贫富差距(Gap,between,the,Rich,and,the,Poor)

篇一：Gap between the Rich and the Poor in China

Gap between the Rich and the Poor in China

Now there is a widespread concern(广泛关注) in china over the widening gap between the rich and the poor. We are surprised to learn that a pop singer can make over a hundred thousand Yuan for one performance overnight, while it may take an average farmer his lifetime to earn that much.

The cause lies in three aspects. First, the gap is the result of the economic reform(经济体制改革). Some seize the opportunities and become millionaires by working hard and meanwhile the slow development in agriculture hinders(阻碍) the farmers from raising their living standards and the closedown of many state-owned(国营) enterprises renders the jobless poverty-stricken.

Second, the current distributing(分配)of income is not scientific and reasonable, thus widening the income difference.

Third, while most make money honestly, there are some dishonest(不诚实) businessmen and government officials who have accumulated large fortunes by illegal(违法的)ways.

To narrow the gap, the government should take effective actions to help the poor, and meanwhile strictly enforce(严格实施) laws to eliminate corruption(腐败) in government. On the other hand, reform on income distribution should be carried out and strict income taxation(税) should be made more workable and effective to narrow people's income gap. And finally, the traditional "law of value" and "principle (原则)of more pay for more work" should have their final say.

To admit or to forbid?

Gay marriage has been hotly debated in the news in recent years. While many people still oppose gay marriage on religious grounds, and its influence on offspring and health. But in my mind, gay marriage should be legislated. Three points can support it.

First, gay marriage is a kind of human right. On one hand, Homosexuality is neither a disorder nor a disease, but rather a normal variant of human sexual orientation. In essential psychological respects, these relationships are equivalent to heterosexual relationships. On the other hand, all the people have the right to choose his or her marriage style. It is ueasonable to forbid or discriminate other people’s choice.

Second, some opponents may stress that because gay marriage can’t give birth to children. While the 21st century is a time of population explosion, it is unnecessary to worry the decreasing in population, moreover. Besides, homosexual person only take up 5%-10% in the whole population, so they aren’t take the leading role. There will be more stable homes for the children of gay parents and less trauma in families with gay offspring.

Third, as for the healthy problem, we should look it objectively. Those homosexual people are adults who can take care of themselves, so they can do well in protecting themselves from AIDS, and anyhow, it hasn’t empirical evidence to show that gay marriage will leads AIDS. Marriage is good for all men, whether homosexual or heterosexual, because engaging in its social roles reduces men's aggression and promiscuity. To some extent, it even reduces the risk of HIV infection.

In a word, homosexuality is a kind of human nature which should be admitted. And to protect this human right, it is not a place for us to discriminate or forbid it. Genetically Modified Foods: Pros vs. Cons

The recent years have seen the wide spread of genetically modified foods. There are different advantages and disadvantages of GM foods below.

Benefits Of GM Foods

More Food .Genetically modified foods produce higher crop yields, and so some have proposed it as a solution to solving hunger in developing countries.

Reduced Need for Pesticides. Farmers do not need to use as much pesticides and herbicides on the crops, thereby reducing harm to the environment.

Better Food Quality. Genetic engineers can cause a fruit or vegetable to stay fresher for longer, extending its shelf life. They can also be engineered to withstand years of drought or other weather extremes while still providing a good crop yield. Engineers can also add essential vitamins to the food that are lacking.

Drawbacks Of GM Foods

Greater Allergy Risk. An allergy presents a risk in genetically modifying foods. If engineers take a gene from one food and use it in another, it could trigger an allergy in the person who is allergic to the first food and didn't realize it was in the second as well.

Destabilization of Ecosystem. Genetically modifying foods could harm other organisms and upset the balance in the ecosystem. The GM crops could also be toxic for organisms.

Creation of New Diseases. Some modification involves bacteria and viruses, so some people worry that this engineering could create new diseases. Also, pests could absorb the gene in the genetically modified crop and become resistant to sprays and other means of eliminating them.

In my opinion, GM food does more good than harm. As the further development of technology and moderate use of it, maybe we can eliminate the bad effect step by step.

