作文的题材和体裁

作文的题材和体裁

一、四六级写作的要求

四级作文和六级作文的要求基本是相同的。 1． 篇幅：120-150字

达不到字数要求的，要酌情扣1-5分；

90-99 扣1分，80-90扣2分，70-79扣3分，60-69扣5分；

2． 布局：三段式

只写一段为0-4分，只写两段0-9分；

3． 评分标准：

2分--- 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误,但多数为严重错误； 5分- 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误；

8分- 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不过清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误；

11分- 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误；

14分- 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误。 例如：

1） 有人认为机会是极少的 2） 有人认为机会人人都有 3） 我的看法

Sample 1

As to the opportunity, there is two different opinions: first, someone think the opportunity is little in their life. Secondly, someone consider that opportunity is existing everywhere everybody has some kinds of chance. According to my life experiment and knowledge I agree with the second idea. There is chance for everyone in some unexpected case. But if you has no preparing for it, the opportunity will lose. Those who have many preparation and much knowledge, and some good virtue, may I quip the opportunity firmly. For example, two man are appealing for a job in a company, and there is only one vacant job for the only one of the two man. How, the two man has an opportunity to get the job but the boss certainly would accept the good one.

So I think the opportunity is existing to every one, but more opportunity is belongs to who has knowledge, experience, encourage and confident.

该篇文章条理不清，思想紊乱，语言支离破碎，几乎没有正确的句子，得2分。

Sample 2

Some one thinks that the opportunity is very few for him because he has never meet the chance. But other one thinks there are chances here and there, then everyone can meet opportunity.

I resist the second opinion. There to are some opportunities, the important thing is that if we could catch the chance when we meet it. In our lives we have a lot of choice that need us take our heart to. For example, when I was a little boy, my health was very bad. One day a teacher advise me to join the basketball with my friends. My health become well. So I think there are opportunities for everyone.

该篇文章基本切题，但思想表达不清楚，有很多严重的语言错误，属于5分档。

Sample 3

Some people think that they lack of opportunities, while others think that everyone will face to some ones. I agree to the latter.

In fact, we are living on the same world. Most of us must deal with a lot of things every day. Some people's circumstances are even the same, so do the opportunities. However, why someone can grasp it but others cannot? All this depends on the careful observation and grasping the opportunity in time. For instance, we students in our college, whose circumstance are the same. We all should study a lot of courses before we graduate. But some of us study hard in order to learn more and well, while some don't. In the end, the hard-working students get the better jobs. At that time, there are some students who have been playing all the time will say that they lack of opportunities. As we know that the hard-working students make the best use of their time and they observe everything around them carefully, so that they can grasp the opportunities in time.

In a word, the opportunity is equal to everyday, and whether we can grasp it or not is critical.

该篇文章基本切题，有些地方表达不清，文字勉强连贯，但语言错误较多，其中有一些为严重错误。属于11分档。

Sample 4

People have different views on opportunity. Some think that there are few opportunities for them in the world, while others hold that everybody will have some kind of chances in his or her life. As far as I am concerned, I am for the latter. People who claim that they don't have good luck may be those who are not able to take chances. Maybe they fail to recognize opportunities even when they are in front of them. However, wise man wise men can seek opportunities rather than wait for chances to appear. For example, almost everybody had watched apples falling from apple trees, but only Newton discovered the Law of Gravity.

In fact, no one can be denied of the access to opportunity. People may have good luck sometimes, but no one can be lucky all the time. As a saying goes, every dog has its day. So everybody can have a chance to succeed.

So we can conclude that everybody has the opportunity to succeed, but it is up to himself to take it.

该篇文章切题，思想表达清楚，文章结构条理，行文连贯，符合逻辑，属于14分档作文。

4． 行文要求

1） 切题：统一，无不相关细节内容；

Beethoven's demand for perfection meant long and hard work. Unlike Mozart, he couldn't dash off three great symphonies in six weeks. It doesn't mean he was not as talented as Mozart. Beethoven's music was different from Mozart's Sometime he worked years on a single symphony, writing other works at the same time. He carried music sketchbooks everywhere, jotting down new ideas, revising and refining old ones. These early notes often seem crude and uninspired when compared with their final versions, which were hammered out through great labor. Beethoven was often in poverty, though he produced great music.

本段文字中红体部分显然与主题Beethoven's demand for perfection meant long and hard work.无关，应该去掉。

2） 条理清楚：连贯、和谐 - 注意衔接语的使用

In their hurry to get practical preparations for a career, students often overlook the liberal arts college. Yet, there are good reasons why they should consider a liberal arts school, even if getting a job is their main concern. For one thing learning itself may be more exciting in a liberal arts college for the its course is more flexible than that of a technical school. Thus students may do better in their course and earn higher grades, which will certainly make them more attractive to employers. More important, a liberal arts education is the most likely to develop one's ability to think, to read, and write, which business and industry are coming to value more and more. Finally, students should realize that a liberal arts education has always been a preferred path for top professions: law, medicine, government, and education.

