line Five 第5行

但是，多数情况下用基数词更方便、更合适。如： Book One 第1册 Page 12 第12页 5. 序数词前使用冠词的注意事项: ①序数词前通常用定冠词.如： The second is better than the first. ②序数词作副词时通常不用冠词。如: I have to finish my homework first.

③若序数词前有物主代词或名词所有格，则不用冠词。如： his second wife Tom’s third book ④某些固定搭配中序数词前不用冠词。如： first of all 首先

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at first 起初 at first sight 乍一看 at first thought 乍一想

from first to last 从第一个到最后一个 四．分数的表示法：

口诀：分子基，分母序，分子大于1，分母变复数，分母若遇2或4，half, quarter 来代替。如： 1/6: a/one sixth 2/3: two thirds 1/2: a/one half

1/4: a/one fourth=a/one quarter 五．小数的读法:

小数用阿拉伯数字表示，小数点前的数按普通基数词的读法读，小数点后的数每一位都要单独读。如： 67.89：sixty-seven point eight nine 15.503: fifteen point five zero three 0.05: zero point zero five 六．百分数的用法：

1. 表示法：0.3%：zero point three percent 0.12%: zero point one two percent

2. 表示增加或减少的比率时，百分数前用介词by, 表示增加或减少到一个数量时，百分数前用介词to. 如： Farmers’ income has increased by 30%.农民的收入增加了

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30%。

The investment of the materials has increased to 40%.原料的投资增加到了40%。 七．倍数的用法：

表倍数时，一倍用once, 两倍用twice, 三倍以上用“基数词+times‖.如： ① 倍数+what从句

The value of the house is double what it was. 这所房子的价值是原来的两倍。 ② 倍数+比较级+than

This room is three times larger than yours.这间房子比你们的大三倍。

③比较级+than?+by+倍数程度

The line is longer than that one by twice.这根线是那根线的两倍长。

The population of China is larger than that of the US by over 6 times.中国人口是美国人口的6倍多。

一．选择题

1. It took us quite a long time to get to the Disney Park. It was journey. A. three hour B. a three—hours C. a three—hour D. three hours 2. It is reported that the floods have left about people homeless.

A. two thousand B. two—thousands C. two thousands D. two thousands of 3. She went to the bookstore and bought 20

I locked the door so that/in order that I could settle down to my work.(目的)

He was so careless that he forgot to write his name on the paper.(结果)

Because it was late, we took a taxi.(原因)

He went to school though/although he was badly ill.(让步)

While we are neighbours, I don’t know them well.(让步) You should do as/like I do.(方式)

The plan turned out better than I had expected.(比较) 3. 引导定语从句：

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.

There are occasions when one must yield(屈服)。任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

Beijing is the place where I was born.

As we all know, the Great Wall is one of the greatest wonders(奇迹) of the world.

选择题：

1. Tom was about to close the windows his attention was caught by a bird. A. when B. if C. and D. till

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2. Mary made coffee her guests were finishing their meal. A. so that B. although C. while D. after

3. our manager objects to Tom’s joining the club, we shall accept him as a member.

A. Until B. Unless C. If D. After

4. The little girl who got lost decided to remain she was and wait for her mother. A. where B. what C. how D. who 5. –Shall we have our picnic tomorrow?

-- it doesn’t rain.

A. Until B. While C. Once D.If

6. John plays basketball well, his favorite sport is badminton. A. so B. or C. yet D. for

7. The artist was born poor, poor he remained all his life. A. and B. or C. but D. so

8. All people, they are old or young， rich or poor, have been trying their best to help those in need since the disaster. A. even if B. whether C. no matter D. however

9. It is often said that the joy of traveling is in arriving at your destination in the journey itself.

A. /, but B. /, or C. not, or D. not, but

10.Many people wear masks(口罩) over their mouths they might contract(感染) H1N1. A. for fear that B. as long as C. now that D. on condition that 11. Many people believe we are heading for environment disaster we basically change the way we live.