篇二：雅思2014.8月写作真题论点剖析

2010上半年雅思写作真题论点剖析

2010.1月

2010.01.09 国际援助

Some people believe that the charity organisations should give aid to those in greatest need，wherever they live. Some people believe that the charity organisations would better concentrate on helping people who live in own country instead. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

慈善组织援助世界各地的国家、个人的理由：

1.援助各国有利于社会资源的共享 （share the range of sources) ，尤其有助于帮助经济落后国家（underdeveloped countries）或是经历变故的国家 （civil uest / natural disaster)

2.援助各国更符合慈善的目的（in line with the origin of charity), 因为慈善本身就是没有地域限制的， 初衷就是帮助所有需要帮助的人。

慈善组织只援助本国的理由：

1. 资金有限 (the scarcity) ，慈善组织的金钱来源主要靠社会的捐助，其财力也是很有限的。

2. 地域差异 （regional difference) ，不同的国家有不同的国情如风俗习惯，慈善组织不可能做到对每个国家的具体情况进行了解。但是，慈善组织对本国的情况最熟悉，因此所进行的援助也就最有效果。

2010.01.14政府投资

In today's world, it is private companies rather than government who pay for and carry out most on scientific research. Do you think advantages outweigh the disadvantages

依靠企业开展科学研究的优点与缺点：

1企业.研发的积极性高（ profit incentive, motivation)。因为在效益的激发下企业进行科研的动力更足。

2.企业科研目的较为功力（utilitarian），更多的是考虑短期的效益（immediate profits）进行短线投资（short-term investment），不利于科学研究健康发展 。

3.企业研发的资源有限，仅局限于企业内部（within the scope of isolated private researchers），不利于科研的进行。即使有了研发的成果，企业也会独享 (be controlled by a single group)。

依靠政府开展科学研究的优点与缺点

1.政府做科研以做学问为目的（for the sake of knowledge), 以促进国家科研进步为目的，因此眼光更为长远(in the long term)，研究更为系统可持续(systematic and sustainable)。

2.政府做科研整个社会的资源都可以利用，知识共享，人才共享 (mass collaborative project)

研发的成果也能在全社会共享（publicly shared)，对整个社会的发展更有利。

3.政府研发的规模大，有可能会造成部分研究人员工作不够主动积极（free ride)。政府投入人力物力成本高，会加重政府的财政负担（on the tight budget)。

2010.01.23贫富差距

The gap between the rich and the poor is becoming wider. The rich richer, the poor even poorer. What problems can the situation cause and give the solutions.

贫富差距扩大造成的问题：

1.贫富差距扩大必然造成社会凝聚力下降 (social cohesion)。社会凝聚力主要就是只一个国家民众的团结程度。穷人越来越穷，甚至不能温饱（survival); 富人财富积累的越来越庞大，生活奢侈腐化（in a luxury way), 占用更多社会资源，必然会导致穷人对富人的不满，甚至仇视敌对(hostility)。

2.贫富差距扩大很有可能促使更多暴力犯罪出现(crime rate )。一方面，犯罪的主要诱因是金钱。低收入者没有一技之长，生活温饱得不到保障，就极为容易铤而走险，抢劫偷盗（theft, robbery, burglary)。另一方面，穷人对富人的敌视情绪，容易使其对富人采取过激行为（in a radical way）。

3.贫富差距扩大势必会降低社会流动性(social mobility )。社会流动性主要是指民众在不同社会阶层间的流动，具体来说就是上一代人的收入对下一代人的影响。贫穷对后代的影响，首先带来的是子女的教育问题，而现代社会一个没有受过良好教育的人是很难立足的，这样必然会造成恶性循环（vicious circle）。

贫富差距扩大的解决办法：

1. 解决贫富差距扩大的问题，首先要加快国家的经济发展。只有国家财政（fiscal income)宽裕了，才有能力加大社会保障性(social security)的投入。

2. 解决贫富差距扩大的问题，同时要促进民众就业，提高职工收入 (employment, incomes for working families)。

3. 解决贫富差距扩大的问题，政府减轻低收入者纳税负担，增高高收入者缴税额 （tax relief )

4. 解决贫富差距扩大的问题，政府要严惩腐败（curruption）。

5. 解决贫富差距扩大的问题，实行超额累进税（progressive tax in excess of specific amount） 增加富人纳税的金额

G 2010.01.23人口流动

Many people are moving to big cities. Why is that? Do you think it is a good trend ?

