大学英语精读第6册课文全文翻译-中英对照 - 图文

大学英语精读第6册全文课文翻译 第六册 RESEARCH REPORTS FOR BUSINESS AND THECNICAL WRITING A surprising amount of one's time as a student and professional is spent reporting the results of one's research projects for presentation to teachers, managers, and clients. Indeed, without basic research skills and the ability to present research results clearly and completely, an individual will encounter many obstacles in school and on the job. The need for some research-writing ability is felt nearly equally by college students in all fields, engineering and science as well as business and the humanities. Graduate study often makes great demands on the student's research-writing skills, and most professions continue the demand; education, advertising and marketing, economics and accounting, science and engineering, psychology, anthropology, the arts, and agriculture may all require regular reporting of research data. ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH PAPER The standard research report, regardless of the field or the intended reader, contains four major sections. These sections may be broken down into a variety of subsections, and they may be arranged in a variety of ways, but they regularly make up the core of the report. Problem Section. The first required section of a research report is the statement of the problem with which the research project is concerned. This section requires a precise statement of the underlying question which the researcher has set out to answer. In this same section there should be an explanation of the significance -- social, economic, medical, psychological, educational, etc. -- of the question; in other words, why the investigation was worth conducting. Thus, if we set out, for example, to answer the question \is the effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the health of the American teenager?\have significant relevance to the health of this segment of the population and might lead to some sort of regulations on such foods. A frequent subsection of this problem section is a review of past research on the topic being investigated. This would consist of summaries of the contributions of previous researcher to the question under consideration with some 商务、技术研究报告的写作 作为学生和专业人员，他们花了大量时间将自己的研究项目的结果报告给老师，经理和委托人。的确，一个人如果没有从事研究工作的基本技能和将研究成果清楚而完整地表达的能力，那么他就会在学习和工作中碰到许多障碍。科研写作能力的需要对于在各个领域的学生都是相等的，无论理工科学生还是商务、人文学科的学生都是这样研究生阶段的学习对学生的科研写作提出了很高的要求，而且大多数职业继续要求这样：教育（学）、广告与市场营销、经济学与会计学，理工科、心理学、人类学、艺术以及农艺可能都要定期报告研究的信息。 研究报告的要素 标准的研究报告，不论是哪个领域或针对哪类读者，都有四个主要部分。这些大的部分可以分成许多小的部分，而且结构安排可以多种多样，但是报告的核心通常由这四大部分组成的。 问题部分。研究报告的首要部分就是陈述研究项目所涉及的问题。这一部分要求准确阐述研究者要问答的根本问题。在这同一个部分里应该从社会、经济，医学、心理、教育方面来解释问题的意义：换言之，为什么值得进行这项研究。这样，举例来说，如果我们开始回答“经常食用快餐食品对美国青少年有什么影响？”那么我们就必须解释，此问题认为同这部分的人口有着非常密切的关系，可能导致对此类食品作出某种规定。 问题这一部分通常有一个小部分对该课题过去的研究民情况进行回顾。这可能包括对这个问题以前的研究者作出的贡献进行总结以及对这些贡献作出某种评价。这一小部分具有修辞作用，因为它显示了所提供的资料是在对本领域所取得的成 assessment of the value of these contributions. This subsection has rhetorical usefulness in that it enhances the credibility of the researcher by indicating that the data presented is based on a thorough knowledge of what has been done in the field and, possibly, grows out of some investigative tradition. Procedures Section. The second major section of the research report details, with as much data as possible, exactly how the study was carried out. This section includes description of any necessary equipment, how the subjects were selected if subjects were used, what statistical technique was used to evaluate the significance of the findings, how many observations were made and when, etc. An investigation of the relative effectiveness of various