3） 简洁：句子要简练；

4） 准确：减少语法错误，符合英语的表达习惯，避免汉语式英语； 5． 卷面：整洁

二、 四六级英语写作类型 1． 体裁：说明文，议论文

最近几年的四级作文的体裁以说明文和议论文为主。

说明文如：How to Succeed in a Job Interview （2000，12，四级）, How I Finance My College Education（2000，1 四级）, Practice Makes Perfect， Haste Makes Waste（97，1 六级） 议论文如：Don't Hesitate to Say \（99，1 四级和六级）, Can Money Buy Happiness（95，1 四级）, Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary？（2000，6 四级） Reading Selectively or Extensively? (99，6六级)，Do \四级和六级)

2．段落类型：比较/对比，列举，程序等

说明和议论文章所采用的文章扩展模式一般以比较/对照，举例、列举、因果、程序等者居多。如： Don't Hesitate to Say \等很多四级写作中都涉及到两种观点的对比，整体的段落类型为对照型。

Practice Makes Perfect, Harmfulness of Fake Commodities等可采用因果行的段落结构模式，也可以采用举例说明的结构模式。Advantages of a Job Interview则应采用列举的段落扩展模式。

3． 出题方式：提纲式写作，中文提纲，一般为三句或两句； 如：99年1月份考题

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Don't Hesitate to Say \your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below. 1. 别人请求帮助时，在什么情况下我们会说\不\。 2. 为什么有些人在该说\不\的时候不说\不\。 3. 该说\不\时不说\不\的坏处。

再如：98年一月份考题

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Harmfulness of Fake Commodities. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.

1. 目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品(fake commodities)。为什么会有这种现象？ 2. 举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。

三、 四级英语写作模式

文章由段落组成，四级写作的布局要求成三段式的写作模式，这就体现了由段落到篇章的结构模式。首先，我们来看一下英语段落的写作要求。

1． 段落

英语中的段落由三部分组成，即主题句、支撑细节和结论句。篇章中的段落可以没有结论句，但是一般应该有主题句。写作中要求

1）开门见山提出主题 如下面一篇写作：

题目：\提纲：

(1) Importance of good health(2) Ways to keep good health(3) My own practices写作中可以将文章分成三段，但注意每段主题要明确，并且于第一句中提出：

Good health is very important to everyone. With it, we can study hard; we can serve the country; we can do everything as we like. Without good health, everybody knows, we will fail to do things; we can't work efficiently; we may stay in hospital we'll become a burden of our family, etc. In my opinion, there are two ways to keep fit. First, we must eat a balanced diet. This is to say, we must eat not only eggs, fish, and meat, but also some vegetables and fruit everyday. Besides eating, drinking clean water is also important. Never get addicted to drinking the so-called \do some running in the morning and play football in the afternoon.

As a university student, I pay much attention to my physical exercises. I do some swimming in summer and some skating in winter. I often play badminton and tennis. I'm also careful with my diet. In a way, keeping healthy is not very hard if you just take it seriously.

2） 段落扩展模式要适当

英语文章的段落结构模式主要有： （1）比较和对照

There are many differences between middle school and the college. First, in middle school, we have to listen to what the teacher says in class, to understand the content of the text. But in college, we must study by ourselves before class. If not, we couldn't follow the teacher. Second, there are lots of rules in middle school. For example, we should wear the uniform, the girls must have their hair cut short, and we are not allowed to make boy- or girlfriends. However, in college, we have more freedom. We can wear the clothes we like. And the girls could have long beautiful hair. We are also free to make boy or girlfriends. The third, in the middle school, we must study first. That means we could do nothing but study. In contrast, we have to do everything by ourselves in college. That means we must plan our time carefully. There are also other differences between our school life and our college life. We have to learn to adapt ourselves to college life.?

再如：

题目：\提纲： a. 体育运动的好处

b. 体育运动可能带来的副作用 c. 我参加体育活动的体会

Sports do us good in many respects (TS). It goes without saying that taking exercises can build up our physical strength. In collective sports like basketball, volleyball, or football, we will learn the importance of cooperation. While taking part in sports game, we will try our best to win and arouse ourselves the competitive spirit. Sports can also help us relax after a period of exhausting work. However, as the saying goes, \sports is without exception. We may hurt other players or ourselves if we are not careful enough when participating in sports activities. What's more, excessive or severe training can do harm to our health.