人们涌入大城市的原因（好处）：

1.大城市工作机会多 （employment, promotion)。在大城市有许多大公司大企业（enterprise/company), 岗位多，需要的人才多。

2.大城市基础设施完善 （ basic facilities)。在大城市，学校的教学质量，医疗（medical care）的服务质量都较高，公共交通也比较完善，因此，生活质量比较高。

3.大城市有丰富的娱乐生活 （ entertainment )，尤其对于年轻人，城市的生活是很有吸引力的。

人们涌入大城市的坏处：

1. 居住压力（housing)。城市人口密度大（high-density），土地开发面积(housing developing)有限，因此住房短缺(housing shortage)严重。

2. 治安压力（security)。外地人口涌入城市（inflow of new residents）容易引发与当地人的矛盾，同时，人口流动性（mobility）加大会加大治安的管理难度。

3. 交通压力 ( traffic jam)。城市人口增多必然会加重城市交通的负担（heavy traffic），更容易引起交通拥堵的问题（traffic congestion），不利于民众的出行。

2010.01.30 反社会行为

Today there is a great increase in anti-social behavior and lack of respect to others. What might have caused this situation? How to improve it?

反社会行为增多的原因：

1. 贫富差距拉大是反社会行为增多主要原因 ( rich-poor gap)。穷人对富人的敌视情绪，容易使其对富人采取过激行为（in a radical way）。

2. 媒体暴力情节增多是反社会行为增多催化剂（violence)。 媒体暴力尤其是通过网络传播的暴力对于青少年的行为影响最大，因为会有很多年轻人会花很多时间上网，并且由于他们的年龄特征很喜欢去模仿（imitate）。

3. 学校道德教育的淡化是反社会行为增多促进因素(morality education)。青少年的道德教育除了父母的言传身教外（parenting），主要就靠学校的教育了（schooling）。

减少反社会行为的办法：

1. 减少反社会行为，首先政府要改善弱势群体的生存状况 ( the disadvantaged)，提高社会保障的水平，提高民众的福利（social wealfare）。

2. 减少反社会行为，其次文化管理部门要加强对大众媒体的管理和监督(scrutiny)，删除不良信息(unhealthy information)。

3. 减少反社会行为，再次学校应当调整教学内容(adjust teaching content)，重视对学生道德和社会责任感的教育(social responsibility)。

2010.2月

2010.02.06

Air travel can only benefit the richest people in the world. Ordinary people can get no advantage with the development of air travel. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

? 与其他交通工具（other means of travel）相比，飞机有不可比拟的优势（inimitable

advantages），如舒适、速度快。

? 富有的人会更有可能选择使用飞机，甚至有些人拥有私人飞机。

? 随着技术的发展（technological development），飞机已经更加省油（fuel-efficient），使用

飞机的费用降低，有时甚至比其他交通工具更加便宜，飞机已经成为普通人交通工具的选择之一（alternative）。

2010.02.11

Some people think that politicians have the greatest influence on the world. Other people, however, believe that scientists have the greatest influence. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

政治家通过可以政府：

? 保障法律和公共秩序的实施（enforcement of law and public order）。

? 提供福利（welfare）社会保障（social security）和医疗保健 (health care systems)，为有

困难的人（people are unable to support themselves）提供经济援助（financial assistance），包括退休和残疾人的福利（retirement and disability benefits）、失业工人的福利（unemployment benefits），政府援助可以减少社会压力（release the pressure of society）,并最终帮助这些人获得生存能力（gain the ability to survive）。

? 保障公共运输（public transportation）和公共服务(public services)。

? 提供国际援助，有助于促进和平稳定（peace and security）, 促进各个领域的交流（cultural,

economic and social interaction）。

科学家们通过科技：

? 生产效率提高,提高生产力（improve productivity），使人们有更多的娱乐时间，生活更

加丰富（leisure lives have been eiched）。

? 高科技促进人们的创造力发展，增加人们的应变能力（improve one’s ability and cope with

change ）。

? 促进信息交流和贸易往来（promote trade activity across the border）。

2010.02.20

Most countries want to improve standard of living through economic development, however, others think social value is lost as a result. Do you think the advantages of economic development outweigh the disadvantages?

