非谓语动词用法详解

目录

1.简谈非谓语动词的时态和语态………………………………………………….2-----6 2.用作主语的非谓语动词形式…………………………………………………. 6-----7 3.用作表语的非谓语动词形式…………………………………………………. 7-----8 4.用作定语的非谓语动词形式…………………………………………………. 8-----9 5.用作宾语补足语的非谓语动词形式…………………………………………. 10-----13 6.用作宾语的非谓语动词形式………………………………………………… 13-----17 7.用作状语的非谓语动词…………………………………………………. 17-----23 8.动名词主动表被动的三种类型……………………………………………… 23-----23 9.谈谈动名词的逻辑主语问题……………………………………………… 24-----26 10.有关非谓语动词的重要考点…………………………………………………26-----29 11.复合结构……………………………………………………………… 29-----31 12.非谓语动词的否定式应注意的三点……………………………………… 31-----32 13.独立主格用法详解………………………………………………………………. 32-----38 14.不定式省略to的10种情况…………………………………………………………. 33-----41 15.巧借并列连词破解非谓语动词陷阱题……………………………………………. 42-----44 16.做好非谓语动词考题的两大法宝……………………………………………44------46 17.学好分词逻辑主语的四个关键点………………………………………………. 47-----50 18.含有…in doing sth的常用句式…………………………………………………50-----52 19.“疑问词+不定式”结构……………………………………………………………. 52-----53

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一．简谈非谓语动词的时态和语态

不定式 一般式 进行式 完成式 完成进行式 主动 To do To be doing To have done To have been doing 被动 To be done 现在分词 主动 一般式 进行式 having done doing 被动 being done 无进行式 having done been to have 完成式 been done / 一、非谓语动词的时态

如果非谓语动词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，就用不定式的一般式； He told me to clean the blackboard. 他叫我擦黑板。谓语动词的动作之后发生

如果与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行，①用现在分词的一般式（现在分词的一般式是正在进行的动作）或②不定式的进行式（与谓语动作同时发生并强调正在进行的情景或持续性） He seems to be saying something. 他似乎在说什么。

When I came in, he pretended to be reading. 我进来时，他假装在看书。同时进行 He sat there, playing games. 他坐在那里玩游戏。 同时进行

如果在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，就用现在分词、不定式或动名词的完成式

He seems to have studied English before. 他好像以前在英国读过书。在谓语动词的动作之前 Having been there many times, she knows the place quite well. 在谓语动词的动作之前 I’m sorry for having kept her waiting. 对不起让你久等了。 He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。

一点易错提醒 现在分词的完成式一般不用作定语。

误：Do you know anyone having lost a cat? 你知道有谁丢了一只猫吗？

误：I want to talk to the person having broken the window. 我想同打破窗户的人谈谈。

若将以上现分词的完成式改为一般式也不可以(因为现在分词作后置定语时通常只表示与谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生的动作，而不能先于谓语动作而发生)： 分类比较：

1. 不定式一般式的三种用法

①表示将来 即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作 We decided to leave early. 我们决定早点动身。

He asked me to buy him some paper. 他叫我给他买些纸。 We expect him to come in time. 我们希望他能及时来。

②表示同时 表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作。 He seems to be tired. 他似乎累了。 ③表示过去 表示略先于谓语动作的动作。

I’m sorry to hear that. 听到这事我很难过。(to hear 略先于am sorry) Helen was pleased to see him. 海伦见到他很高兴。

I’m happy to meet you at last. 我很高兴我终于碰到了你。

I’m glad to see you looking so happy. 我很高兴看到你显得这样快活。

注意： 现在分词一般式所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作，但两者之间没有时间间隔，

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现在分词的完成式所表示先于谓语的动作则与谓语动作有一定的时间间隔。而且现在分词的完成式在句中多作时间状语和原因状语

Locking the door, he went out. 锁好门之后，他就出去了。没有时间间隔

Having invited him here to speak，we’d better go to his lecture. 有一定的时间间隔 既然我们请了他来作报告，我们最好去听一下。 作时间状语

Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 有一定的时间间隔。 他已经失败了两次，不想再试了

有时即使是分词动作与谓语动作几乎同时发生，但如果要强调分词动作的完成性，也应用现在分词的完成式：

Having bought our tickets，we went into the theatre. (强调分词动作的完成性) 我们买好票后就走进剧场。。

Not having finished his work，he could not leave the office 作原因状语 由于工作没干完他不能离开办公室

动名词的一般式和完成式都可表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作，有时两者可互换(用一般式往往显得更简洁)：

I remember seeing [having seen] her somewhere. 我记得在什么地方见过她。

Excuse me for not answering [having answered] your letter earlier请原谅我没有早点给你回信 有些不强调动作先后关系或句子本身已表明了先后关系的场合，通常用动名词的一般式： Thank you for telling me the news. 谢谢你告诉我这消息。

He has worked hard since leaving school. 自从离开学校以来他工作一直很努力。 2. 不定式进行式的两种用法

①表示同时 表示与谓语动作同时发生且正在进行的动作。 He seems to be saying something. 他似乎在说什么。

It’s nice to be sitting here with you. 和你一起坐在这儿真好。

②表示将来正如可用进行时态表示将来意义一样，不定式的进行式有时也可表示将来。 He was happy to be coming home. 就要回家了他感到高兴。 The old man seems to be dying. 这老人似乎要死了。

动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以①与谓语动作同时，②也可在谓语动作之前或③之后， (4)有时可能没有明确的先后关系：

①与谓语动作同时发生 He kept smiling. 他不停地笑。

Everyone is practising speaking English. 大家都在练习说英语。

We had a good time in dancing with them. 我们同他们跳舞玩得很开心。 ②发生在谓语动作之后 通常与相关动词或介词等的含义有关。

如表示“建议”的动词advise, suggest表示“推迟”的动词delay, put off表示“考虑”的动词consider等等，由于动词本身词义的原因,作宾语的动名词表示的动作通常都发生在谓语动作后 He suggested us practicing English every day. 他建议我们每天练习英语。“建议” He advised leaving early. 他建议早点离开。

He insists on going with us together. 他坚持要跟我们一起去。 Would you mind opening the window? 可否劳驾把窗户打开? She is considering changing her job. 她在考虑换个工作。

③发生在谓语动作之前 通常也与相关动词或介词等的含义有关。

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如动词forget(忘记)，regret(后悔)，remember(记住)，stop(停止)，finish(完成)，admit(承认)等，它们后接动名词作宾语时，动名词所表示的动作通常都发生在谓动作之前。 Suddenly everybody stopped talking. 突然大家都停止谈话了。 I remember mailing the letter. 我记得寄了那封信。

I don’t regret helping him, though he is unkind to us. 尽管她对我们不友好，我对帮助他还是不后悔

-ing分词若在介词before, after之后，动作的先后依介词before, after的意义而定。 I often read some newspaper before getting to sleep. 我在入睡前常要看一看报纸。

After reading your letter I knew what had happened. 看了你的信后我就知道出什么事了。 (4)没有明确的先后关系 Teaching is learning. 教学相长。 The film is worth seeing a second time. 这部电影值得再看一次。 Learning a foreign language is not easy. 学会一门外语是不容易的。 3.不定式完成式的用法

(1) 表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作：

He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。

I hate to have quarreled with her. 我后悔和她吵架了。 I believe it to have been a mistake. 我相信这是一个错误。

I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. 对不起给了你这么多麻烦。 It’s said to have been built in the Ming dynasty. 据说它是明朝修建的。 (2) 表示在某个给定的时间之前已完成的动作：

I hope to have finished the work by now. 我希望现在以前已完成这项工作。 (3) 不定式完成式还可以表示过去没有实现的打算或愿望。 I should like to have come earlier. 我本想早点来的。

We were to have been married last year. 我们本来打算去年结婚的。

I intended to have come to see you, but I was too busy then.我本打算来看你的可我当时太忙了 I was to have started work last week, but I caught a bad cold. 我本来打算上星期就开始工作的，可我患了重感冒。

完成进行时：主动式to have been doing 不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生，且不定式的动作到谓语动词动作发生时刚刚结束或还将继续进行。

动名词完成式的用法 动名词完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作或状态： He apologized for having broken his promise. 他因没遵守诺言表示道歉。 He forgot having promised to write her. 他忘了曾答应给她写信。

I have no idea of their having done such a thing. 我不知道他们做过那样的事。 二、非谓语动词的语态

当非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动关系，用主动式；是被动关系，用被动式。 The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important. 明天举行的会议非常重要。

The house being built there will be our new library. 那边在建的房子将是我们的新图书馆。 Having been asked to stay, I couldn’t very well leave. 已经要求我留下来，所以我就不好离开了 He didn’t mind being left at home. 把他留在家里他并不介意。 Did it need to be done so soon? 这事需要这么快就做吗?

He came in, followed by his secretary. 他走了进来，后面跟着他的秘书。

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1.现在分词被动式的用法

被动语态的ing分词的一般式表示一个正在进行的被动动作在句中做定于或状语 Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁?

The subject having been opened，he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。 Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。 也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作：

I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看见他被警察带走。

有时现在分词一般式的被动式所表示的动作也可发生在谓语动作之前(此时的现在分词通常用于表示原因，且多为状态动词)：

Not having a car, he finds it difficult to get around. 由于没车，她感到行动很困难。

2. 不定式的完现在分词完成式的被动式。主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作： The subject having been opened，he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。 Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。 I’m pleased to have been given this opportunity. 给了我这次机会我很高兴。 It’s said to have been built in the Ming dynasty. 据说它是明朝修建的

比较：Being so ill, she can’t go to school. 由于病得那么严重，她不能去上学。

Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover. 由于病了很长时间，他需要一段恢复的时间。

3. 过去分词用法说明 过去分词表示的动作，往往是已经完成的。且本身具有被动意义，所以过去分词只有一般式，没有完成式和没有被动形式。

过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别 主要在于它们所表示的时间概念不同 但有时它们也可表示相同的意思：

Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。

Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。 Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少 有时虽然所表示的时间概念相同，但有细微区别：

Having been show the lab, we left. 被领着看了实验室后，我们就离开了。 Shown the lab, we left. 被领着一看完实验室，我们就离开了。(有一种急促感) 过去分词用法 (1) 表示已经发生的动作：

Born in a poor family, he could not go to school. 因生于贫穷家庭，他上不起学。

Built in 1501，the bridge is over 500 years old. 这座桥建于1501年，已有五百多年的历史。 (2) 表示经常性动作或泛指概念：

He is a man loved by all. 他是一个受大家爱戴的人。

The woman talked about is very rich. 人们经常谈论的那个女人很有钱。 【注】the woman talked about也可表示“已被人们谈论过的那个女人”。 (3) 表示与谓语动词同时(或几乎同时)发生的动作：

Asked why he came, he kept silent. 问他为什么要来，他一言不发。

He came in, followed by his secretary. 他走了进来，后面跟着他的秘书。 (4) 表示现在或过去(当时)的状态：

The murderer was brought in, his hands tied behind. 凶手被带了进来，双手被绑在后面。 3. -ing分词的一些惯用法

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在英语实际交际中，还有一些特殊用法或句型。 (1) There be no doing = It is impossible to do …。

There is no telling whether he will keep his words. 他会不会遵守诺言很难说。 (2) How / What about doing… = How do you like …/ What do you think of… 如： How about hiking this Sunday? 本周星期天去远足怎么样？ (3) on doing…= as soon as + clause ,

On hearing the bad news, the little girl burst out crying. 一听到这一噩耗小女孩就大哭了起来 (4) There be no end to doing… 无止境。

If everyone wants others to dance to his music, there will be no end to fighting in the world. 要是大家都要其它的人来按照他的意志做事，那么世界上就永远没有安宁的日子。 (5) without so much as doing = even…. not. 甚至，连…都没有。如：

He started his company without so much as having his own office. 他创办公司时连自己的办公室都没有

(6) lose no time in doing = begin to do …at once. 立刻做…。

There are very few days left for NMT, so we can lose no time in revising our lessons. 离高考没几天了，我们得抓紧复习我们的功课了。