A. but B. although C. unless D. once

12. –What should we do since we can’t make a compromise after lengthy talks?

- you apologize and take back what you’ve said it is all over between us.

A. Not only, but also B. Either, or C. Neither, nor D. Whether, or 13. advertisements are of great help, I don’t think we should entirely rely

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on them.

A. Since B. While C. Because D. As

八．动词

动词解说：动词是描述主语的动作行为或状态的词。

一．动词的分类：根据动词的句法功能可将动词分为实义动词、连系动词；持续性动词和非持续性动词，助动词和非谓语动词。 1. 实义动词：包括及物动词、不及物动词。

不及物动词：不能跟宾语的动词。大多数动词可作及物、不及物动词。常用做不及物动词的有：

Ache, agree, apologize, appear, arrive, die, happen? 及物动词：能跟宾语的动词。可接单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语。 ①接单宾语：只接一个宾语。如：

Accept, admire, admit, affect, afford, announce, borrow, bury, celebrate, defeat?

②接双宾语：接两个宾语。双宾语中的一个宾语指人，称为间接宾语，一个宾语指物，称为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前，也可位于其后，但此时在间接宾语的前面需加介词to或for.

a. 直、间接宾语易位需加to的动词：to侧重指动词的方向，表示朝着、向着、对着某人。如：

Bring, give, hand(递), pass, post, promise, read, return, show, teach, tell, lend.

Will you show me your ticket, please?=will you show your

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ticket to me, please?

b. 直、间接宾语易位需加for的动词：for侧重动作的受益者，表示为某人、替某人。如：

buy, choose, cook, draw, find, make, order, paint, purchase, save(存储)，spare(抽出)

My parents bought me a nice backpack.=my parents bought a nice backpack for me. c. 既可加to也可加for的动词： do, get(拿到)，play, sing.

Could I read this letter to/for you?=read you the letter. ③跟复合宾语：跟一个宾语意义不完整，宾语后必须再加上一个成分（宾语补足语），其意义才完整。如： Rosa asked me to drive carefully.

I must get my watch cleaned, for it often stops. If you want to make yourself respected, you should first of all respect others.

2. 连系动词：连接主语和表示主语身份、性质、状态的动词， 称为联系动词。连系动词后一般可跟名词、形容词等作表语。 ①状态连系动词：表明主语的性质、状态、身份的连系动词称为状态连系动词。如：

Be, appear(看起来)，continue, feel, keep, lie, look, remain, seem, sound, taste, sit, stay. I am feeling very sorry for what I have done.

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②转变或结果连系动词：表示主语性质或状态的变化。如： Become, come（成为）, fall（变为）, get(变得)，grow(长得)，go(变得)，turn(变得)，prove(证明) The weather is getting warmer and warmer. She turns nurse as she had expected. The milk went bad.

3. 持续性动词和非持续性动词：

①持续性动词：又称延续性动词，表示一种可以持续的动作或状态。如：

Sing, sleep, smoke, snow, stand, talk, wait, walk, wear, work, write, sit.

②非持续性动词：又称终止性动词，表示行为或过程是短暂时间内完成的。如：

Arrive, begin, buy, borrow, break, cause, close, come, die, fall（倒）, go, hit(击中)

4. 助动词：本身没有意义不可单独作谓语，只协助主要动词一起表示时态、语态、疑问、否定、强调等。如：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would.

I was having dinner when you called. I have studied in Brisbane for a year.

My parents phoned that they would arrive the next day. 5.非谓语动词：包括现在分词、过去分词、动名词和动词不定式。

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A. dozen books B. dozens books C. dozen of books D. dozens of books

4. The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one—third used regularly. A. is B. are C. was D. were 5. We’ll be away tomorrow for a holiday.