经济发展的好处：

? 经济发展有益于人们身心健康和专业知识提高（economic development may benefit us

physically, psychologically and professionally）：人们收入增加（rising wages），生活水平提高（higher standards of living）,可以支付起更多的娱乐活动（able to afford recreational activities）,在休闲的时间里放松自己（relax themselves in their spare time）,

? 人们可以通过网络做很多事情，比如购物（shopping）和处理个人财务（banking），不

用花太多时间在通勤（commute）上

经济发展可能存在的问题：

? 快节奏的生活使人与人之间的交流减少（personal interaction reduces）, 人们很难保持和

改善与朋友亲人的关系（hard to maintain and improve relations with friends and family members）,这对社会和家庭有负面影响（detrimental to family life and social relations within or outside of work）。

? 还有可能养成不运动的生活习惯（sedentary lifestyle）。

2010.02.27

Technological progress in the past century has its negative effect, despite its remarkable contribution. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

科技进步的正面影响：

? 人们获得信息的渠道增多，如网络，手机，电子图书馆，电视（internet， mobile phone，

electronic library ,television），知识更加丰富。

? 现代科技，如汽车，飞机，铁路的普及（the popularity of automobile, air travel and rail）

减少了人们在路途上奔波的时间（spend less time commuting）; 电脑和自动化等设备（computerization and automation）使人们更快更有效完成工作，休闲时间更多。

? 提高效率，生产力，使得农业化向工业化转变（make a transition from agriculture to

manufacture）,社会财富积累更快。

科技进步的负面影响：

? 人们工作节奏加快，需要不断的接受教育和培训（continue education and receive

on-the-job training）,以适应新科技带来的变化（keep pace with the fast development of technology）,人们因此更加繁忙。

? 人们喜欢上网（surf the Internet），过分依赖网络做其他事情（rely excessively on the

Internet for running errands）不愿意外出，和外界的联系减少。

篇三：贫富差距的利弊 英文

贫富差距的利弊

The advantages and disadvantages of the gap between rich and poor

1.贫富差能激发民众上进积极性吗？有利方认为：社会贫富差，就象是自然界中的水位差或电势差，差距越大流速越快，社会经济发展也越快，因为这能最大程度激发人的趋利之心及劳动积极性，这点也可从现实中得到佐证，如世界上经济发展最快的国通常是贫富差距最大的国家。

1, the gap between rich and poor can inspire people upward enthusiasm? There are always think: social gap between rich and poor, as is the potential difference in nature or water level, the bigger the gap flow more quickly, the social and economic development faster, because it can greatly stimulate people benefit heart and enthusiasm, it can also be obtained from the reality, such as the world economic development the fastest country usually is the nation's largest gap between rich and poor.

不利方认为：在社会制度不存在公平缺失前题下形成的贫富差是合理的，其已能起到最大化提高人们劳动积极性的效果，这就象是一场公平的奥林匹克比赛。而由缺失公平的社会制度所造成的贫富差，只会起到阻碍社会有序发展的负作用。不合理的贫富差不但不能激发人们的劳动积极性，反只会激起人们对财富的偏激性而表现不择手段，象千万学子争考落取率几有千分之几的公务员，数十教授争当一处级官员的现象，没人想去勤劳创业，都想当官争做天子脚下市民。还有就是社会犯罪率的上升及社会稳定性的下降，也会紧随贫富差的提高和下降。而“有利方”的一些例证更是荒谬，如象水位差论，社会要想实现持续发展，是不能将水（资源）提到高处一下子倒掉的，这会断流，而不能实现细水长流。至于说经济发展越快的国家，贫富差扩大也越快，是有这么一个现象，但世界上最落后、最混乱的国家也是贫富差最大的国家，这（最快）可用“最后的疯狂”来做解释是最恰当不过的。

Don't always think: in the social system does not exist between the rich and the poor form a lack of fairness premise difference is reasonable, it has to maximize people labor enthusiasm, this is like a fair Olympic games. Poverty caused by the lack of fair social system difference, only plays a negative role to hinder social development. The ueasonable gap between rich and poor will not be able to stimulate people's labor enthusiasm, anti will only provoke the extreme wealth and use unscrupulous divisive tactics, like thousands of students test for fall take rate a few thousandths of civil servants, dozens of professor to be a level officials phenomenon, no one want to diligence entrepreneurship, all wants to be to become the emperor

at the foot of the public. There is a rise in social stability and social crime rate dropped, the gap between rich and poor will immediately raise and fall. "Some examples with Lee" is even more absurd, such as water level difference theory, society to achieve sustainable development, is the water cannot be mentioned above (resources) of a sudden fall, it will stop, but can't realize the long. As for faster economic development of countries, the gap between rich and poor to expand quickly, there is such a phenomenon, but the most backward, the world's most troubled countries and the gap between rich and poor countries with the largest, this (fastest) available "final crazy" to do the interpretation is the most appropriate.