(7) be up on the point of doing … = be going to do …即将做…。

We believe our China is on the point of creating a new era. 我们相信我们中国即将开创一个新时代。

(8) in (the) hope of doing …怀着…希望。如：

After graduating from university, he went to Shenzhen in the hope of finding a good job. 大学毕业以后，他去深圳希望找到一个好的工作。

(9) for the purpose of doing …= for the sake of …为了…。如：

He went on studying abroad for the purpose of serving the people better. 他继续去国外深造以便能更好地为人民服务。

(10) come near doing… = almost do…几乎，差一点儿。如：

He came near dying in the traffic accident. 他在那场车祸中差一点丧了命。

用作主语的非谓语动词形式

不定式和动名词都可在句子中作主语，一般说来, 有下面几点须给予注意：

(1) 不定式一般表示具体的、特定的行为；而-ing分词一般表示抽象的、一般的行为。 表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的行为用动名词；表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作用不定式。 To complete the program needs much effort. 完成这项计划需要很大的努力。 Swimming is fun in summer. 夏天游泳是有趣的事。 Saving is getting. 节约即增收。

(2) 口语中，陈述句多用不定式作主语，而疑问句却只能用动名词作主语。 Is doing morning exercises good for your health? 做早操对你身体有好处吗？ Is his speaking reasonable? 她的说话有道理吗？

(3) 有时这种区别并不很严格。但要注意：主语和表语要用同一种形式；平行结构中要用同一种形式。 To see is to believe. =Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。

Fishing is his favorite hobby, and collecting coins also gives him great pleasure 钓鱼是他的爱

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好，集邮也给他带来极大的乐趣。

但是在现代英语中，当表语用来说明主语的特定意义或具体内容时，主语和表语的非谓语动词的形式可以不一致，即，主语用动名词，而表语用动词不定式。 Waving your hand is to say “Good-bye”. 挥手就是说“再见”。 Nodding your head is to say “Yes”. 点头就是说“对，是的”。

(4) 在许多情况下，尤其作主语的不定式过长时，为了避免头重脚轻往往后置，用形式主语it代替放在句首。It’s very important to remember this. 记住这一点很重要。 为了使句子保持平衡，动名词做主语后置，用it作形式主语的情况多用于，It is no use doing…/ It is no good doing… / It is useless doing…/ It is worthwhile doing…/ It is worthwhile doing… It is no use talking your trouble to a man like him. 跟他那样的人谈你的烦恼没有用 It is no good reading in the sun. 在阳光下看书是不好的。 It is useless remembering words only. 只记单词是没有用的

Crying over spilt milk is no use. —It is no use crying over spilt milk. 牛奶倒了，哭也无益。在 注意：不定式做主语时，不能有单独的名词或代词做逻辑主语，而应用for sb. /of sb. 做它的逻辑主语，

当不定式表示对逻辑主语的利害关系时，用for sb；

It is not good for your eye to read in the sun. 在阳光下看对你的眼睛不好。 It is necessary for us to learn English well. 我们有必要学好英语。 当不定式用来对逻辑主语表示赞美或责备时，用of sb。如： It is very kind of you to help us. 你来帮助我们，真是太好了。 It’s foolish of him to do so. 他这样做是愚蠢的。

用作表语的非谓语动词形式

不定式、-ing分词及动词的过去分词做表语

1．不定式和动名词均可用作主语和表语，两者的区别是：动名词多指笼统的、抽象的概念，而不定式则多表示具体的、一次性的动作。

My favorite sport is swimming. 我最喜欢的运动是游泳。

2．一般说来，不定式做表语，相当于名词，说明主语的内容，回答what所提的问题； His job is teaching English. 他的工作是教英语。(说明工作的内容)

不定式做表语时不定式前面的to不能省略，但当主语部分含有动词do时，to须省略。 What I want is to visit the History Museum now. 我所想的就是现在去参观历史博物馆。 What he wants to do is go swimming in that river. 他想做的事就是去河里游泳。

-ing形式作表语时，一方面与不定式一样具有名词性质，说明主语的内容，回答what所提的问题，（动名词作表语）

My job is to drive the car. = My job is driving the car. 我的工作就是开这辆小车。 My job is teaching maths. 我的工作是教数学。

另一方面，-ing形式又与过去分词一样，作表语的分词具有形容词性质，有的甚至已转化为形容词，说明主语的性质、特征。回答how所提出的问题（现在分词作表语） His job is interesting. 他的工作很有趣。（相当于形容词）

另外，动名词作表语时它可与主语交换位置，而现在分词作表语则不可与主语交换位置： 还有，作表语的现在分词不能带宾语，而作表语用的动名词可以带宾语误：Interesting is my job.

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正：Teaching maths is my job.

3．现在分词和动名词作表语的区别：现在分词作表语主要表示主语的性质和特征，而过去分词说明主语的状态或心情，。

The story is interesting. 这个故事很有趣。

注意：当-ing分词的动作是主语所发出的时，句子不是系表结构，而是动词现在进行时。 He is teaching Japanese at that school. 他在那所学校教日语。(现在进行时)

用作定语的非谓语动词形式

1. 不定式作定语。要放在它所修饰的名词之。其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。 She has plenty of clothes to wear. 她有足够的衣服穿。 A. 主谓关系，即：中心词是不定式的逻辑主语。

Li Lei was the first student to come into the classroom this morning. 今天早晨李蕾是第一个进教室的学生。

Liu Ying was the very girl to meet you. 刘英正是来接你的那个女孩子。

B. 动宾关系，即：中心词是不定式的逻辑宾语。不定式中的动词须为及物动词，若是不及物动词，不定式后须加上适当的介词

Do you have anything to do now? 你现在有事情要做吗？ I have some clothes to wash. 我有些衣服要洗

Go ahead, please. I have a friend to wait for here. 请先走吧，我还有个朋友要在这儿等。 C. 说明关系，即：不定式是中心词的内容。

I had a dream to fly in the sky like a bird. 我做了一个像鸟儿在天上飞的梦 I have a wish to go to college. 我有一个上大学的愿望。 注意：（1）。不定式可用作同位语，说明某些名词或代词task, idea, thought的内容。不定式做同位语时，在名词或代词与不定式之间常用逗号隔开。 Suddenly I have got the idea, to hunt rabbits in the woods. 突然，我有了这个想法，去林子里去猎取野兔子。

（2）.以下名词后接不定式作定语时通常不能换成of doing sth： attempt 试图 courage 勇气decision 决定 effort 努力 fortune 运气 failure 失败 invitation 邀请 permission 允许promise 允诺 wish 愿望 It’s the best way to do [of doing] it. 这是做此事最好的办法。

2. —ing 形式作定语：单个的放在所修饰的名词前(left 等除外)，短语放在所修饰的名词后 She is a trained nurse. 她是一个受过训练的护士。

There are no places left to sit on the train. 火车上没有座位可坐了。 —ing 形式作定语有两种情况

其一，表示其动作正在发生或与谓语同时发生，在逻辑上被修饰的名词与现在分词是主谓关系 （-ing分词作定语）China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。 如果不是同时进行的，就要使用定于从句

The girl who wrote a letter here can speak English well.

其二，与名词一样表示中心词的性能或用途，不表动作，不以短语的形式出现，而且总是位于被修饰名词之前(在许多情况下构成合成名词)，被修饰的名词与-ing 形式在逻辑上没有主谓关系。（动名词作定语）。

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writing paper书写纸 reading room 阅览室 operating table 手术台 swimming pool游泳池 singing competition歌咏比赛 drinking water饮用水 washing machine洗衣机

现在分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别：现在分词作定语时，它所修饰的名词通常就是现在分词的逻辑主语，并且通常可转换成一个定语从句；而动名词作定语表示的是被修饰名词的作用、用途等。

a moving truck 正在移动的汽车(moving为现在分词，与truck有主谓关系) a moving truck 搬家汽车(moving为动名词，说明truck的用途)

a hunting dog 正在猎物的狗(hunting为现在分词，与dog有主谓关系) a hunting dog 猎狗(hunting为动名词，说明dog的用途) 注意：（1）. 由现在分词being构成的短语通常不能用作后置定语，除非这个being是构成被动结构的助动词：

误：Anyone being ill can take the medicine.(因being不是助动词，故错) 正：Anyone who is ill can take the medicine. 任何人病了都可服这药。

正：He isn’t interested in the question being discussed. 他对讨论的问题不感兴趣 （2）。现在分词作后置定语时，它所表示的动作通常不能发生在谓语动作之前(这也就是为什么现在分词的完成式不能用作后置定语的原因)：

误：The man stealing [having stolen] the car was caught.

正：The man who stole the car was caught. 偷汽车的那个人被抓了 （3）。现在分词的完成式通常只作状语，而不能作定语。

3. 动词的过去分词作定语时，在逻辑上被修饰的名词与过去分词是被动关系，过去分词表示其动作已经完成或没有时间性；

There is a gentleman asking to see you. 有一位先生要求见你。 The boiled water can be drunk. 开过的水可以被饮用

The song learnt last week is very interesting. 上周所学的那首歌很有趣。 使-ing分词作定语时表示事物的性质或特征；使动词的过去分词作定语时，表示人的心理状态。 an exciting event 扣人心弦的事件 an excited speech 激动的话语 an interesting story 有趣的故事 an interested boy 感兴趣的男孩 a surprising gift 意想不到的礼物 a surprised cry 感到吃惊的叫声 a moving deed 一件感人的事迹 a moved group很受感动的人群 a frightening dog 令人害怕的狗 a frightened boy 感到害怕的男孩 an exhausting job令人疲倦的工作 an exhausted expression 疲惫的表情

an embarrassing situation 令人尴尬的处境 an embarrassed behavior 不自在的行为

4. 被动形式：to be done 表示将来，being done 表示目前正在发生，done 表示过去已经发生。 The question to be discussed this afternoon is very important. 今天要讨论的问题很重要。 The question discussed last night is very important. 昨晚所讨论的问题很重要。 The question being discussed now is very important. 现在所讨论的问题很重要。，表示一个将来的动作。

The house to be built next year is a cinema. 明年建的那座房子是家电影院。 The house being built now is a cinema. 现在正在建的房子是家电影院。 The house built last year is a cinema. 去年建的那座房子是家电影院 The doctor told me not to take sleeping pills. 医生叫我不要服安眠药

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Have sth. to do 与Have sth. To be done的区别

Have sth. to do这类句型通常用主动式表示被动含义，但句子的主语与其后的不定式具有主动关系, 主语来完成不定式的动作。

如 I have a letter to write. 即“信”应该是“被写”。但to write 就是由该句主语 I 来完成的。 Have sth. To be done 不定式To be done的动作不是由句子主语来完成的， 这个不定式该用主动式还是被动式

“Do you have anything _________, Professor Smith?” “No, thanks.” A. to type B. typing C. to be typed D. being typed

句意为“史密斯教授，你有什么文件要我打字吗？ A答案错了，最佳答案应是C

type 这一动作不是由句子主语 you (在此指 Professor Smith)来完成的，而是由说话者“我”来完成的，请再看一例：

I’m going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to be taken to your son? 我下个星期要去北京，你有什么东西要带给你儿子的吗？ 句中的 to be taken 用了被动式而没用主动式，原因就是“带”这个动作不是句子主语you 去完成的，而是由说话者“我”来完成的。 比较下面的句子：

Are you going to Beijing? Do you have anything to take to your son? 你要去北京吗？你有什么东西要带给你儿子吗？

I’m going to Beijing next week. I have a lot of things to take with me. 下个星期我要去北京，我随身要带很多东西去。

用作宾语补足语的非谓语动词形式

非谓语动词作宾补的一个原则：

当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，①用不定式(未来或强调动作的全过程)

②或现在分词(强调动作正在进行或一直处于某种状态)

当宾语与作宾补在逻辑上是被动关系时用①过去分词:及物动词的过去分词表完成和被动

不及物动词的过去分词只表完成。 用②不定式、③现在分词的被动式

He asked us to come here early the next day. 他叫我们第二天来早点。(未来) I saw him go into the teachers’office. 我见他进入了老师的办公室了。（强调动作的全过程) We saw him enter the room. 我们看到他进了那个房间。(全过程)

We saw him talking to her. 我们看到他在与她谈话。(强调动作正在进行)

I found them walking in the street. 我发现他们在街上溜达。(强调动作正在进行)

She kept us waiting here for an hour. 她让我们在这等了一个小时了。(一直处于某种状态) I saw him beaten by Tom. 我看到他被汤姆打了。(him与beaten是被动关系)

He spoke slowly to make himself understood better. 他说得很慢来使自己更好地被人理解。 The school doesn’t allow us to swim in the river. 学校不允许我们下河游泳。 Father encourages me to do what I like. 父亲鼓励我去做我所喜欢的事情。

注意：①。动词接动词不定式做宾语的补足语时，不定式的to须省略。记忆方法：一感(feel)、二听(hear, listen to)、三让(let, have, make)、四看(see, look at, watch, notice ，observe)。 它们变为被动语态时，不定式的to不能省略(改为被动语态时，不定式就成了主语的补足语) He made me work 12 hours a day. 他要我每天工作12小时。

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I was made to work 12 hours a day. 每天要我工作12小时。

感知觉动词接宾语补足语时，若是持续性动词，一般只能用-ing分词，而不能用不定式形式做宾语的补足语，

I saw them play basketball this morning. 从语法角度来看是正确的，但从意义角度来考虑是错误的，因为，若无特殊原因，你不可能把他们打篮球的全过程看完，因此本句应该改为： I saw them playing basketball this morning.