A. two—weeks B. second—weeks’ C. two—week D. second—week’s 6. of the mountains in that area covered with trees and grass. A. Two—fifth, is B. Two—fifth, are C. Two—fifths, are D. Two—fifths, is 7. There are months in a year. December is the month of the year. A. twelve, twelve B. twelve, twelfth C. twelfth, twelve D. twelfth, twelfth 8. Three—fourths of the surface of the earth covered with water. A. are B. is C. was D. be 9. The Olympic Games are held

A. every four years B. every four year C. every fourth years D. every four—years 二．运用单词完成句子（必要时可改变单词形式）

admit 承认， appreciate 感激， avoid 避开， scientific 科学的，literature 文学 1. The young man that he stole the money. 2. I love reading good . 3. I try to boring people. 4. It’s a very interesting experiment. 5. Thank you so much. I really your help. 三．英汉互译

1.由于洪水，许多人失去了他们的家园。（as a result of ） 2. 他的粗心导致了他的失败。（result in）

3. 他的失败是由他的粗心引起的。( result from)

4. This kind of sickness often results from eating too much.

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5. Such rapid progress has he made that we all admire him.

四．代词

代词概述：代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。分为人称、物主、反身、相互、疑问、连接、关系、指示、不定代词。 一．人称代词：

1. I/me, we/us, you/you, he/him, she/her, it/it, they/them.如： You can’t eat your cake and have it. 注意：

① 人称代词用于as和than之后，可以用宾格，也可以用主格。但如果as或than之后是一个句子则用主格。如： She speaks Japanese as well as me/I. (口语中常用me) She speaks Japanese as well as I do. (此时用主格) ② 人称代词单独使用时，常用宾格。 --I’d like to stay here for another week. --Me too.

2. 多个人称代词并列时的顺序： ①单数的场合：you+he/she+I She and I are good friends. You, he and I are of the same age. ② 复数的场合：we+you+they We and they are longing to see you.

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③ 男女两性并列场合：he+she

Every student must have his or her homework finished by tomorrow.

④ 承担责任时把I (me)或we(us)放在第一位。 We, you and they have all made mistakes. 二．物主代词：

1. 物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，是人称代词的属格形式。

2. 形容词性物主代词：相当于形容词，放在名词前作定语。如：Everyone must do his work well. 注意：

① 形容词性物主代词后可加own表示强调，意为“自己的，完全属于自己的”。如：

I won’t believe anything unless I see it with my own eyes. ② 形容词物主代词常用来构成固定短语，此时代词不可缺少。如：

Earn one’s living谋生=make Hold one’s breath屏住呼吸 living.

Keep one’s word守信 Save one’s life救命 Try one’s luck碰运气

Make one’s way前进 Take one’s time慢慢来 In one’s opinion依某人的观点

3. 名词性物主代词：相当于名词，不能用于名词之前。如： This is not my book, mine is lent to Lucy.

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I don’t like her dress while I like yours. 可与of 连用构成双重所有格做定语，如： I am a great admirer of yours.

三．反身代词：指一个动作反射到该动作执行者本身或用来加强名词或代词的语气的词，也就是表示“我自己、你自己、他/她/它自己等”。如：

I hope you will enjoy yourselves on the trip.（宾语） The poor girl in the picture is myself.（表语） I want to see Bob himself.(同位语)

加强语气：I can manage it myself. 我自己能处理。 常用反身代词短语： Devote oneself to 致力于 Come to oneself 恢复知觉 Lose oneself 迷路 Dress oneself 自己穿衣

Help oneself to 随便吃，随便用

Make a fool of oneself 做傻事，出丑

四．相互代词：表示相互关系的代词，有each other, one another. Each other 主要用于两者之间，one another 主要用于三者三者以上之间。如：

You and I understand each other perfectly. They often stay in one another’s houses. You ought to respect each other’s choices.

五．不定代词：不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫不定代词。

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1. one的用法：指代可数名词，可指人，也可指物。如： One often fails to see one’s own faults.人往往看不见自己的缺点。

This is the one you are looking for.

