欧洲文化入门复习材料

《欧洲文化入门》复习资料

重庆交通大学外国语学院英语系

2013年5月

I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks.

1 . Two major elements in European culture are ____.

A. Greeks and Romans B. the Judaism and Christianity C. the Greco-Roman culture D. B and C

2. ____ deals with the Trojan War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy ).

A. The Odyssey B. The Iliad C. Prometheus Bound D. Persians

3. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____. 

A. Aeschylus B. Aristophanes  C. Euripides D. Sophocles 

4. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy. 

A. Euripides B. Aristophanes C. Sophocles D. Aeschylus 

5. ____ was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory. 

A. Homer B. Heracleitue C. Democritus D. Socrates 

6. ____by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets. 

A. Dialogues B. The Apology C. The Republic D. Symposium 

7. Dante called ____ the master of those who know‖. 

A. Aristotle B. Plato C. Socrates D. Archimedes 

8. Euclid is even now well-known for his ____. 

A. Elements B. Poetics C. Ethics D. Politics 

9. ____ has been a big subject for discussion among writers and artists. 

A. Discus Thrower B. Venus de Milo  C. Laocoon group D. Parthenon

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10. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ . 

A. Athens and Sparta B. Athens and Syracuse  C. Athens and Persians D. Greeks and Persians 

11. It is _____ who was the founder of scientific mathematics. 

A. Heracleitus B. Aristotle C. Socrates D. Pythagoras 

12. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of ____ in 27 B. C. . 

A. Rome B. Augustus C. The Roman Empire D. Pax Romana 

13. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by _____. 

A. Lucretius B. Virgil C. Julius Caesar D. Cicero 

14. The oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books are the first five books, called ____. 

A. Deuteronomy B. Exodus C. the Pentateuch D. Genesis 

15. In ____ the Jews were carried away into the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).



A. 1 69 B. C. B. 586 B. C. C. 536 B. C. D, 721 B. C. 

16. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1 611 . 

A. The Septuagint B. The Vulgate  C. Wycliff‘s version D. Authorized version 

17. ____ is the oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament. 

A. The Septuagint B. The Vulgate

C. Wycliff‘s version D. Authorized version 

18. It is generally accepted that ____ and Shakespeare are two great reserviors of Modern English. 

A. the Bible B. the English Bible C. the New Testament D. the Old Testament

19. The Middle Ages is a period in which _____ , _____ and Gothic heritages merged. 

A. Greco-Roman, Christianity B. classical, Christian  C. Greek, Roman D. classical, Hebrew

20. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was _____.

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

A. knighthood B. the manor C. the Church D. polis

21. In 1054, the Christian Church was divided into ____ and the Eastern Orthodox Church. 

A. Christianity B. the Roman Church  C. the Roman Catholic Church D. the Western Catholic 

22. _____ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology. 

A. Summa Theologica B. Summa Contra Gentiles  C. Opus maius D. Beowulf

23. The Anglo-Saxon epic ____ originated from the collective effort of oral literature. 

A. Song of Roland B. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles  C. Beowulf D. The Divine Comedy 

24. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between ____.centuries

《欧洲文化入门》串讲资料 绪论

1. civilization 名词解释

Primarily, the term has been used to refer to the material and instrumental side of human cultures that are complex in terms of technology, science, and division of labor. Such civilizations are generally hierarchical and urbanized. In a classical context, people were called \set them apart from barbarians, savages, and primitive peoples while in a modern-day context, \

2. culture

Culture . . . is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

3. Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, Shang (Yellow River Valley), and Mesoamerica and Andean South America are cradles of ancient civilizations.

4. Mesopotamia (美索不达米亚文明)

Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization in the West, Mesopotamian Civilization began with the beginning of written history in 3100 BC to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC, when it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire.