I heard her singing in the next door? 当时我听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？

②。如果做宾语的不定式，动名词后接有宾语补足语，则通常用it作形式宾语。将作宾语的不定式，动名词放在宾语补足语之后。

We find it impossible to get there in time. We found it no use talking to him.

1.通常用带to的不定式作宾补的动词

advise 建议 allow 允许 ask 叫，请 bear 忍受 beg 乞求 cause 导致command 命令 encourage 鼓励 expect 期待 forbid 禁止 force 迫使 get 使 hate 讨厌 help 帮助 intend 想要 invite 邀请 leave 让 like 喜欢

mean 打算 need 需要oblige 迫使 order 命令 permit 允许 persuade 说服prefer 宁愿request 请求 remind 提醒 teach 教 tell 告诉trouble 麻烦want 想要warn 警告wish 希望 wait for 等 would like 想要 would love 想要 would prefer 宁愿 What caused him to change his mind? 什么使他改变了主意?

I don’t expect her to turn up at the meeting. 我估计她不会来开会。 Who persuaded you to join the society? 谁劝说你参加这个协会的？

I tried to persuade him to leave, but he wouldn’t listen. 我想劝他离开，可他不听。 He didn’t allow the students to go there. 他没让学生们去那儿。 He forbade me to use his car. 他不准我用他的小车。

The doctor warned him not to smoke. 医生告诫他不要抽烟。

My parents encouraged me to study abroad. 父母鼓励我出国留学。 2.

一般要接-ing分词做宾语补足语的动词：

get, have, keep, leave, consider, suggest ,find, send

Don’t leave the children making noises there. 不要让孩子们在那儿吵闹。 Add some wood to keep the fire burning. 添一些木材使火继续燃起来。

Don’t have your guest standing there and ask him to sit down.不要让客人站在那里, 请他入坐 I found the missing boy playing by the river. 我发现那个失踪的男孩在河边玩。 注意：①consider, find等一般不能接不定式作宾语补足语, 但可接to be, to have done做宾语补足语 When I got there, I found the work to have been finished.

当我到达那儿时，我发现工作已被做完了。

②几点注意说明

(1) 在hope, suggest, agree, decide, demand等后不可接sb. to do sth. 。 译：我建议他不去那里。 误：I suggested him not to go there.

正：I suggested that he should not go there. 正：I advised him not to go there. (2) want, wish 等后接 to be done 作宾补时，to be 可省略，直接过去分词作宾补。

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When do you wish it (to be) finished? 你要什么时候完成？ (3). 容易受汉语意思误用不定式作宾语补足语的动词：

“原谅某人做某事”，不说 excuse /forgive sb to do sth。可说excuse /forgive sb for doing sth。 “建议某人做某事”，英语不说 suggest [propose] sb to do sth。可说成 advise sb to do sth。 “希望某人做某事”，英语不说 hope sb to do sth。 可说成wish sb to do sth

“安排某人做某事”，英语不说 arrange sb to do sth。 可说成 arrange for sb to do sth。 “要求某人做某事”，英语不说 demand sb to do sth。 可说成 demand of sb to do sth “感谢某人做某事”，英语不说 thank sb to do sth。 可说成thank sb for doing sth

“祝贺某人做某事”，英语不说 congratulate sb to do sth。可说成congratulate sb on doing sth “阻止某人做某事”，英语不说 prevent sb to do sth。 可说成 prevent sb from doing sth “害怕某人做某事”，英语不说 fear sb to do sth。 “拒绝某人做某事”，英语不说 refuse sb to do sth。 “惩罚某人做某事”，英语不说 punish sb to do sth。 “赞成某人做某事”，英语不说 approve sb to do sth。 “通知某人做某事”，英语不说 inform sb to do sth。 “欢迎某人做某事”，英语不说 welcome sb to do sth。

“坚持某人做某事”，英语不说 insist [persist] sb to do sth。

promise sb to do sth该结构中的不定式的逻辑主语不是其前的宾语sb，而是句子主语， He promised me to go. 的意思是“他答应我他去”，而不是“他答应让我去”。 “I’ve asked him to let me go.” “But does he _________ you to go?” A. let B. agree C. allow D. promise 此题最佳答案为C

【分析】选项A错误，因为 let 后用作宾语补足语的不定式不能带 to；

选项B错误，因为动词 agree 习惯上不用于 agree sb to do sth 这一句式； 选项D错误，因为 promise sb to do sth 这一句式中，to do sth 的逻辑主语是 promise

的主语而不其宾语，即 He promised me to go 的意思是“他答应我，他去”，而不是“他答应我让我去”。

He impressed me as rude. 正：他给我的印象是(他)很粗鲁。误：他对我的印象是(我)很粗鲁。 He reminded me of a pig.正：他真是一个猪一样的家伙。 误：他说我是一头猪。 have+宾语+非谓语动词

一、have + 宾语 + 不定式 该结构中have的基本意思是“有”，其主要用法有： 1. 表示有某事要做，其中的不定式为定语。

She didn’t have the courage to refuse. 她没有勇气拒绝。

注：have difficult [problem] doing sth是英语中一个很有用的句式，其中的have表示“有”， We had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting here in time. 我们为了及时赶到此地，经历了可能想见的最大的困难。 2. 表示因为有A结果发生了B，其中的不定式为结果状语。 I had the luck to find him at home. 我真幸运，找他时他正在家。

They had the misfortune to be hit by a violent storm. 他们不幸遇上了猛烈的风暴。 二、have + 宾语 + 动词原形 have为使役动词,动词原形实为省略了to的不定式作宾语补足语 1. 表示叫(请、使、让)某人做某事。如：

He had his son clean the car. 他叫他的儿子擦车。

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Don’t interrupt her：let her have her say. 别打断她的话，让她把意见说出来。 2. 与 won’t, can’t连用, 表示容忍或允许某人做某事

I won’t have you tell me what to do. 我不能让你对我做的 事指手划脚。 三、have + 宾语 + 现在分词 have为使役动词,分词用作宾语补足语

1. 表示使(让)某人(某事物)一直做在做某事或处于做某事的状态之中。如： She had her audience listening attentively. 她使听众听得入神。

2. 表示容忍或允许某人做某事(用于否定句，尤与 won’t, can’t连用)。 He won’t have boys arriving late. 他不允许孩子们迟到。

I won’t have you smoking at your age. 我不能让你在这个年纪就抽烟。 3. 说服或命令某人做某事。

He had me doing all kinds of jobs for her. 他叫我为她做各种事情。

四、have + 宾语 + 过去分词 have为使役动词, 过去分词用作宾语补足语， 1. 表示请(让)别人做某事。

We had the machine repaired. 我们请人修理了机器。

What beautiful curls — why do you want to have them cut off? 你那鬈发多漂亮啊——为什么要剪掉呢?

注：有时指无意志的行为。如：He had his salary raised. 他加薪了。 2. 表示经历或遭遇某情况。

He had his finger cut. 他的手指弄伤了。

I had my watch stolen yesterday. 我的表昨天被人偷去了。 3. 表示主动地完成某动作或解决某事。

I’ve had all my mistakes corrected. 我已把所有的错误都改正过来了。 I have had everything prepared beforehand. 我已事先把一切都准备好了。 Paul’s mother had him adopted because she couldn’t look after him herself. 保罗的母亲因为自己无力抚养他，便将他送给别人收养了。

4. 表示容忍或允许做某事(用于否定句，尤与 won’t, can’t 等连用)。

We won’t have anything said against the Party. 我们不允 许有人这样攻击党。 注意，下面一句中的worried可视为形容词，而非过去分词： The news had me worried. 我听了这消息十分不安。

用作宾语的非谓语动词形式

一. 通常只接不定式(而不是动名词)作宾语的动词有： afford 负担得起 agree 同意 arrange 安排 ask 要求 care 想要 choose 决定

decide 决定 demand 要求determine 决心 expect 期待 fail 未能 help 帮助hesitate 犹豫hope 希望 long 渴望 manage 设法offer 主动提出 plan 计划prepare 准备 pretend 假装 promise 答应 refuse 拒绝want 想要 wish 希望

I can’t afford to buy a car. 我买不起汽车。 She refused to help me. 她不肯帮助我。 He agreed to come over right away. 他同意马上就来。

He managed to avoid an accident. 他设法避免了一次事故。 He pretended not to know the facts. 他佯装不知实情。

注意：不定式一般不做介词的宾语，但可做表示“除…外”的介词besides, but, except的宾语。

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前面如果有动词do时，不定式的to须省略。

You must finish your work before going to the concert. 你必须在去听音乐演唱会之前必须把工作完成。 On seeing her mother, the little girl began to cry out. 这个小女孩一看见她的母亲就大哭了起来。

He said nothing except to go away. 他一话没说就走了。

Now we can’t do anything but wait for him. 现在我们只能等待他。 There’s little we can do except wait. 除了等待我们没有什么办法。 二. 通常接动名词而不接不定式作宾语的动词：

admit 承认 advise 建议 allow 允许 appreciate 感激avoid 避免 consider 考虑 delay 推迟 deny 否认discuss 讨论 dislike 不喜欢 enjoy 喜爱 escape 逃脱 excuse 原谅 fancy 设想 finish 完成 forbid 禁止forgive 原谅 report 报告 imagine 想像 include 包括keep 保持mention 提及 risk 冒险mind 介意 miss 没赶上 pardon 原谅 permit 允许 practise 练习 prevent 阻止prohibit 禁止 give up 放弃 can’t stand 不能忍受 burst out 突然开始 feel like 想要 insist on 坚持 put off 推迟 He admitted having taken the money. 他承认拿了那笔钱。 I admit breaking the window. 我承认打破了窗玻璃。

She burst out crying (laughing, singing). 她突然哭(笑，唱)起来。 There is no way to escape doing the work. 没有办法逃脱做这项工作。

Please excuse my opening your letter by mistake. 请原谅我误拆了你的信。 Please forgive my interrupting. 请原谅我打扰了。

Can you imagine living without electricity? 你能想象没有电的生活吗? We’re willing to risk losing our jobs. 我们愿冒失业的危险。

He suggested going together in one car. 他建议大家一起坐一辆汽车去。

I just can’t understand his [him] stealing the money. 我简直无法理解他为什么要偷钱。 They discussed selling the house. 他们商量过卖房子的事。 She dislikes doing housework. 她不喜欢干家务活。 He mentioned seeing her often. 他提到过经常见到她。

I can’t understand treating children like that. 那样对待孩子，我不能理解。 【几点用法说明】

(1) 有的动词后接动名词作宾语时通常带有逻辑主语： The rain prevented his coming. 下雨使他不能来。

Excuse my opening your letter by mistake. 原谅我不慎把你的信拆开。

(2) 有的动词(如advise, allow, forbid, permit等)后虽然不能直接跟不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补足语：He advised buying a computer. 他建议买台电脑。

He advised her to buy a computer. 他建议她买台电脑。

(3) 有些动词(如consider, understand, discuss等)虽不接不定式作宾语，却可接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语： Have you considered how to get there? 你是否考虑过如何到那儿去?