swim-strokes would have to detail the number of swimmers tested, the nature of the tests conducted, the experience of the swimmers, the weather conditions at the time of the test, and any other factors that contributed to the overall experiment. The goal of the procedures section is to allow the reader to duplicate the experiment if such were desired to confirm, or refute, your findings. Results Section. The third, and perhaps most important, section of the research report is the presentation of the results obtained from the investigation. The basic rule in this section is to give all data relevant to the research question initially asked. Although, of course, one's natural tendency might be to suppress any findings which do not in some way support one's hypothesis, such dishonesty is antithetical to good research reporting in any field. If the experiments undertaken fail to prove anything, if the data was inadequate or contrary to expectations, the report should be honestly written and as complete as possible, just as it would be if the hypothesis were totally proven by the research. Discussion Section. The final required section of a research report is a discussion of the results obtained and a statement of any conclusions which may be drawn from those results. Of primary interest in business and technical research reports is the validity of the results as the bases for company decisions: Will our planned construction project meet federal environmental guidelines and be approved for building? Will this new program attract skilled personnel to our company? Will this new oil recovery technique be financially feasible? Thus, the discussion section of the research report must evaluate the research results fully: were they validly obtained, are they complete or limited, are they applicable over a wide range of circumstances? The discussion section should 果透彻理解的基础上取得的，因而它提高了对研究者的可信度。并且很可能是从某种调查研究中得出来的。 过程部分。研究报告的第二大部分准确阐述了，用尽可能多的资料，研究是如何进行的。这部分包括说明所需要的设备，实验对象是怎样选择的，如果使用了的话，用什么统计方法来评价实验成果的意义，进行了多少次观察以及什么时候进行的等。如果要对不同泳姿的相应效果进行研究的话，那么就要详细说明参加测试的人数，进行测试的性质，游泳者的经历，进行测试的天气条件，以及对整个实验有影响的其它因素。过程部分的目的是让读者能模拟实验，如果他愿意这么样来证实或驳斥你的结果的话。 结果部分。研究报告的第三，也许是最重要的部分是展示从研究中获得的结果。这部分的基本原则就是对最初提出的问题提供一切有关的资料。当然，虽然人的自然倾向可能是对任何在某方面与自己的假设不符的结果进行隐瞒，可是这种不诚实与任何领域优秀的研究报告是相背的。如果所进行的实验不能证实什么，如果资料不充分或与期望相反，那么研究报告就应该如实而且尽可能完整地写下来，就象假设被研究证实了的那样把它写下来。 讨论部分。研究报告的最后一个必要部分就是讨论所获得的结果，阐述从那些结果中得出的任何结论。在商务和技术的研究报告中，人们主要关注是结果的可靠性，这也是公司决策的依据；我们策划的项目符合联邦环境政策吗？会得到批准进行吗？?这个新项目会吸引技术人材到我们公司来吗？从金融方面看，这项石油回收新技术可行吗？这样，研究报告的讨论必须全面评价研究成果：它们获得是否真实？它们是完整的还是有局限性？它们的应用范围很大吗？讨论部分也应该指出哪些问题仍然没有找到答案，也许对进一 also point out what question remain unanswered and perhaps suggest directions for further research. STYLE OF RESEARCH REPORTS Research reports are considered formal professional communication. As such, there is little emphasis on a lively style, although, of course, there is no objection to writing that is pleasing and interesting. The primary goals of professional communication are accuracy, clarity, and completeness. The rough draft of any research report should be edited to ensure that all data is correctly presented, that all equipment is listed, that all results are properly detailed. As an aid to the reader, headings indicating at least the major section of the report should be used, and all data should be presented under the proper headings. In addition to their function of suggesting to the reader the contents of each section, headings enhance the formal appearance and professional quality of the report, increase to some degree the writer's credibility by reflecting a logical and methodical approach to the reporting process, and eliminate