5. The earliest language written in Mesopotamia was Sumerian (闪族语), an agglutinative language (粘着语).

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6. Mesopotamian mathematics and science was based on a sexagesimal (base 60) numeral system. This is the source of the 60-minute hour, the 24-hour day, and the 360-degree circle.

7. Mesopotamians believed that the world was a flat disc, surrounded by a huge, holed space, and above that, heaven. They also believed that water was everywhere, the top, bottom and sides, and that the universe was born from this enormous sea. In addition, Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic.

8. An old Sumerian proverb averred that \with the dawn.\

9. Many Babylonian literary works are still studied today. One of the most famous of these was the Epic of Gilgamesh (《吉尔伽美什》), in twelve books.

10. the Code of Hammurabi 名词解释

The Code of Hammurabi (《汉莫拉比法典》) is a well-preserved Babylonian law code, dating back to about 1772 BC. It is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world. The sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi, enacted the code, and partial copies exist on a human-sized stone stele and various clay tablets. The Code consists of 282 laws, with scaled punishments, adjusting \status, of slave versus free man.

Nearly one-half of the Code deals with matters of contract, establishing, for example, the wages to be paid to an ox driver or a surgeon. Other provisions set the terms of a transaction, establishing the liability of a builder for a house that collapses, for example, or property that is damaged while left in the care of another. A third of the code addresses issues concerning household and family relationships such as inheritance, divorce, paternity and sexual behavior. Only one provision appears to impose obligations on an official; this provision establishes that a judge who reaches an incorrect decision is to be fined and removed from the bench permanently. A handful of provisions address issues related to military service.

11. The Sumerians (苏尔美人) also posed philosophical questions, such as: Who are we? Where are we? How did we get here? They attributed answers to these questions to explanations provided by their gods.

12. Babylonian thought had a considerable influence on early Greek and Hellenistic philosophy.

13. Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt.

14. Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh.

15. The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River Valley. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which fueled social development and culture.

16. The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying (采石), surveying (测量) and construction techniques that facilitated (促进) the building of monumental pyramids (金字塔), temples, and obelisks (方尖碑).

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17. The pharaoh (法老) was the absolute monarch of the country and, at least in theory, wielded complete control of the land and its resources. The king was the supreme military commander and head of the government.

18. The ancient Egyptians viewed men and women, including people from all social classes except slaves, as essentially equal under the law.

19. The Egyptians believed that every human being was composed of physical and spiritual parts or aspects (人由肉体和精神两部分构成).

20. The written system of Egyptian languages is called hieroglyphs (象形文字).

21. The Chinese language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan Language Family (汉藏语系).

22. European languages belong to the Indo-European Language Family (印欧语系), including English, German, French and Spanish etc.

23. The Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element are the two major elements which constitute the core of European Culture (希腊罗马成分及犹太基督教成分构成了欧洲文化的核心内容). 第一章

1. The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.

2. The economy of Athens rested on (依赖) an immense (无限的) amount of slave labour.

3. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, Greece (宗教、体育盛会，在希腊奥林比亚山，宙斯圣殿举行), which were revived in 1896 (当代奥运会).

4. Homer wrote epics Iliad and Odyssey, around the Trojan War (特洛伊战争) that was fought between Creeks and Trojans about 1200 -1100 B.C.

8. Agamemnon, Hector, Achilles are important characters in Iliad.

9. Odysseus and Penelope are important characters in Odyssey.

10. Odyssey(对其它作品的影响)—→James Joyce‘s Ulysses in the 20th century. 11. Dramas in Ancient Greece floured in the 5th century B.C.

11. three great tragedian 三大悲剧大师 ① Aeschylus (埃斯库罗斯)

Prometheus Bound (《被缚的普罗米修斯》)—→模仿式作品 Shelly‘s Prometheus Unbound (《被解放了的普罗米修斯》) ② Sophocles (索福克勒斯)

Oedipus the King (《俄狄浦斯王》)—→ from which Freud (弗洛伊德) developed his theory

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