My participation in sports tells me that sports can make us healthy both physically and psychologically. It is also a good way for people to know each other and can promote friendship between people. So long as we are carefully enough, sports can do us nothing but good.

就比较对照而言，段落格式可采用逐点比较(point-by-point method)的方式，也可采用块状比较(block method)的方式。 逐点比较的格式是

A 1 ---- B1；A2 --- B2 ；A3 --- B3块状比较的格式是：

A 1，2，3 ---- B1，2， 3上面第一例所采用的是逐点比较的结构模式，而 第二例采用的却是块状比较的方式。

⑵ 列举

As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the

conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people. These people are in favor of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem to idealistic. The third type is the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable litmus. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.再如：

题目：Advantages of a Job Interview (95.6)提纲：

1．现在找工作一般都要面试，通过面试，面试者和应试者可以相互了解情况。 2．面试者可以向应试者介绍情况，如工作性质、条件、待遇等。

3．应试者也有机会给对方留下一个好的印象，如可以表现出自信心，可以介绍教育背景、工作能力等。

Nowadays, when a person is hunting for a job, there will always be a job interview and I think the job interview has a lot of advantage. The interviewer and the interviewee can know about each other from it. First, the interviewer can tell something about the job to the interviewee such as the salary, the working conditions and something else that is relevant to the job. Then the interviewee can decide whether the job is really suitable for him. Second, I think the job interview is a good chance for the interviewee to show both his ability and confidence. Then the interviewer can figure out whether he is the right person for the job.

In a word, I think the interview will do good to both the interviewer and the interviewee. By an interview the interviewer can find a suitable person if both of them make the best of the job interview.

⑶ 因果

There are three reasons why some students cannot finish their college studies. Some students fail in college because their academic background is weak. For example, one student might not have had an adequate mathematics course in high school, so he fails his university math class. Another student may not attend classes regularly; as a result, he may not be able to pass the tests in class since he does not know the answers. Next, because of financial problems, other students may fail university classes. For example, students who have to take jobs don't have as much time to study; consequently, they may fail their classes. Others may give up their college study because they cannot stand the strain of working and studying at the same time. Finally, there are students who fail because their energies are not directed toward their classes. Some of these students are not interested in college, so they spend their days doing other things. Some other students, though enjoying college life, are distracted by other activities parties, movies, sports, etc. So they do not study enough, therefore, they fail. Because of all these problems, numerous students fail in college every year.

因果型段落只是将叙述重点集中在原因或结构之上，文章所采用的扩展模式还是列举，列举原因或结构。但在介绍原因时，可以使用举例的方式。

（4）举例

举例的最明显标志是for example/for instance的使用。就整篇文章而言，可以不是举例型文章，但其中的某一段落可以采用举例的结构模式。如：

题目：Harmfulness of Fake Commodities (98．1)提纲：

1. 目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品，为什么会有这种现象？ 2．举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。

Nowadays in the society, there are enormous fake commodities. When you go to the supermarket, you may buy some fake food commodities. When you go the parmacist's, you may buy some fake medicine. The deep root of this phenomenon lies in some one's greed for money. In order to get a large amount of money in a short time, they try every means to produce fake commodities, without any regard for other people's benefit and health. Fake commodities can do great harm to both consumers and society. For example, when a person bought fake medicine, it was useless in curing his disease and really a waster of money. Sometimes fake medicine can even cause death. Fake commodities are usually sold at a low price. It causes unfair competition in the market economy and puts the whole society in disorder.

由于四六级写作一般都是说明和议论文，很少有时间型段落布局和空间型结构布局。这里也就不赘述。

2． 篇章 1) 篇章的组成

Introduction ---- Body ---- Conclusion如： The World is Getting Smaller and Smaller提纲：

1． 现代化的交通工具越来越发达 2． 人与人之间的交往越来越频繁 3． 结论

More and more often we hear people say, \world is getting smaller and smaller!\（首段提出主题）

The first reason for that is we are now having more and more advanced transportation. From bicycles to private cars, from steam locomotives to electric locomotives, from airplanes to rocket planes, the highly developed transportation has greatly shortened the distance which seemed too far to cover. Another reason is that in this modern society we need to contact frequently with each other. Every day we must deal with a lot of people known or unknown to us to have our work done, and the rapid development of traffic transportation makes our frequent contact possible. （中间论证主题）

So we can reach the conclusion that the world will get smaller and smaller with the development of our society.（结论重述主题）

由于四六级作为对布局的要求是三段式，同学们在写作中就应该注意这种三段式结构，于第一段中引出话题，从而提出主题，中间用一段到两段的篇幅采用举例、列举或比较的方式论证或说明自己的观点，于结论处或重述主题、或归纳总结照应首段，或提出问题的解决方式等。

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