She doesn’t understand how to look after him. 她不知道应如何照顾他。

We discussed what to do and where we should go. 我们讨论了该怎么办及到哪里去。 三．即可接不定式又可接动名词

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1. 接不定式和动名词且含义相同的动词 like(喜欢)，love(喜欢)，hate(憎恨)，

prefer(宁可)，begin(开始)，start(开始)，continue(继续)，can’t bear(不能忍受)，bother(麻烦)，intend(想要)，attempt(试图)，cease(停止)等

【几点注意】(1) 当 like, love, hate, prefer 与 would, should 连用时，其后只能接不定式：因为这样用时它是表示特定的想法，而非一般性喜好。 I’d love to have a word with you. 我想同你说句话。

I’d hate to spend Christmas alone. 我不喜欢一个人过圣诞节。

I’d prefer to go in August rather than in July. 我愿8月去，不愿7月去。 （2）. 当begin, start, cease, continue等动词本身为-ing形式时，其后通常要用不定式不用动名词，因为两个-ing形式的重复让人听起来会觉得别扭。 It is ceasing to rain. 雨快停了。

It’s too late to go out now. Besides, it’s starting to rain. 现在出去，太晚了。况且也开始下雨了。 当begin, cease, start, continue等与see(明白), know(知道), realize(意识到), understand(理解)等与状态动词连用时其后通常要用不定式不用动名词。

I soon began to understand what was happening. 我很快开始明白了正在发生什么事。 I am beginning to realize why he acted as he did. 我现在刚刚开始明白他为什么那样做。

2. 接不定式和动名词含义不同的动词

第一条 remember(记得)，forget(忘记)，regret(后悔)后接不定式指该不定式所表示的动作还未发生，后接动名词(有时可用完成式)，则指该动名词所表示的动作已经发生。 Remember to post the letter. 记住把这封信寄了。(“寄信”未发生) I remember posting the letter. 我记得寄了那封信。(“寄信”已发生) He forgot to pay me the money. 他忘记要给我付钱了。(“付钱”未发生)

■regret to do sth ：对将要发生的事感到“遗憾”或“抱歉”。 此时主语一般是第一人称且 regret 通常只限于现在时。其后所接不定式通常是 to say, to tell, to inform 等 I regret to tell you that he can’t come. 很抱歉他不能来。

We regret to say that we are unable to help you. 很遗憾，我们不能帮助你。 regret doing sth 对已经发生的事感到“后悔”或“遗憾”。 I regret spending so much money. 我很后悔花了这么多钱。 除后接动名词的一般式外，有时也接动名词的完成式。 I regret missing the film. 我懊悔没有看上那部电影。 He regretted doing [having done] it. 他后悔做了此事。 She regrets having said it. 她后悔说了这话。

若句中含有具体的过去时间状语，则以用动名词的一般式表示已发生的动作 I regret going there yesterday. 我后悔昨天去了那儿。 ◎偶尔还可接不定式的完成式。

I regret not having [to have] worked harder. 我后悔当初没有更努力些。

第二条 try 后接不定式表示设法做某事，接动名词表示做某事试试(看有什么效果)。 They also try to fool other people. 他们也企图欺骗别人。

Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.

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前门如没有人答应，就敲后门试试看。

第三条 ■mean to do sth 的意思是：打算(想要)做某事。此时的主语只能是“人”。 I don’t mean to make you angry.我不是存心惹你生气的。

◎有时接不定式的复合结构。I mean you to go. 我打算让你去。

■mean doing sth 的意思是：意味着(要)做某事。此时的主语不能是“人”。 This means helping you. 这意味着帮助你。

If you want to pass the exam it will mean studying hard你想要考试及格那就意味着要刻苦学习 ◎有时接动名词的复合结构。

This new order will mean us working overtime. 这一新定单意味着我们得加班加点。 第四条stop 后接动名词表示停止做某事，接不定式表示停下正在做的事去做另一事 ■go on doing sth继续(不停地)做正在做的事go on to do sth做完某事后接着做另一事 He went on to show us how to do it. 他接着又教我们如何做。（不定式是目的状语）。 Go on to do the other exercises after you have finished this one. （不定式是目的状语）。 做完这个练习后， 请接着做其它的练习。

We went on talking till after midnight. 我们继续谈话直到午夜以后。 You can’t go on working without a break. 人不能不停地工作而不休息。 注：go on doing sth 有时表示停了一阵之后继续做同样的事。如：

She nodded, smiled, and went on stitching. 她点了点头，笑了笑，又继续缝衣服。

He stopped speaking, and there was not a sound in the room.他停止讲话，房里一点声音也没有 They stopped to ask the way. 他们停下来问路。（不定式是目的状语）。

He stopped to listen, but there was no more sound. 他停下来听，但再也没有听到什么声音。 第五条 can’t help后接动名词表示禁不住去做某事，接不定式表示不能帮助做某事： He couldn’t help crying when he heard the news. 他听到这个消息时禁不住哭了。 I can’t help to clean the place up. 我不能帮助打扫这地方。其中的 help 用于本义 注：can’t help后有时接不定式的复合结构。

I can’t help them to resolve their quarrel they must fight it out between them. 我无法帮助他们解决争论——他们得打出个结果来。

第六条 want, require, need, deserve, worth带-ing分词作宾语时主动形式表被动意义。 Your hair needs cutting [to be cut]. 你的头发该理了。

The room wants cleaning [to be cleaned]. 这房间需要打扫了。 The book is worth reading. 这本书值得读。

The house requires repairing at once. 这座房子需要马上维修。

第七条be used to等接不定式时，被用来做什么；接动词-ing 形式做宾语时，习惯于做什么。 The wood will be used to make paper. 这些木材将被用来造纸。

The students will be used to living here soon. 学生们讲很快适应在这儿的生活。

第八条look forwards to接不定式时朝前面看某东西；接动词-ing 形式做宾语时期望做某事 I’m looking forward to meeting you soon. 我盼望很快见到你。

Many people crowded there, so I looked forward to see what had happened. 很多人围在那儿，因此我朝前面看，看那儿发生了什么事。

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特别关注一下几点：

1. 关注介词to。以下各结构中的 to是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动名词，而不是动词原形： devote one’s time to doing sth 把某人的时间用于(奉献于)做某事

be [get] used to doing sth习惯于做某事 be accustomed to doing sth 习惯于做某事 be opposed to doing sth 反对做某事 object to doing sth反对做某事

stick to doing sth 坚持做某事 pay attention to doing sth 注意做某 get down to doing sth 开始做某事 look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事 take to doing sth 喜欢上做某事 admit to doing 承认做了某事 be equal to doing sth 等于做某事，能胜任做某事 What do you say to doing sth 你认为做某事怎么样 为此请注意以下区别：

be interested in doing sth = 对做某事感兴趣（指一般性的动作）

be interested to do sth = 很有兴趣做某事，很想做某事（指尚未发生的动作） He is interested in listening to stories. 他对听故事很感兴趣。 We’d be interested to hear your story. 我们很想听听你的故事。 be keen on doing sth = 热衷于做某事（指一般性的动作） be keen to do sth = 渴望做某事（指尚未发生的动作） He is keen on playing tennis. 他很喜欢打网球。

I can’t drive yet, but I’m keen to learn. 我还不会开车，但我很想学。 但是，以上用法是不可以随便推而广之的，

“be + 形容词”都可同时接不定式或“介词 + 动名词”的。

要表示“喜欢做某事”，可用 be fond of doing sth，但不用 be fond to do sth 要表示“忙于做某事”，可用 be busy (in) doing sth，但不用 be busy to do sth 要表示“厌烦做某事”，可用 be tired of doing sth，但不用 be tired to do sth。 要表示“做某事做迟了”，可用 be late (in) doing sth，但不用 be late to do sth 要表示“做某事有经验”，可用 be experienced at [in] doing sth，但不用 be experienced to do sth 玛丽正忙于复习准备考试。误：Mary is busy to study for her exams.

正：Mary is busy studying for her exams.

我听腻了你的批评。误：I’m tired to listen to your criticisms.

正：I’m tired of listening to your criticisms.

今天早上他来办公室来得很迟。误：He was late to come to the office this morning.

正：He was late (in) coming to the office this morning.

他教小孩很有经验。误：He is experienced to teach children. 正：He is experienced at [in] teaching children.

用作状语的非谓语动词

表示时间、条件、方式、让步或伴随情况，通常用现在分词或过去分词； 若句子主语与非谓语动词是主动关系，用现在分词；

若句子主语与非谓语动词是被动关系，用过去分词或现在分词分词的被动式。 Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off. 见到猫，老鼠就跑了。

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He sat in the chair reading newspapers. 他坐在椅子上看报。

Given more time, we could have done it better. 如果多给点时间，我们可以做得更好

一． 分词(短语)用作时间状语：通常可转换成时间状语从句(引导时间状语的从属连词需根据句意来确定)，不定式不能用作时间状语

Seeing the door open（= When he saw the door open）, the stranger entered the house. 那个陌生人看见门开着就进了屋子。

The work finished（= After the work was finished）, they went home. 工作做完后，他们就回家了。

Told that his mother was ill, Li Lei hurried home quickly.李蕾得知母亲生病了时马上赶回了家 Seen from the moon, the earth looks green. 从月亮上看时，地球是绿色。 分词在句中作时间状语，其前面可以加When或while While crossing street,you must be careful.

练习：When ______ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.

A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared 【分析】此题答案选C，分词短语when comparing different cultures相当于时间状语从句when we compare different cultures。

二、表示原因，不定式表示原因时，一般放在句子的末尾，说明主语某种心情、情感的原因。在表示情绪或情感反应的形容词(如 happy, glad, sorry, sad, surprised, frightened, delighted, disappointed)后

I'm very pleased to meet you. 会见你我很高兴。

I'm proud to be your friend. 当你的朋友我感到骄傲。

表示原因通常用分词短语，且多放在句首，有时也放在句末，多用逗号隔开，分词(短语)用作原因状语 可转换成由as, because, since, now that 等引导的原因状语从句。

Being very weak（= As she was very weak）, she couldn’t move. 由于身体虚弱，她不能行动。 His car broken down（= Because his car broken was down）, he had to walk. 他的车坏了，所以只好走路。

Much discouraged（= Because she was much discouraged）, she came back home. 她很沮丧，回了家。

Satisfied with what he did, the teacher praised him in class. 由于老师对他所做的事情很满意，于是在班上表扬了他。练习：(1)As she was very weak（= ）, she couldn’t move. (2) ______ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face 答案选A。

【分析】faced with so much trouble= because we were faced with so much trouble。

(3) ____for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. (福建卷) A. Blaming B. Blamed C. To blame D. To be blamed 答案选B。

【分析】现在分词短语blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network可转换成原因状语从句because she was blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network。 三、条件状语 不定式表示条件时，一般放在句首。

To be heated, liquid will change into gas. 如果受热，液体就会变成气体。

分词(短语)用作条件状语 通常可转换成由从属连词if引导的条件状语从句

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Working hard（= If you work hard）, you will succeed. 如果努力工作，你就可以成功。 Give more time/If give more time,we could have done it better

Adding them all up（= If we add them all up）, we can find the answer. 如果把它们加起来，我们就可以得到答案。

United（= If we are united）, we stand; divided（= ）, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。 Given more time（= If we had been given more time）, I’ll finish it. 再给几分钟的时间，我就会完成了

Compared with you, I still have a long way to go. 跟你比较起来，我还差得很远呢。 ______ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player. A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given 答案选D 【分析】。give 与其逻辑主语 he 是动宾关系，分词短语 Given time =If he is given time。 四、分词(短语)用作让步状语 通常可转换成由从属连词though, although, no matter…等引导的让步状语从句

Although living miles away, （= Although he lived miles away ） he attended the course. 虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上课。

Defeated（= Thought he was defeated ）, he remained a popular boxer. 虽然被击败了，他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手。

Although living miles away, he attended the course. 虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上课。 Explained a hundred times, he still can’t understand it. 即使给他解释一百篇，她还是不会明白。

Trained ten hours a day, he will still be a fool. 即使每天训练十个小时，他也还会是个傻瓜。 No matter how frequently ___, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world. A. performed B. performing C. to be performed D. being performed

【分析】答案选A。现在分词短语performed在此相当于they are performed。No matter how frequently they are performed的意思是“无论它们（指贝多芬的作品）被演奏多少次”。

五、分词(短语)用作伴随状语时，它表示的动作伴随句子谓语动作同时发生，即句子谓语所表示的动作为主要动作，分词短语所表示的动作伴随性的次要动作。 He sat in the chair reading a newspaper. 他坐在椅子上看报。 Don't you sit there doing nothing. 别什么也不干坐在那里。

He came in, followed by his wife. 他走了进来，后面跟着他的妻子。 (1) Don’t sit there ______ nothing. Come and help me with this table. A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing

(2) My cousin came to see me from the country, ______ me a full basket of fresh fruits. A. brought B. bringing C. to bring D. had brought

(3) Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always ______ the same thing.