替代上文已提到的名词以避免重复。如： I prefer red roses to white ones. 2. no one 与none 的区别：

no one: 常指代人，只能为可数，回答who, 不跟of结构。 none: 指代人或物，可数不可数皆可，回答how many/much,跟of结构。如：

I like none of you.你们几个我一个也不喜欢。 No one is for the plan.没人赞同这个计划。 3.either与neither的区别：

neither:两者中任何一个都不 either: 两者中一个 Neither is willing to help her. 两人都不愿帮她。 Either is willing to help her. 两人中有一人愿意帮她。

He doesn’t like either of the two places=He likes neither of the two places.他不喜欢这两个地方中的任何一个。

Either?or?, neither?nor?,谓语动词遵循就近一致的原则。如：

Either he or you have stolen my watch.

Neither my sister nor I am willing to work with you. Either 在否定句中常位于句末，表“也”。如：

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I don’t like maths and he doesn’t like it, either. Neither表示“也不”，位于句首，后面使用倒装语序。如： This shirt doesn’t fit me, neither does that one. 4. each 与every 的区别：

①都可译为“每一个”，但each强调个体，every强调全体。如： Each room can seat at least fifty people.

Every student went to the Great Wall with their teachers last Sunday.

②―every+基数词+名词复数；every+序数词+名词单数‖表示“每，每隔?”。

He went to see his grandpa every five days/every fifth day. ③every 与not 连用，表示部分否定，each 和not连用，表示全部否定。如：

Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。 Each man is not honest. 每个人都不诚实。

④在以下短语中，each, every 均可：each/every day, each/every year, each/every time, 但：every now and then 时常、不时，不能用each.

5. few, a few, little, a little 的区别。 注意：

not a little=very (much)很，非常

not a bit=not in the least/not at all一点也不 如：He is not a little tired. 他很累。

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He is not a bit tired. =he is not tired at all.他一点也不累。 quite a few=many很多 quite a little=much很多 如：Quite a few people knew about it. 很多人了解此事。

He was very thirsty and drank quite a little water.他很渴，喝了很多水。

6. much与many 的区别：可数/不可数 注意：

a good many 和复合名词连用，谓语动词用复数；many a 后的名词、动词都用单数。如：

A good many books were imported last year.去年进口了许多外国书籍。

Many a man ha s tried it. 许多人都已试过了。

7. some 与any 的区别：肯定句；否定、疑问句中。如： Some people work to live, and some live to work.一些人工作是为了活着，一些人活着是为了工作。 注意：

Some也可用于疑问句中，表说话者的肯定语气；any可用于肯定句中表“任何一个，任何一些”。如： Would you like some tea?

Any normal child can learn a language very quickly. 六．指示代词：指代或标识人或事物的代词。有this/that/these/those. 如：

This gift is for you and that one is for your brother.

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英国人打电话时，this指自己，that指对方。如： Hello, this is Alan. Who is that speaking? 七．疑问代词：略

八．连接代词：由疑问代词充当，用来引导各种名词性从句，并在从句中充当一定的成分。如：who, what, which,?或+ever. I don’t know what he meant.

My doubt is whatever makes him so successful.

九．关系代词：引导定语从句的代词为关系代词，包括who, whom, whose, that, which等。如：

The man who telephoned was a friend of yours. I met a woman whom I know. 练习题：

一．选择

1. The cost of renting a house in central Chengdu is higher than in any other area of the city. A. that B. this C. it D. one

2. You are a team star! Working with is really your cup of tea. A. both B. either C. others D. the other

3. On my desk is a photo that my father took of when I was a baby. A. him B. his C. me D. mine

4. The fact that she was foreign made difficult for her to get a job in that country. A. so B. much C. that D. it

5. in my life impressed me so deeply as my first visit to the Palace Museum. A. Anything B. Nothing C. Everything D. Something

6. If our parents do everything for us children, we won’t learn to depend on A. themselves B. them C. us D. ourselves

7. He lost his computer and wallet, and never found of them again.

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A. neither B. either C. each D. all 二．阅读

People in the United States honor their parents with two special days: Mother’s Day, on the second Sunday in May, and Father’s Day, on the third Sunday in June. These days are set aside to show love and respect for parents. They raise their children and educate them to be responsible (有责任感的) citizens. They give love and care. These two days make us think about the changing roles of mothers and fathers. More mothers now work outside the home. More fathers must help with child care.

