What may affect curtural communication

What may affect

intercultural communication?

Culture Shock

Furnham and Bochner state that culture shock is \

sojourner is unfamiliar with the social conventions of the new culture, or if familiar with them, unable or unwilling to perform according to these rules.\

Culture shock refers to phenomena ranging from mild irritability to

deep psychological panic and crisis. Culture shock is associated with feelings in the learner of estrangement, anger, hostility, indecision, frustration, unhappiness, sadness, loneliness, homesickness, and even physical illness. Persons undergoing culture shock view their new world out of resentment and alternate between being angry at others for not understanding them and being filled with self-pity. (Brown 1994)

An individual may experience a form of it in an

intra-national move, such as moving from one region of the country to another or when one changes jobs. Tourists abroad also experience a form of culture shock; however, this is usually quite mild and even can be part of the whole excitement of traveling. The most severe, and costly, cases of culture shock occur to individuals who live outside of their native country for an extended period of time.

Understanding Culture Shock

honeymoon phase: fascination, elation and optimism

? hostility, emotionally stereotyped attitudes; seeking closer contact to fellow sojourners;

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increased language knowledge and ability to get around in the new culture; recovery from phase two.

? adjustment; new customs accepted and enjoyed

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(Karl Oberg)

Acculturation (Schumann)

?…the social and psychological integration of the learner with the target language group?. ? excitement ? culture shock ? culture stress

? assimilation, adaptation, acceptance

U-shaped curve

? elation and optimism

? frustration, depression and confusion ? adaptation

Understanding Culture Shock

? Is the order of stages invariant?

? Must all stages be passed through or can some be skipped by

some individuals?

culture-learning (1970s and 1980s )

Culture shock is thought of as a profound learning experience that leads to a high degree of self-awareness and personal growth. Rather than being only a disease for which adaptation is the cure, culture shock is likewise at the very heart of the cross-cultural learning experience. It is an experience in self-understanding and change.( Adler 1987)

culture-learning (1970s and 1980s )

? Instead of adapting to a new culture, the individual learns

how to operate in the new culture; he does not have to embrace all, or even most, aspects of the society.

? By learning and adapting, upon return to one's native land, one can then discard those features that one learned in order to function in the new culture.

Culture Shock

Sometimes there are some orientation programs or courses for people going overseas. The program may contain some important

information about the host country, the various do's and don'ts of the culture, customs, living conditions and other information.

? In addition, the newcomer may be assigned a local person to help him or her around for the first week.

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Culture Shock

Some internal factors, such a strong, yet flexible personality

and personal experience, can effect how well one adapts to a culture. Studies show that people with prior overseas experience adapt better than those who have no such experience.

Stereotype

assigning a person the general characteristics associated with a group of which they are a member overgeneralization.

not acknowledge internal differences within a group

not acknowledge exceptions to its general rules or principles

Stereotype

negative stereotyping

? to contrast two cultures or two groups on the basis of some single dimension. All Asians are inductive and all westerners are deductive in their introduction of topics.

Stereotype

to jump to the conclusion that Asians and westerners can never successfully communicate with each other.

? to assign a positive value to one strategy or group, and a negative value to the other strategy or group

An westerner might say the problem with intercultural communication between Asians and westerners is that they refuse to introduce their topics so that we cannot understand them....

? to regeneralize this process to the entire group

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Stereotype

Stereotyping due to generalizing may be inevitable among

those who lack frequent contact with another culture. But if you rely on the stereotypes, you will likely put yourself into an awkward and embarrassing situation and offend others.

boastful and arrogant disrespectful of authority drunkard generous

ignorant of other countries and cultures informal racist

rich and wealthy rude and immature snobbish

think they know everything

think every country should imitate the US.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Ethnocentrism

This learning continues into and throughout

adulthood as people internalize, accept, and identify with their group's way of living.

Ethnocentrism

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As a consequence of this limited experience within one particular society, most people feel that their particular way of life is superior, right, and natural and that all other cultures are inferior and often wrong and

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unnatural. This feeling is called ethnocentrism.

It is basically an inclination to judge other cultures in terms of the values and norms of one's own culture.

Ethnocentrism

Thus the more dissimilar another culture is to one's own, the

stranger, the more absurd, and inferior the other culture appears to be. In this sense, ethnocentrism involves

mistaking the familiar, customary, or merely conventional ways of one's own culture for what is \\

Ethnocentrism

? ? ? ?

? ?

subjective evaluation negative

“Our way is the right way.”

Americans, who are immersed in an open and free democratic society, cannot understand how citizens of China can consider ourselves equally free, and defend our system as best. \ \

Ethnocentrism

People everywhere develop customs and values, not to make their life more difficult or complicated, but to make life simpler and easier in their own society. We should attempt to look at other societies \the perspective of our own society.

? Guidelines for Intercultural

Communication

Guidelines for Intercultural Communication

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