A. saying B. said C. to say D. having said

(4) We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, ______ that all children like these things. A. thinking B. think C. to think D. thought 【分析】以上四题答案分别为CBAA。

六、分词用作方式状语 不定式可接在as if / as though之后表示方式时，：

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He moved his mouth as if to say something. 他的嘴唇动了动，好像要说什么事似的。

分词(短语)用作方式状语与用作伴随状语的情形比较接近。有时用作方式状语的现在分词可以转换成by doing sth的结构

He earns a living driving a truck（= by driving a truck）. 他靠开卡车谋取生。 I'm returning you letter as requested. 我按要求给你退信。

七、表示结果：不定式表结果其动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的，不定式前常加 only，

He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked. 他是那样傻，竟然没锁车。

He hurried to the house only to fond that it was empty他匆忙赶到那屋子里发现已经空无一人 He fired, killing one of the passers-by. = He fired and killed one of the passers-by. 他开枪了，打死了一个过路人。

另外，不定式在下列结构中表示谓语动作的结果，不定式的位置一般在句子末尾。

(1) 表示终结性的动词find, see, hear, learn, discover的不定式，常表示出乎意料的结果，并且，不定式前常有never, only等副词修饰。如：

I hurried to the railway station yesterday, (only) to find that the train had left. 昨天我急急忙忙赶到火车站时，发现火车已经开走了。

I went to the classroom, to discover it empty. 我走到教室，结果发现教室是空的。 (2) 在 “so + adj. / adv. + as + to do”中。如：

The scenery is so beautiful as to attract many people here every year. 景色非常美，每年都要吸引很多人来这里。

(3) 在 “adj. / adv. + enough + to do”中。如：

He ran fast enough to catch up with Li Lei. 他跑得很快，结果赶上了李蕾。 (4) 在 “so + adj. / adv. +a(n) + n. + as + to do”中。如：

This is so interesting a story as to interest children. 这是个很有趣的故事，使孩子们非常感兴趣。

(5) 在 “such + adj. / adv. + n. + as + to do”中。如：

She is such a good girl to help you make great progress. 她是个非常好的姑娘，帮助你取得了很大的进步。

(6) 在 “too + adj. / adv. + to do”中。如：

They went too slowly to catch the early bus. 他们走得太慢了，结果没能赶上早班车。

现在分词表示结果，是伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果(同时发生)，前面可加上 thus。分词(短语)用作结果状语时，通常可转换成并列句

He died, leaving his wife with five children= He died and left his wife with five children. 他死了，留下他妻子和五个儿子。

He fell off a tall tree, his leg broken. 他从树上摔了下来，腿摔断了。 The cup fell down to the ground, broken. 茶杯掉到了地上，破碎了。 You were lucky not to be killed. 你大难不死，真是好运气。 I had to shout to be heard. 我必须叫喊对方才能听得见。 注意以下特殊结构： (1) only to be done结构

He has returned only to be sent away again. 他回来后又被打发走了。

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She got there only to be told that they had gone on holiday. 她到达那里，被告知他们度

(1) He glanced over at her, ______ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together. A. noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted 答案选A 【分析】，此句也可换成：He glanced over at her and noted that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.

(2) Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _____ a record US$ 57.65 a barrel on April 4. A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching 【分析】答案选B，此句也可换成：Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year and reached a record US$ 57.65 a barrel on April 4.

八．表示目的，通常要用不定式。

作目的状语的-ing分词一般是表示所从事的活动方面的动词，

如：boating, climbing, fishing, hunting, riding, sailing, shopping, shooting, skating, skiing, swimming, walking, washing等

I often go shopping with mother on Sundays. 星期天我常跟妈妈买东西。

不定式作目的状语的三个特点

一、句意上的特点 其句意特点很明显，通常在译成中文时可用“为了”来表示。

To save class time, our teacher has us students do half of the exercises in class and complete the other half for our homework. 为了节约课堂时间，我们的老师要求我们学生在课堂上做一半练习，剩下的一半在课后作为家庭作业完成。

有时即使没有直接翻译出“为了”，但其中包含了类似意思，如“目的是”“目的是为了”等。 Doctors worked through the night to save the life of the injured man. 医生彻夜工作以拯救伤者的生命。(以拯救伤者的生命=目的是为了拯救伤者的生命)

二、结构上的特点：一，是在句首，属于强调性用法，强调动词的目的。二，是在句末。 在句子前面时，不定式常与句子用逗号隔开；而在句子末尾时一般不用逗号隔开。比较： To illustrate my point I have done a comparative analysis. 为说明我的观点，我做了对比分析。 I have done a comparative analysis to illustrate my point. 我做了对比分析来说明我的观点。 有时为了特别强调目的状语，可以在不定式之前加上in order或so as，即构成in order to do sth和so as to do sth结构。但to do, in order to do的位置既可在句首，又可在句末；而so as to do只能在句末

I’ll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it.我要把他的电话号码写下来以免忘记 In order to build a house, he bought some wood and steel yesterday. —He bought some wood and steel yesterday in order to build a house. / He bought some wood and steel yesterday so as to build a house. 为了建房，昨天他买来了木料和钢材。

三、语法上的特点 不定式表示目的通常是指发生在谓语动作之后的动作，也就是说，若以谓语动作发生的时间为标准，用作目的状语的不定式是一个尚未发生的将来动作。

He turned his head around to look at people. 他扭头看人。 谓语动作“扭头”在先，目的状语“看人”在后。若以“扭头”发生的时间为标准，“看人”为尚未发生的将来动作。

在不定式用作目的状语的考题中还要注意它的语态，即要根据不定式与逻辑主语的关系正确选用合适的语态。

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1. When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there ____ for a space flight. (江西卷) A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained

【解析】答案选D。由于“他”与“训练”之间为被动关系，故可排除A和C。另外，由于被训练进行航空飞行是他被派往那儿的目的，所以宜用不定式，故选D。

2. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _________. A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heard

【解析】答案选A。根据句意，此处指的是“被听见”，故要用被动式，因此可排除B和C。另外，根据句意，“设法被听见”是目的，所以要用不定式表示，故选A。 【两点注意】

1. 不定式作目的状语可以置于句首，并且当需要强调时，通常会置于句首。但是，同学们在做题时千万不要以为位于句首的不定式就一定是目的状语。 To cooperate with others is important. 同他人合作很重要。（做主语）

To know something about English is one thing；to know English is quite another. 懂一点英语是一回事；掌握英语完全是另一回事。（做主语）

To order a vehicle, you have to pay a deposit. 订购一辆汽车，你必须交付押金。 条件状语=If you want to order a vehicle

To look at him you’d never think he was a successful businessman. 若看他的外貌，谁也想不到他是个事业有成的商人。条件状语=If you looked at him 用的是虚拟语气。

2. 有人认为回答why的提问时，一定要用不定式，而不能用其他形式的非谓语动词。这种观点很不全面，可能会起误导作用，如下面这个句子了不定式来回答why的提问：

“Why did you go this way?” “To save time.” “你为什么走了这条路?”“为了节省时间。” 句中的To save time可视为Because I wanted to save time之省略。 但是，下面这个句子却用了动词的-ing形式：

“Why does he look so sad?” “Having lost his wallet.” “他看上去为什么如此伤心？”“他把钱包给丢了。”=Because he has lost his wallet

注意：一般来说，不论是动词不定式作状语、-ing分词做状语，还是动词的过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。但是，有一些非谓语动词短语已经游离出来，成为单独的短语，在句子中作状语。如：

(1) exactly / honestly / frankly / generally speaking, 准确地说不过去/ 老实地说 / 坦率地说 / 一般说来。

Exactly speaking, he got here at eight fourteen this morning. 准确地说，今天早晨他是十八点十四分来到这里的。

Generally speaking, a snake won’t attack a man unless it is bothered. 一般说来，蛇是不会攻击人的除非你冒犯了它。

(2) judging from / by... 从 / 根据某东西判断

Judging by his accent, he is from Hunan. 从他的口音来判断，他是湖南人。

Judging from what he said, he is very honest. 从他所说的话来判断，它是很诚实的。 (3) providing / provided …假如 / 如果

Providing he follows our advice, we can help him. 要是他按我们的建议去做，我们就能帮助他。 Provided he is free, he is sure to come. 如果他有空，他肯定会来。 (4) considering... 考虑到

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Considering he was just a little boy, we didn’t punish him. 考虑到他还只是一个小孩，我们就没有惩罚他了。

Considering it was late, we didn’t discuss the question. 考虑到时间不早了，我们就没有讨论这个问题了。

(5) thinking of... 想到 / 考虑到

Thinking of the environment we live in, the waste can’t be thrown away around directly. 考虑到我们所生存的环境，废物不能直接到处乱扔。 (6) talking of... 谈到 / 说到

Talking of math, he became excited. 谈到数学，他就兴奋起来了。

此外，还有短语：taking...into consideration 把某事考虑进去；calculating roughly, 粗略地计算；supposing... 假定；to tell you the truth 实话告诉你；to be frank 坦白地说；to begin with 首先要做的是；so to speak 可以这么说；taken as a whole 从整体上来看；put frankly, 坦率地说；given that 鉴于等

动名词主动表被动的三种类型

在某些特殊结构中，动名词可以用主动形式表示被动意义，这主要见于以下几种情况：

一、“需要”型 在need, want, require几个表示“需要”的动词后，英语习惯上用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。如果改用不定式，则要用被动式

He needs encouraging. 他需要鼓励。 =He needs to be encouraged. Your hair wants cutting. 你需要理发了。=Your hair wants to be cut.

The front gate requires mending. 前门需要修理。=The front gate requires to be mended. The outside of the house needs painting [to be painted] . 这房子外面需要油漆了。 The machine requires repairing [to be repaired]. 这机器需要修理了。

二、“值得”型 (be) worth, deserve, merit——它们后面跟的动名词习惯上要用主动式表示被动意义，不能直接使用被动式。be worth 和 merit 后只能跟动名词，不能跟不定式；如： The film is worth seeing twice. 这个片子值得看两遍。 This might be worth thinking about. 这可能值得考虑。 None of it is worth keeping. 这东西一点儿也不值得保存。 The clock is hardly worth repairing. 这台钟简直不值得修理。 They merit praising. 他们值得表扬

而 deserve 后则通常是接不定式的。只有当它后面所接动词具有被动意义时才可用动名词，且要用主动形式表示被动意义若改成不定式，则要用被动形式。

我认为他的文章不值一读。I don’t think his article deserves reading.=I don’t think his article deserves to be read.