2.贫富差能有利提高本国商品世界竞争力、促进社会新技术开发发展吗？有利方认为：贫富差让部分人处以相对贫困阶层，这样可以给社会提供大量廉价劳动力，如共同富裕，那苦差的劳动谁去做啊，所以贫富差是一国商品在世界上具有强的竞争力。同时，让一部人富有，形成社会高端及奢侈商品的需求，从而会起到促进社会高端奢侈商品产业及整个社会生产力的梯次发展。 The gap between rich and poor can improve domestic commodities world competitiveness, promote social development new technology development? There are always think: the gap between rich and poor let some people a relatively poor, so that we can provide a lot of cheap labor, such as common prosperity, the hard labor who do ah, so the gap between rich and poor is a commodities has strong competitiveness in the world. At the same time, let a person rich, high-end and luxury goods form the social demand, which will serve to promote the development of high-end luxury goods industry in society and the social productive forces.

不利方认为：通过牺牲劳动者及低端产业（特别是农业）应有利益，在短期上看可提高本国商品的价格竞争力，增加些就业，但从长远看，国家会陷入输出的是真金白银（商品资源）与血汗，牺牲的是战略性产业。输入的是可能引发国内滞涨及随时都在贬值的它国货币，导致国家经济发展的可持续性下降。另外贫富差也不能起到促进社会高端产业功效，比如我国已是世界头位奢侈品消费国了，但国内却还未出现一类奢侈品世界头位生产国的事实，而富人们的奢侈消费却是我国资本外流、导致国内生产成本升的累赘。而国内一些不需富人需求促进的高端产业航天、军工等产业倒是能蓬勃发展。总之，成为高端商品消费国决不是好事，能成为高端商品生产国是好事，这无需有个人需求市场，其实集体有计划的奢侈消费，象登月之类集体壮举更有效。

Don't always think: at the expense of labor and low-end industries (especially the agricultural) interest, in the short term can improve domestic goods price competitiveness, increase employment, but in the long run, the state will fall in output is real gold and silver (commodity resources) and sweat, sacrifice is a strategic industry.

The input is likely to spark domestic stagnation and always in the devaluation of the currency, leading to the sustainable development of national economy decline. In addition to the gap between rich and poor is not to promote high-end industrial society effect, for example, China is the world's first luxury consumption, there was not a kind of luxury world head producers fact, and the rich people's luxury consumption is China's capital outflow, resulting in domestic production costs rise. And some domestic demand to promote without rich high-end industry, military, aerospace industry is thriving. In short, become the high-end consumer goods is not good, can become the high-end commodity producing countries is a good thing, it need not be the individual needs of the market, in fact, collective planned luxury consumption, such as the collective feat more effective.

3.贫富差能增加社会就业率，利于社会稳定吗？有利方认为：就业率是事关社会稳定的第一大事，而扩大贫富差能增进社会就业，其机理就是贫富差能促进社会商品生产或服务梯层化，从而最有利于扩大社会就业岗位。相反，如社会很均富，人们所需的商品和服务层次都很类似，这不利社会产业发展及就业率。 3, the gap between rich and poor can increase social employment rate, conducive to social stability? There are always think: the employment rate is the first event is related to social stability, and expand the gap between rich and poor can promote social employment, its mechanism is the gap between rich and poor can promote the social production of goods or services ladder layer, thus the most conducive to the expansion of social employment. On the contrary, if the society is very rich, level of goods and services needed by people are very similar, the adverse social development and employment.