These two special days are celebrated in many different ways. On Mother’s Day people wear carnations. A red one symbolizes a living mother. A white one shows that the mother is dead. Many people attend religious services to honor parents. It is also a day when people whose parents are dead the cemetery（墓地）. On these days families get together at home, as well as in restaurants. They often have outdoor barbecues for Father’s Day. These are days of fun and good feelings and memories.

Another tradition is to give cards and gifts. Children make them in school. Many people make their own prevents. These are valued more than the ones bought in schools. It is not the value of the gift that is important, but it is ―the thought that counts‖. Greeting card stores, candy makers, bakeries, telephone companies, and other stores do a lot of business during these holidays.

( ) 1. Which of the following is NOT a reason for children to show love and respect for

parents?

A. Parents bring up children.

B. Parents give love and care to children

C. Parents educate children to be good persons. D. Parents pass away before children grow up.

( ) 2. Which do you think is RIGHT about ―carnation‖?

A. It has only 2 kinds of colors.

B. It refers to the special clothes people wear on Mother’s Day or Father’s Day C. It’s a kind of flower showing love and best wishes

D. People can wear carnation only on the second Sunday in May

( ) 3. What do you know from the passage？

A. Mother’s Day and Father’s Day are both in May B. Fewer women worked outside the home in the past C. Not all the children respect their parents

D. Fathers are not as important as mothers at home

( ) 4. On Mother’s Day and Father’s Day, .

A. people usually have family parties B. everyone goes to visit the cemetery C. children always go to parent’s home

D. hand-made cards are the most valuable gifts

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五．形容词、副词

一．形容词解说：修饰名词和部分代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词叫形容词。在句中主要作定语、表语、宾语补足语。

二．形容词分类：

1. 根据构成形式分为简单形容词和复合形容词。如： Kind, green, bright, astonished

An 800-meter-long bridge, a three-week trip An absent-minded child, an ordinary-looking woman Newly-laid egg, out-of-date information

2. 根据与名词的关系分为限制性和描述性形容词。如： A Catholic church 天主教教堂， a French dish法式菜 A impressive Catholic church a delicious French dish 3. 形容词的功能：

①作定语：We had a pleasant day yesterday.

②作表语：跟在系动词be, feel, get, turn, become, prove后。如What you said is not true.

While I was in New York, I felt very homesick.

③ 作补足语：说明宾语或主语的性质、状态、特征。如： We were all made tired and bored. I find the book very interesting.

④作状语：表示原因、伴随、方式。如： Hungry and tired, I had to stop to have a rest.(原因)

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;

She was lying in bed. （伴随）

We arrived home very late, safe and sound.（方式） 4. 形容词的位置：

当复合不定代词someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, nobody, nothing, everything, everyone, everybody被形容词修饰时，形容词通常后置。如： Nothing interesting Something special Nothing ready

当形容词后接“ 介词+名词”或其他短语作定语时要后置。如： A country famous for its scenery A job suitable for me

5. 形容词的比较级、最高级： 同级比较：

①as+adj.原级+as, 表示两者情况一样。如： His spoken English is as good as mine.

She looks just as young as she was ten years ago. ②not as/so+adj.原级+as, 表示前者不如后者。如： It is not as/so warm as yesterday.