They deserved to be congratulated. 他们值得祝贺。

She deserved to win because she was the best. 她有资格获胜，因为她是最优秀的。

三、“超越”型 这类介词主要有 past, beyond 等，它们均表示“超越”“在……之外”，它们后接动名词通常用主动形式表示被意义。如：He is past saving. 他已无法挽救了。 The pain was almost past bearing. 疼得简直受不了啦。 The problem is past understanding. 这个问题无法理解。

Such hardships are beyond bearing. 这样的苦是不堪忍受的。

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谈谈动名词的逻辑主语问题

怎样使用动名词的逻辑主语 一、动名词的基本用法

动名词的逻辑主语原则上是在动名词前用物主代词或名词所有格： His coming late made the teacher angry. 他迟到使老师生气了。 Would you mind my opening the door? 我打开窗户你介意吗？ Please excuse my interrupting you. 请原谅我打断你的话。 They’re looking forward to Mary’s coming. 他们盼望玛丽来。 二、动名词否定式的用法问题

若动名词带有逻辑主语，则否定词应置于逻辑主语之后。

I’m surprised at your not having noticed. 你竟未注意到我感到吃惊。 I never dreamt of its hurting you. 我没想它会伤你的心。

I understand your not wanting to discuss the matter. 我理解你为什么不愿讨论这件事。 The trouble was their not being able to agree among themselves. 麻烦的是他们自己不能取得一致的意见。

Jenny’s not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。 三、动名词的逻辑主语格问题

口语中通常用宾格代词或名词普通格用于动名词作逻辑主语： We’re all looking forward to your [you] coming. 我们都盼望你来。

Can you imagine Jim [Jim’s] saying such a thing? 你能想像吉姆说出这样的话吗？ 四、动名词位于句首时的情形

当位于句首时，通常要用名词所有格或物主代词作动名词的逻辑主语： Mary’s going there is of no help. 玛丽去那儿没什么帮助。

【注】用于句首的作主语的动名词，移至句末而在句首使用形式主语it，其逻辑主语也通常用物主代词：

It’s a waste of time your talking to him. 你和他谈是浪费时间。

It’s doesn’t make much difference my being there. 我在不在那儿没有什么影响。 五、当逻辑主语没有生命时

当动名词的逻辑主语是没有生命的东西时，通常不用物主代词或名词所有格： I look forward to it getting warmer in spring. 我盼望春天天气变暖。 怎样找出分词的逻辑主语 一、什么是分词的逻辑主语

分词属非谓语动词，即不用作谓语的动词，所以它没有真正的主语。但是，分词作为动词的一种形式，它应有自己理论上或逻辑上的主语：

I often hear him singing this song. 我经常听他唱这首歌。(him 是singing的逻辑主语)

Hearing the news, he couldn’t help crying. 听到这消息，他禁不住哭了。(he是hearing的逻辑主语)

若用的是过去分词或现在分词的被动式，则上面提到的逻辑主语实为“逻辑宾语”： I often hear this song sung. 我经常听到有人唱这首歌。(this song是sung的逻辑主语，但是sing

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的逻辑宾语)

I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。(her是being taken 的逻辑主语，但是take 的逻辑宾语) 二、使用分词逻辑主语的易错点

分词作状语，它的逻辑主语通常应是句子主语，否则会出错。请看下例： (1) Finding her car stolen, ______. A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughly C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help

此题答案应选D，因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语应是“她”，而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等。

在使用分词的逻辑主语时还要注意根据句意判断是主动还是被动，如： (2) _____ many times, he still didn’t understand it. A. Having been told B. Though to be told C. Having told D. He was told

根据句意，he 与 tell 应是被动关系。从时间上看，应该是“被告诉”在先，“没有理解”在后，故选A。比较下题由于句中用了并列连词but，情况有所不同： (3) _____ many times, but he still didn’t understand it. A. Having been told B. Though he was told C. To have been told D. He was told

此题答案选D，句中的并列连词 but 表明整个句子为并列句，同时表明 but 前应是一个独立的句子，而不能是一个非谓语动词短语(所以不能选A或C)。 三、分词逻辑主语的特例

一般说来，分词作状语，它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，但事实上有少数例外的特殊情况： (1) 某些表示说话人态度的一些惯用分词表达，它们在用作状语时其逻辑主语可以与句子主语不一致：

Generally speaking, women live longer than men. 一般说来女人比男人活得长。 Judging from what you say，he ought to succeed. 从你的话看他应当能成功。 Considering the distance，he arrived very quickly. 考虑到路程，他到达得很快。

Taking everything into consideration, you should leave. 考虑到各种因素，你最好离开。 (2) 当句子含有先行主语it或there时，有时有作状语的分词短语可以与先行主语不一致： Having so little time, there was not much that I could do. 由于时间很少，我能做的事很有限。 Being French, it’s surprising that she’s such a terrible cook. 她是法国人，但她做饭做得那么糟真是令人感到惊奇。

(3) 当分词已转化为介词或连词，此时也无需考虑主语一致问题：

Supposing she doesn’t come, what shall we do? 要是她不来我们怎么办?(supposing为连词，意为“假若”)

Given their inexperience, they’ve done a good job. 考虑到他们没有经验，这工作已做得很不错了。(given为介词，意为“考虑到”)

(4) 当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或you时，也无需考虑主语的一致性问题： In doing such work, patience is needed. 做这种工作需要耐心。(=When one does such work, patience is needed.)

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四、分词的独立主格结构 在通常情况下，分词作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应改用其他句型，如：

误：Crossing the road, a car knocked him down.

正：Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 过马路时他被车撞倒了。

正：When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他过马路时车子把他撞倒了。 解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题，也可在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式，故称分词的独立主格结构： The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。

The weather being fine, we went swimming. 天气很好，我们就去游泳了。 He being absent, nothing couldn’t be done. 由于他缺席，什么事也干不成。 以上各句的the job, the weather, he 等不能省略。

五．悬垂分词

请看看这道题：__________ the road，a car knocked him down. A. Crossing B. Crossed C. When he was crossing D. To cross 此题应选C。其余均可能被误选。分析如下：

选项B不对，因为它是过去分词，其后不应有宾语。

选项A，D不对，因为该非谓语动词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致——构成悬垂分词。

一般说来，作状语用的非谓语动词的逻辑主语应与句子主语保持一致，否则便是错句。比较： 为了通过考试，(他)每分钟都用来学习。

误：To pass the exam，every minute was spent in studying. 正：To pass the exam，he spent every minute in studying. 信读了第二次之后，意思就更清楚了。

误：Reading the letter a second time，the meaning became clearer. 正：Being read a second time，the letter became clearer in meaning. 狗叫得厉害，所以我把它放了出去。 误：Barking madly，I led the dog out. 正：Barking madly，the dog was let out.

但是，在有些特殊的结构(只有少数固定结构)中，非谓语动词可以没有逻辑主语： Judging from [by] what he said，he was a cheat. 从他说的话来看，他就是个骗子。

有关非谓语动词的重要考点

一、考查不定式、现在分词与过去分词的基本区别

从时间关系上看， 不定式表未来， 现在分词表进行， 过去分词表完成，

同时注意不定式和现在分词的完成式也表完成 (尤其是表示有明显的先后关系的完成)； 从主动与被动来看，不定式和现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动，

同时注意不定式和现在分词的被动式也表被动(不定式的被动式在表被动的同时还兼表未来，现在分词的被动式表被动的同时还兼表进行)。

1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _________ in a year. (湖南卷)

A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed选 C。动词不定式表示未来的动作。 2. _________from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals

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not found in any other country in the world. (湖北卷)

A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. To be separated

选 C。因为Australia与separate是被动关系，且separate发生在谓语动词has之前，所以用现在分词的完成被动式作原因状语。 二、考查非谓语动词的主动式与被动式 非谓语动词与相应逻辑主语的关系，若为主动关系，用主动式；若为被动关系，用被动式。特别注意，过去分词没有相应的被动式，因为它本身可以表示被动。

1. The repairs cost a lot, but it’s money well_________. (湖北卷) A. to spend B. spent C. being spent D. spending 【分析】答案选B。因money与spend是被动关系，所以用过去分词。

2. The prize of the game show is＄30000 and an all expenses ___ vacation to China. (北京卷) A. paying B. paid C. to be paid D. being paid

【分析】答案选B。因all expenses与pay是被动关系，故用过去分词。注意句中的an 不是修饰 expenses，而是修饰vacation。

3. When _________help, one often says, “Thank you.” Or “It’s kind of you.” (福建卷) A. offering B. to offer C. to be offered D. offered

【分析】答案选 D。因一个人说“谢谢”，应当是他被提供了帮助，所以要用过去分词，When offered help… =When he is offered help… 三、考查非谓语动词完成式的用法

非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和现在分词)的完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作。做题时要注意根据题干所提供的语境来推断这种先后关系。

1. The storm left, _________a lot of damage to this area. (全国卷I)

A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused

【分析】选D。因The storm与cause是主动关系，排除选项A；不定式作状语，前面通常不用逗号，排除B和C；因暴风雨给这个地区“造成损失”是在“结束”之前，所以用完成式。 2. More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, _________ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits. (上海卷) A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken

【分析】答案选 A。因people与take advantage of是主动关系，排除选项B和D；take不会发生在谓语are signing up之前，不用完成式，排除C。 四、考查非谓语动词用作伴随状语

在通常情况下，表伴随情况的应用现在分词。如：

1. “You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, _________away. (全国卷III) A. run B. running C. to run D. ran 【分析】答案选B。现在分词作伴随状语。

2. He glanced over at her, ____ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together. (广东卷) A. noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted 【分析】答案选 A。因为he与note是主谓关系，且note与谓语动词glanced的动作同时发生，所以用现在分词的一般式作伴随状语。

3. Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, _____fun. (重庆卷) A. had B. have C. to have D. having

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【分析】答案选 D。用现在分词表伴随情况。

说明：有时过去分词也可表伴随(注意过去分词同时还表被动关系)，但高考很少考查此用法。 He came in, followed by his wife. 他走了进来，后面跟着他的妻子。 五、考查非谓语动词用作目的状语

在通常情况下，用作目的状语只能是不定式。

1. “Can the project be finished as planned?” “Sure, ______it completed in time, we’ll work two more hours a day.” (福建卷) A. having got B. to get C. getting D. get 【分析】答案选 B。作目的状语只能用动词不定式。

2. _________ more about university courses, call (920) 746-3789. (浙江卷) A. To find out B. Finding out C. Find out D. Having found out 【分析】答案选 A。作目的状语要用动词不定式。

3. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ______a look at the sports stars. (上海卷) A. had B. having C. to have D. have

【分析】答案选 C。“看看体育明星”是“在体育馆外等三个小时”的目的，作目的状语只能用动词不定式。

六、考查非谓语动词用作结果状语

1. 用现在分词表结果。伴随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果，用现在分词作结果状语 He fired, killing one of the passers-by. 他开枪了，打死了一个过路人。

Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _________a record US $ 57.65 a barrel on April 4. (山东卷)

A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching【分析】答案选B。 2. 用不定式表结果。

He returned home to find his wife waiting for him. 他回到家发现他的妻子在等他。 He hurried to the station only _________ that the train had left. (广东卷)

A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found

【分析】答案选 A。因为only to do是习语，意为“结果却，不料”，hurried和find是先后发生的两个动作。

七、考查非谓语动词用作宾语补足语

原则上，所有的非谓语动词形式均可用作宾语补足语，其区别是：不定式表未来，现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成和被动。

1. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise_________. (北京卷) A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on

【分析】答案选A。作with的宾语的补足语要用非谓语动词，排除选项B和C；与谓语动作同时发生用现在分词作宾语补足语，排除表示将来的不定式选项D。

2. You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it _____often enough (天津卷) A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained 【分析】答案选D。 宾语it与explain是被动关系，用过去分词作宾补，have sth done意为“请人做某事”。 八、考查非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题

按照英语习惯，非谓语动词的逻辑主语应与句子一致，否则就应调整句子结构。 While watching television, _________. (全国卷III)

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A. the door bell rang B. the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings

【分析】答案选C。因为watching的逻辑主语一定是we，排除选项A和B；又因在hear后作宾语补足语的是省略了to的不定式，所以选项D中的rings是错误的。 九、考查非谓语动词用作主语的问题

原则上说，动词用作主语，只能是不定式或动名词，不能是分词形式。这类考题命题还往往用动词原形作为干扰项进行考查，同学们做题需引起注意。

It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview; _________the answers ready will be of great help. (北京卷) A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having 【分析】答案选D。动名词短语用作主语。 十、考查“(be +) 过去分词+介词”结构