不利方认为：贫富差虽能增加象“二奶、保镖、天上人间??”等等职位和行业，但这些职业基本上对社会生产力的提升毫无贡献甚至是反作用，这种纯粹是为分配而就业的模式没半点可取之处。的确，由个体生命有限性影响，完全由私人利益驱的社会生产会过分的倾向眼前和局部的利益，不能完全适应社会全面和长远发展需要及有效增加就业，但这个问题完全可通过公平民主的集体规划建设来得以改善，这样既能增加社会就业，又可提升社会生产力，而无任何不利影响。

Don't always think: the gap between rich and poor could increase as a "kept woman, bodyguard, immeasurably vast difference......" And so on jobs and industries, but these occupation basically no contribution to the promotion of social productivity and even counterproductive, this is purely for the allocation and employment mode no merit. Indeed, affected by the limited nature of individual life, completely by the private interest driven social production over the tendency of

immediate and local interests, can not completely meet the needs of society and long-term development and increase employment, but this problem can be completely through the collective rule fair and democratic planning construction to improve, so as to increase employment, but also promote the social productive forces, without any adverse effects.

总结：1.平均并不公平，由个体差异及个体所经历的非社会所能操控的机遇所造成的贫富差距是合理的。但此外一切社会制度缺陷（公平缺失）所造成的社会贫富差距则都属不合理，也无有利社会经济发展可言，如说这种贫富差会存在有什么有利的话，那也是暂短的表面现象，而只有社会公平能毫无隐患的解决社会一切矛盾和问题。

Summary: 1.the average is not fair, non social experienced by individual differences and individual can control the opportunity caused by the gap between the rich and the poor is reasonable. But in addition to all social system defects (lack of fairness) caused by the social gap between rich and poor, are not reasonable, no favorable social and economic development at all, as the gap between rich and poor will have what interest, the surface that is short, and only social justice can not solve social contradictions and problems the problem.

2.一个国家好比一个家庭，如果一个家庭有两个孩子，一个穿金戴银，另一个则衣不遮体，孩子们会怎么看待这个家庭？这个家庭又该如何面对孩子？

A country like a family, if a family with two children, a wear gold and silver, another is in rags, the children will look at how this family? How to face the child in this family?

由经济发展和社会转型带来的贫富分化在所难免，我们既不能因其对经济发展的巨大贡献而忽略它对社会稳定、公平存在的负面影响，也不能因其存在种种问题而全盘否定它的必要性和必然性。而是要求对贫富差距进行“适度”的控制，以最大限度的抑制其可能对社会稳定和社会公平的损害.

Brought by the economic development and social transformation of the polarization between the rich and the poor can hardly be avoided, we can not because of its great contribution to economic development while ignoring its negative impact on social stability, justice exists, not because of the various problems and negate the necessity and inevitability of it. But for "moderate" to control the gap between the rich and the poor, to suppress the maximum possible damage to social stability and social fairness

3.贫富差距越大，说明国家发展越不平衡，社会越不稳定。但是有一个好处，那就是越穷的人越想富，富过的人都不想穷，对促进社会发展有积极作用，但消极作用相对来说更明显。比如阿富汗或伊朗。

The gap between rich and poor is bigger, the development is

unbalanced, the society is unstable. But there is a benefit, that is the poorer the people want to be rich, rich people do not want to poor, plays a positive role in promoting social development, but the negative effect is more obvious. For example, Afghanistan or Iran. 贫富差距越小，说明国家发展越平衡，社会越稳定，制度更健全。但会导致整个社会中人民思想消极，对社会发展促进作用小。比如瑞士。

The gap between rich and poor is small, suggesting that the national development more balanced, more stable society, more perfect system. But people in society as a whole will lead to negative thinking on the development of the society, promote small. For example, switzerland.

4.社会公平问题凸现。在多数人收入水平都有较大提高的同时，反映贫富差距的指标上升很快，分配不公现象出现。群众对劳动致富正当经营造成的收入差距，有一定承受力，但对分配不公造成的差距，对违法、贪污、犯罪致富现象，对不正当收入，不合理的贫富差距，心理不平衡，十分不满，反响强烈。 Highlights the issue of social equity. Have a great improvement in income level of most people at the same time, reflects the gap between rich and poor index rises very fast, appear unfair distribution. The masses of the labor rich legitimate business caused by the income gap, have a certain capacity, but the cause of the unfair distribution of the gap, corruption, crime of illegal, rich phenomenon of unfair, ueasonable income, the gap between rich and poor, psychological imbalance, very dissatisfied, reacted strongly.

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