My handwriting is not as/so beautiful as yours. 注意：

如果第一个as/so后的形容词作定语修饰单数可数名词，冠词应置于形容词之后可数名词之前。如：

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She has as sweet a voice as her mother.

Miss Green isn’t as/so strict a teacher as Mr. White. 比较级的用法：

①单独使用，其比较的对象暗含于句中。如： Be more careful next time.

Further discussion will be held tomorrow. ②比较级+than.

Tokyo is bigger than New York.

The plan turned out better than we had expected. ③比较级+and+比较级. ―越来越“ My son is growing taller and taller.

Our country is becoming more and more beautiful. ④the+比较级，the+比较级“越?就越?”如： The shorter your dialogue is, the better it is.

The more difficult the problem is, the more careful we should be. ⑤not+比较级+than，表示“前者不比后者更?”如： My French is not better than yours.我的法语不比你的好。 No+比较级+than, 表示“前者和后者一样不?”如： My French is no better than yours. 我的法语和你的一样差。 其他形式的比较级：

Be senior to 比?年龄大，类似于be older than I am five years senior to Jane.

Be junior to 比?年轻，类似于be younger than

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Jane is five years junior to me.

Be superior to比?好，类似于be better than This computer is superior to the one you bought. Be inferior to比?差，类似于be worse than This photo is inferior to that one. 含有比较简单习惯用语： Once more 再一次

More than once=often不止一次

No more不再，没有 Not more than不超过，至多 Not less than不少于，至少 No longer不再

比较级表示最高级意义的几种形式： ①比较级+than any other+单数名词

He works harder than any other student in his class. ②比较级+than the other+复数名词 She is taller than the other girls in her class. ③比较级+than +any of the other+复数名词 China is larger than any of the other countries in Asia. ④比较级+than+anything/anyone else

Tom cared more for money than for anything else. ⑤否定词+a/an+比较级+名词, 表示最高级的含义。如：

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More than超过，不仅仅，非常 One more再来一个 No more than仅仅 Less than不到，少于 More or less大概，大约 No less than多达

I have never seen a more interesting book.

⑥两者中如特指“较?”的那个，应用“the+比较级+of”结构。如：

It is the bigger of the two dogs. 三．副词： 1. 分类：

时间副词：just now, tonight, ago, occasionally, seldom, sometimes 地点副词：abroad, ahead, inland, midway, indoors, overseas 方式副词：anxiously, carelessly, effectively, thoroughly, willingly 程度副词：absolutely, almost, extremely, nearly, rather, totally 评论副词：luckily, fortunately, unluckily, roughly, hopefully 疑问副词：where, when, why, how, wherever, however 连接副词：therefore, besides, otherwise, though, then 关系副词：引导定语从句，where, when, why 2. 副词的句法功能：

Advertisements appear everywhere in modern society.(作状语) I must be off now.(作表语)

The pictures above were taken in Canada.(作定语) Did you see anybody upstairs?(作宾语补足语) 注意：

Enough 作副词时总是放在修饰的形容词或副词后。如： The book is easy enough for little kids. Luckily enough, he was saved.

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3.副词的比较级：类似于形容词。 ①no+比较级+than“都不”

I run no faster than you.我和你跑得都不快。 ②not+比较级+than“不比?更”

I run not faster than you. 我不比你跑得快。 ③比较级+and+比较级，“越来越?” The wind is blowing more and more strongly. ④the+比较级，the+比较级“越?，就越?” The harder you work, the better you’ll learn. 4. 常用副词辨析： ①just, just now, right now. Just刚刚，刚才，多用于完成时；

Just now=a moment ago, 刚才，用于一般过去时； Right now=(just) now就在现在，用于现在时或进行时 I have just had a talk with Tom. I had a talk with Tom just now.

I am having a talk with Tom just now/right now. ②sometime, some time, sometimes, some times Sometime某时，用于过去时、将来时； Sometimes 有时，时常，用于一般时； Some time一段时间； Some times 几次

It happened sometime last month.

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