有一类“be+过去分词+介词”结构，如be interested in, be worried about, be lost in, be dressed in 等，也往往是命题的热点。

1. _________ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police. (江苏卷)A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing

【分析】答案选 B。因表示“迷路于”是lose oneself in，题中没有oneself, 所以the two students与lose是被动关系，应该用过去分词作状语。

2. _________ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. (湖南卷)

A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed 【分析】答案选 A。由dress的宾语一定是人或oneself可知，dress与he是动宾关系，即he与dress是被动关系，要用过去分词作状语，Dressed in …=As he is dressed in … 十一、非谓语动词的综合考查

有时命题者会将多个知识点综合起来进行考查，如在考查被动式的同时兼考完成式，在考查不定式的同时兼考分词，等等。

1. I don’t want ___ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair. (天津卷) A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded

【分析】答案选 A。表示“想要做某事”want后只能接to do，排除选项C；sound like中sound是系动词，属不及物动词，不能用于被动语态，排除选项B；sound 发生在want后，故不用完成式，排除选项D。

2. “Is Bob still performing?” “I’m afraid not. He is said _________ the stage already as he has become an official.” (江苏卷)

A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left

【分析】答案选 A。因he与leave是主动关系，不用被动式，排除选项C和D；由already可知，要用完成式。

复合结构

代有逻辑主语的动名词结构称为动名词的复合结构相当于一个名词或代词，在句子中可作句子的主语、宾语和表语。

一般说来，-ing分词的复合结构是由形容词性的物主代词或名词的所有格与-ing分词构成。 His ( Li Lei’s ) singing / writing / painting attracts many people. 他的唱歌 / 写字 / 绘画吸引了很多人。

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当-ing分词的复合结构作宾语时，-ing分词的复合结构也可用人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格与-ing分词构成。

The teacher suggested us / our / Li Lei / Li Lei’s waiting for Wu Dong at the station. 老师建议我们 / 李蕾在车站等吴东。

Do you mind me / my / Li Lei / Li Lei’s reading aloud in the classroom? 我 / 李蕾在教室里大声朗读你介意吗？

动词be的—ing 形式的复合结构不管是作主语还是作宾语，它的复合结构都必须是形容词性物主代词或名词的所有格与-ing分词构成。

His / The teacher’s being there made me very tense. 他 / 老师的在那儿使我非常紧张。

一、用作主语。动名词复合结构用作主语时，其名词或代词一般要用所有格，但在口语中偶尔也有用名词普通格和代词宾语的情况。

His behaving like that is strange. 他这样的表现是很奇怪的。

Her arriving late delayed our departure. 她来晚了，延误了我们的出发时间。 My daughter staying up so late worried me. 我的女儿睡得很晚令我担心。

Today being Saturday rather complicates matters. 今天是星期六反而把事情复杂化了。 His being ill troubled his parents. 他的生病给他的父母亲带来了麻烦。 Their coming made us very happy. 他们的到来使我们大家很高兴。 二、用作宾语。

I like him /his playing the guitar. 我喜欢他弹吉它。 I must insist on him / his paying. 我一定坚持他付钱。

He disliked me / my working late. 他不喜欢我工作到很晚。

I object to people / him / his smoking in restaurants. 我反对人们 / 他在饭店里吸烟。 We don’t like his coming late. 我们不喜欢他迟到。

I don’t mind him singing at night. 我不介意他夜里唱歌。 三. 作表语

What matters most is his acting. 关系最大的是他的行为。

What surprised us most is his speaking. 使我们最吃惊的是他的发言

注意： 在there be / stand / lie / exist 结构中，系动词—ing 形式的逻辑主语为：there。而没有主格、宾格之分。

I didn’t enter the room because of there being too many people in it. 由于房间里有很多人，我没有进去。

当不定代词all, both, each, few, some, this等作动词—ing 形式的逻辑主语时，就用它们的普通形式。

All glittering is not gold. 闪光的不都是金子。

I don’t like this being cooked this way. 我不喜欢这东西这么煮。 不定式构成的复合结构 for sb to do sth

常用of引出的不定式的逻辑主语的形容词（一般用来说明主语的品质，特征或属性）有： Good,nice,clever,wise,foolish,stupid,honest,kind,polite,careful,brave,lazy,selfish

It’s a challengfor us to find a better way 找到一个更好的方法对于我们来说是一个挑战。 It’s kind of you to say so 你能这么说，真是太好了 一、用作主语。

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For you to ask Joe would be a big mistake. 你要是去问乔，那将是一大错误。

For Ann to go to France would make me very happy. 安要是到法国去将使我感到很高兴。 二、用作表语。如：

It is for you to decide. 该由你来决定。

His idea is for us to travel in separate cars. 他的意思是我们不要同乘一辆汽车。

There’s a plan for Jack to spend a year in Japan. 有一个计划是让杰克在日本呆上一年。 三、用作宾语。如：

She hates for people to feel sad. 她不愿看到人们忧心忡忡。

I thought it strange for her to be out so late. 她这么晚还不回来，我觉得有些奇怪。 I would like for you to stay as long as you want. 我希望你留下来，想留多久就留多久。 四、用作定语。如：

It’s time for everybody to go to bed. 是大家睡觉的时候了。

He raised his arm as a signal for us to stop. 他抬起手臂示意我们停下。 五、用作状语。如：

We were all shouting for him to shoot. 我们都喊着要他射门。（表目的） This is much too heavy for you to lift. 这东西太重，你拿不起来。（表结果） How would it do for me to write to him? 我来给他写信如何?（表条件）

非谓语动词的否定式应注意的三点

1.一般说来，非谓语动词的否定式只能在非谓词动词之前加否定词; 不定式的否定式的构成

通常是将否定词not或never置于不定式之前，即构成not to do 或never to do 的形式Be careful not to break anything. 当心别打破什么了。

You were silly not to have locked your car. 你没锁车太傻了。

Father warned me never to drive after drinking. 父亲警告我不要酒后开车。 The patient was warned __________ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating

此题应选C。主要考查在非谓语动词的否定式中，否定词的位置。 动名词一般式的否定式是将直接否定词not置于动名词之前。如：

Not being tall is not a serious disadvantage in life. 个子不高不是人生中的严重缺陷。

2.若非谓语动词包括几个词(如是完成式、被动式等)，则只能在非谓语动词的第一个词前加否定词;

She pretended not to have seen him. 她假装没看见他。

Not having met him, I cannot tell you what he is like. 我没有见过他，所以说不出他的模样。 He doesn’t like not being taken seriously. 他不喜欢被人不严肃对待。

3. so asto，in order to 等结构的否定式，not只能放在不定式符号to之前。 He came in quietly in order not to wake his wife. 他轻轻进来，以免把他妻子吵醒。 We keep the window shut in order not to let the flies in. 我们把窗子关着以免苍蝇进来。 4.动名词带逻辑主语时的的否定式,则否定词应置于逻辑主语之后。如： I’m surprised at your not having noticed. 你竟未注意到我感到吃惊。

I understand your not wanting to discuss the matter. 我理解你为什么不愿讨论这件事。

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The trouble was their not being able to agree among themselves. 麻烦的是他们自己不能取得一致的意见。

Jenny’s not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。

can’t help doing还是can’t help to do

现在分词的否定式分词的否定式总是将否定词not置于分词之前，遇上现在分词的完成式、被动式以及完成被动式，否定词应置于整个结构之前：

Not being able to understand English, he didn’t know what they wanted. 由于他不懂英语，他不知道他们要什么。

Not having finished his work，he could not leave the office. 由于工作没干完他不能离开办公室。 请看这样一道题：

She can’t help _________ the house because she’s busy making a cake. A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned

【分析】此题容易误选B，简单地套用 can’t help doing sth 这一结构。其实此题应选A，注意以下两个结构均可用，只是含义不同：can’t help doing sth=禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事；can’t help to do sth=不能帮助做某事。前者为引申用法，一般辞书均作为固定搭配列出来，许多老师对此也比较强调，从而也就引起了同学们的足够重视，并因此形成了思维定势；而后者为 help 表示“帮助”时的本义用法，因同学们平时对此没引起注意，一看到上面的试题就马上联想到 can’t help doing sth 这一结构，从而误选了B。请看下面一例：

While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _________ into buying something they don’t really need.

A. to persuade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded 此题应选 C（注意根据句意要用被动形式）。1. She pretended _________ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing

C. to not see D. having not seen

2. Tom kept quiet about the accident __________ lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to

3. Mrs Smith warned her daughter _________ afterdrinking. A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive

4. _________ a reply，he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not

C. Not having received D. Having not received 答案：1. A 2. B 3. A 4. C

独立主格用法详解

一。 分词独立主格结构的理解技巧 (独立主格怎样变来的)

在英语中，分词用作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应改用其他句型。 他生病了，我们把他送到了医院。

误：Being ill, we took him to the hospital. 由于我们生病了，所以我们把他送到了医院

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句中的“误”句之所以有误，该句本身的意思也是很荒唐的. 因为自己生病，还要把别人送到医院，够荒唐的吧！

正：Being ill, he was taken to the hospital by us. 因为他生病了，所以他被我们送到了医院。 上面一句也可改写为：He being ill, we took him to the hospital. 这类结构为独立主格结构 首先，句子只有一个主谓结构，所以它是简单句。不是复合句，也不是并列句， 其次，句中的he being ill只是一个用作状语的分词短语， 这个句子不能改为：He was ill, we took him to the hospital. 因为这样一来，它就成了两个句子，但句子间却没有相应的衔接方式，所以就错了！

为什么呢?因为它既不是简单句(因为它有两个主谓结构)，也不是并列句(因为句子间没有并列连词)，也不是复合句(句子没有体现出主句和从句)。而英语句子从结构上看，只有三种类型，即要么是简单句(只有一个主谓结构)，要么是并列句(句子之间应有并列连词)，要么就是复合句(有相应的主句和从句)，除此之外，不存在其他的句子类型。 如果我们将这个句子改成以下形式则是完全正确的 正：He was ill, and we took him to the hospital. 正：He was ill, so we took him to the hospital.

正：Because he was ill, we took him to the hospital. 正：He was ill, so he was taken to the hospital by us.

正：Because he was ill, he was taken to the hospital by us.

二、 独立主格结构是 一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等，在句中作状语。 1．独立主格结构的三个特点

(1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

(2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 2．非谓语动词在独立主格结构中的用法。

（1）. 表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作，通常用不定式。常位于句首或句末。宾语与不定式在逻辑上可以是主动关系也可以是被动关系，注意此时的不定式不是作宾补而是作宾语的定语了。

With a lot of difficult problems to settle, I have no time to have a rest. 由于有许多问题要处理，我没时间休息。

We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。(表伴随)

With all this work to do, I won’t have time to go out. 有这么多工作要做，我就没有时间出去了。 1. —Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.

—Sorry. With so much work _________ my mind, I almost break down. A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled

2. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _________, he gladly accepted it. A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished 以上两题答案分别为B和A，

（2）. 若用现在分词，表示宾语与现在分词在逻辑上是主动关系，且表示动作的持续进行； She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着。

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The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。 正如进行时态有时可以表示将来意义一样，有时“with+宾语+非谓语动词”中的“现在分词”也可表示将来意义。如：

With winter coming on, it’s time to buy warm clothes. 冬天就要到了，该买暖和衣裳了 注意：独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。可用完成时， Cf. The bell ringing,we all stopped walking.

The work having been finished,she sat down and have a rest. 独立主格结构中的Being,或having been常省略。 The meeting being over,all left the room

（3.）用过去分词若用过去分词，表示宾语与过去分词在逻辑上是被动关系，且意味着该动作已经完成

This done, we went home. 做完此事，我们就回家了。(表时间)

She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。(表方式或伴随情况) 3． 独立主格的结构形式有两类：

一类是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。另一类是：with的复合结构。独立主格结构其前加上介词 with / without 一类. 名词或代词 + 形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词

1. 名词 / 代词 + 不定式。不定式通常表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作

A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。 Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。 Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。

So many people to help him, he is sure to succee 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的 2. 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词。

①其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在进行）。

Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。 ②有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况。

We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。 The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。

The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。 ③名词 / 代词 + 动词的过去分词。过去分词通常表示被动意义

All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开始找工作。 His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。 The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。

The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家 More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。

④名词 / 代词 + 形容词。

The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。

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⑤名词 / 代词 + 副词。形容词或副词常用来说明名词或代词的性质特征或所处的状态。 The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。

⑥名词 / 代词 + 介词短语。介词短语也是用来说明或代词的性质特征或所处的状态

这类独立主格结构中，其中的介词in，其前后的两个名词通常不加任何修饰语（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。

A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。 但如果是其他介词，则不受此限制。

He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。 ⑦There being +名词（代词）

There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 ⑧It being +名词（代词）

It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。

英语中由“with (without)+宾语+宾语补足语”构成的复合结构也可视为一种独立主格结构，其中的“宾语”通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格而不能用主格 1. with / without + 名词或代词 + 形容词

Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。 2. with / without + 名词或代词 + 副词

He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。 He left the office with the lights on. 他离开了办公室，让灯亮着。 3. with / without + 名词或代词 + 介词短语

She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。

He spoke to us with his mouth full of food. 她口里含着食物跟我们说话。 4. with / without + 名词或代词 + -ing分词

Don’t brush your teeth with water running. 不要在刷牙时让水流着。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。

I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。（作原因状语）

5. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式

I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。（作原因状语） With so much work to do, the manager felt very worried.这么多工作要做，经理觉得很焦急 6. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词的过去分词 He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。

All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。 三、独立主格结构的功能

表示谓语动词发生的⑴时间、⑵原因、⑶条件（相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末）

⑴The work done(=After the work had been done 去掉助动词) , we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。（作时间状语）

The listeners having taken（完成时having+PP） their seats, the concert began. 听众坐好后，音乐会开始了（作时间状语）。

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⑵Weather permitting(＝If weather permits表示一般情况-ing) , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。（作条件状语）

⑶An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。（作原因状语）

Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed. 由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。

⑷伴随情况 He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed(pp,表被动) under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head) . 他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。（作伴随状语） (5) 表补充说明（相当于并列句，通常放于句末） A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold) . 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。（表补充说明） 四．使用独立主格结构的注意事项

(1) 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。

After class was over (=Class being over/Class over) , the students soon left the classroom. 下课后，学生很快离开了课室。

(2) 在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略： a. 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。

It being Sunday, we went to church. 因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。 b. 在There being＋名词的结构中。

There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家 (3) 在“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。 Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。 (比较with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. ) (4) 独立主格结构没有所有格形式。

The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。 (比较动名词复合结构：The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised. ） 【现学现用】 1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _________ in a year. A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 2. All things _________, I think we ought to give the job to George. A. considered B. considering C. to consider D. being considered 3. The river _________ in the night, the crossing was impossible. A. to rise B. rose C. having risen D. being risen

4. More time _________, we should have done the job much better. A. to give B. give C. being given D. given

5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weather _________. A. permets B. permitting C. to permit D. permitted

6. The monitor _________ ill, we’d better put the meeting off. A. being B. to be C. been D. to have been

7. An important lecture _________ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. A. to be B. being C. been D. to have been

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8. He was lying on the grass, his hands _________ under his head. A. to cross B. crossed C. crossing D. to be crossing

9. Tom _________ late over and over, his boss was very disappointed. A. having been B. been C. to be D. to being

10. Other things _________ equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. A. being B. to be C. been D. having been 【参考答案】1—5 CACDB 6—10 AABAA 独立主格结构考题小练(有详解)

1. I have a lot of books, half of ________ novels.

A. which B. that C. whom D. them1.

D。half of them novels 为独立主格结构，相当于 and half of them are novels。

2. _____ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since C。考查“with + 名词 + 过去分词”结构。

3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of ________ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which

A。most of them carrying...为独立主格结构，相当于 and most of them were carrying...，也可改为：most of whom were carrying。注意改动后连词 and 的使用和动词 were的使用

4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of ________ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them D. it

C。all of them over 600 years old 为独立主格结构，相当于 and all of them are over 600 years old。

5. The cave ________ very dark, he lit some candles ________ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give D。第一空填 being，构成独立主格结构；第二空填不定式表目的

6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand _____ a gun and his face ____ with sweat. A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering

C。独立主格结构，his right hand 与hold有主谓关系，故用holding,而 his face与 cover是动宾关系，故用covered.

7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _________. A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze

D。her long hair 与 flowing 是主动关系，这是“独立主格结构”作状语。

8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _________ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished

B。因lessons与动词finish之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。其实，their lessons finished for the day为独立主格结构。

9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that

A。此题容易误选B，认为这是非限制性定语从句。其实，句中的their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 seated 不是谓语，

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而是一个过去分词，因为 seat 作动词用时，是及物动词。

10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, ________ Land Rover of the latest. A. another B. other C. the other D. the others D。易误选C。后面部分实际上是独立主格结构形式，省略了being。补充完整就是：The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one being a Toyota, the others being Land Rover of the latest. (两个独立主格结构均表伴随状语)

1. With so much work _________, I can’t go to the movies. A. to do B. doing C. be doing D. done 2. I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother _________. A. to be ill B. being ill C. been ill D. to being ill 3. With the crowds _________, the royal party drove to the palace. A. cheering B. to cheer C. being cheered D. cheered 4. All the afternoon he worked with the door _________. A. to lock B. locked C. being locked D. locking 5. He came back with a basket _________ with fresh fruit. A. filled B. to fill C. filling D. being filled 6. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise_________. A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on 【参考答案】ABABAA

不定式省略to的10种情况

一、使役动词与to的省略

当不定式用于let, make, have等使役动词后作宾语补足语，不定式必须省略to。 Let me have another cup of tea. 给我再来一杯茶。 She had him dig away the snow. 她让他把雪挖走。

They made him tell them everything. 他们强迫他把一切全告诉他们。

注意：1. 当使役动词用于被动语态时，要补上在主动语态中省略的to(主要是指make，let和have很少用于被动语态)。他被迫一天工作20小时。误：He was made work twenty hours a day. 正：He was made to work twenty hours a day.

2. force, oblige等虽然也表示“使”，但它们后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须带to。 He forced me to go with them. 他迫使我同他们一起去。 The police obliged him to leave. 警方强迫他离开。 二、感觉动词与to的省略

当不定式用于表示感觉的动词feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, look at, listen to等作宾语补足语时，不定式必须省略to。

We all felt the house shake. 我们都感觉这房子在震动。 I heard him go down the stairs. 我听见他下楼了。

Did you notice her leave the house? 她离开屋子你注意到了吗? I watched her get into the car. 我看着她上了车。

但是，当feel后用作宾语补足语的不定式为to be时，则不能省略to。如： They all felt the plan to be unwise. 他们都认为这个计划不明智。

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注意，当这些动词变为被动语态时，不定式前的to不能省略。如：

They were heard to break a glass in the next door. 听见他们在隔壁打破了一个玻璃杯子。 另外，若用作宾语补足语的不定式为完成式，则通常应带 to。如： I noticed her to have come early. 我注意到她来得很早。

二、感觉动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to. 感觉动词主要包括see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch等

I watched her get into the car. 我看着她上了车。

I saw the woman enter a bank. 我看见这个女人进了一家银行。 We often hear her sing this song. 我们经常听到她唱这首歌。

Did you notice her leave the house? 她离开屋子你注意到了吗? 注意：

1. 这里所说的。但是它们用于被动语态时，其后的不定式必须带to。 The woman was seen to enter a bank. 有人看见这个女人进了一家银行。 但是，用于以上句型的动词notice 和watch通常不用于被动语态。

2. 类似地，动词look at和listen to后用作宾语补足语的不定式也不带to。 We listened to the old man tell his story. 我们听这位老人讲述他的经历。

3. 若动词feel后用作宾语补足语的不定式为 to be，则要带 to(其他情况不带 to)。如： They felt the plan to be unwise. 他们认为这个计划不明智。 4. 若不定式为完成式，通常应带 to。

I noticed her to have come early. 我注意到她来得很早。

三、why (not) 与to的省略 在why (not)…?之后的不定式不能带to。 四、在why (not)…?之后的不定式不能带to。 Why go with him? 为什么要同他一起去？

Why not ask the teacher? 为什么不去问问老师？

Why not try to expand your story into a novel? 你怎么不把你的故事扩展成小说呢? 四、介词except / but, besides,与to的省略

大致原则是：其前有do，不定式不带 to；其前没有 do，不定式通常带 to。 He likes nothing except to watch TV. 除了看电视外，他什么都不喜欢。 I could do nothing except agree. 我除了同意，没有别的办法。 I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我没有别的选择。 He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。

She can do everything except cook. 除了做饭之外她什么都会。 五、help与to的省略 不定式可以不带to，也可以不带to。

Can you help (to) carry this table upstairs? 你能帮忙把桌子搬到楼上去吗?

I have lost my watch. Will you help me (to) look for it? 我把表丢了，你能不能帮我找一下? 注意：

1. 当 help 之后接一个较长的名词词组作宾语或当其中的不定式所表示的动作主语不直接参加时，不定式通常带to。

Help the little boys at the back of the hall to carry the chairs out. 请帮大厅后面那些小男孩把椅子搬出去。

These tablets will help you to sleep. 这些药片将对你的睡眠有帮助。

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2. 在当help用于被动语态时，不定式前的to不能省略。

The boy was helped by a woman to collect his scattered coins. 那男孩由一个妇女帮他捡拾散乱一地的钱币。

另外，当不定式为否定式时，其中的to通常不宜省略。

How can I help my children not to worry about their exams? 我怎样才能帮助我的孩子们不为他们的考试着急呢?

六、know 与 to 的省略

不定式用于动词 know 之后作宾语补足语主要见于以下两类句型：

一是用于“know+宾语+to be”：当 know 为现在式时，其中的 to 不能省略；当 know 为过去式或完成式时，其中的to可以省略也可以保留。 I know him to be ill. 我知道他病了。

I know him to be a fool.=I know (that) he is a fool. 我知道他是个傻瓜。 We knew her to be honest. 我们知道她是诚实的。

I’ve never known her (to) be late before. 我以前从不知道她迟到过。

二是用于“know+宾语+to do”：当 know 为现在式时，其中的 to 不能省略；当 know 为过去式或完成式时，其中的 to 可以省略也可以保留。

They know him to have been a spy. 他们知道他过去当过间谍。 I never knew him (to) do such a thing. ?我从未见过他干那种事。

I’ve never known it (to) snow in July before. 我以前从未听说过七月份会下雪。 I never knew him (to) do such a thing. 我从未听说他会干那种事。 We’ve never known him (to) tell a lie. 我们从未听说他撒过谎。

I’ve never known it (to) snow in July before. 我从未听说过有七月下雪的事。

注意，在被动语态中，不定式必须带 to。这样用的know不仅仅表示一般意义的“知道”，而是表示一种经历，因此常译为“曾……过”(用于肯定句时)或“(从来)没有……过”(用于否定句时)。 He has never been known to tell a lie. ?从未有人听说过他说谎。 另外，当其中的不定式为完成式时，to也不可省略。如：

They knew the man to have been a thief. 他们发现此人曾是个小偷。 I have never known her to have failed. 我从来没发现她失败过。

七、当bid表示“吩咐”时，用于其后作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to也可以不带to。 She bade me (to) come in. 她叫我进来。

He bade me (to) do the work. 他吩咐我去做那项工作。

但是，在当bid为被动语态时，其后的不定式必须带to。如： I was bidden to do the work. 我被嘱咐去做那项工作

八、不定式作表语与 to 的省略 当不定式用作表语时，其中的 to 原则上是不能省略的。 当主语部分有动词do的某种形式时，用作表语的不定式可以省略to。 His aim is to do two years’ work in one. 他的目标是一年干两年的工作。 All you do now is (to) complete the form. 你现在要做的只是把这张表填好。 The only thing to do now is (to) go on. 前进是现在唯一的出路。 What I’ll do is (to) tell her the truth. 我要做的就是告诉她真相。 九、并列不定式与to的省略

当两个或多个作用相同的不定式并列时，通常只需在第一个不定式前用 to，其余不定式前的 to

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