the need for wordy transitional devices between sections. Research data should be presented in a way that places proper emphasis on major aspect of the project. For different readers different aspects will take on different degrees of importance, and some consideration should be given to structuring research reports differently for different audiences. Management, for example, will be most concerned with the results of a research project, and thus the results section should be emphasized, probably by presenting it immediately after the problem section and before the procedures section. Other researchers would be most interested in the procedures section, and this should be highlighted in writing up research projects for publication in professional journals or for presentation at professional conferences. For non-technical readers and federal agencies, the implications of the results might be the most important consideration, and emphasis should be placed on the discussion of the report for this readership. For additional clarity and emphasis, major results should be presented in a visual format -- tables, charts, graphs, diagrams -- as well as in a verbal one. Beyond checking the report for clarity and accuracy in the presentation of technical data, the author of a research report should review for basic grammatical and mechanical accuracy. Short sentences are preferable to long in the presentation of complex information. Listings 步研究提出一些建议。 研究报告的文体 人们认为研究报告是属于正规的专业交流。据此，并不强调用活泼文体，当然也不反对文章写得生动有趣。专业交流的主要目的是准确、明晰，完整。校订任何研究报告初稿都应保证所有资料正确提供，所有设备列出，所有结果恰当详述。为方便读者，应该使用标题，至少标明报告的主要部分，而所有资料都应当在恰当的标题下陈述。标题除了有向读者提示每部分内容的功能外，它还提高了报告的规范性和学术质量，同时报告是按逻辑、有条理地写出来的，因此在某种程度上增加了作者的可信度，消除了报告各部分之间冗长的承上启下的词语。 应该用一种恰当强调项目主要方面的方式陈述研究资料。对于不同的读者来说，不同的方面具有不同的重要性。应该考虑到报告的结构因不同的读者而有所不同。例如：资方对研究项目的结果最为关心，所以这部分应该加以强调。在问题部分之后和过程部分之前有可能立即出现。其他的研究人员对过程部分尤为感兴趣，所以在把研究项目整理成文用于在专业刊物发表或在专业会议上宣读时，这一部分应该着重突出。对于非专业读者和联邦机构来说，首要考虑的是研究结果的含意，对于这部分读者来说，应该强调讨论部分。 另外为了明晰、强调，主要成果不仅应该用书面文字而且还应该用表格，图表，图解，简图等直观形式来表述。 除了检查研究报告是否在技术资料方面表达清楚、准确外，作者还应该检查基本语法和打印方面是否准确。在陈述复杂信息时最好使用短句。应该使用列举方法来避免长篇大论，强调信息。研究报告的作者应该在不损害报告的专业质量的情况下尽可能使用最简单的语言。虽然专业术语能够使用，但虚饰的行为应当避免。一篇完整的 should be used to break up long passages of prose and to emphasize information. The research writer should try to use the simplest possible language without sacrificing the professional quality of the report. Although specialized terms can be used, pretentious jargon should be avoided. A finished research report should be readable and useful document prepared with the reader in mind. CONCLUSION Although we struggle with research reports in high school, dread them in college, and are often burdened by them in our professional live, learning to live comfortably with them is a relatively easy task. A positive attitude (i.e. one that seem the oral or written presentation of research results as of equal importance to the data-gathering process); an orderly approach which includes prewriting (i.e., before any actual research is done, the researcher should try to get down on paper as much about the subject under investigation as possible) and a formal research report structure as the framework for the investigation; and a reasonable approach to the actual writing process including editing for accuracy and clarity, will help one to produce effective research reports efficiently. 研究报告应该是一份把读者装在心中，可读而又有用的文献。 结论 虽然我们在中学就努力去写好研究报告，在大学仍有点害怕，在专业生活中还经常感到它是一种负担，然而学会与之泰然相处也是一件相对容易的事。为了帮助人们及时而又有效地写出报告，人们应该做到：有一种积极的态度（即把口头和书面陈述研究成果与资料收集过程看成同样重要）：写作步骤井然有序，包括写作前的准备工作（即在进行实际研究工作之前，研究者应当尽可能多地把与研究课题有关的资料写下来）有一个正式研究报告的构思作为调查的框架；有一个合理的写作方法，包括为了准确、清楚、将会很有效的进行校订过程。 职业的开端 贝尔蒙特宾馆，1952年6月11日 亲爱的妈妈： 你那份令我吃惊的电报，[宣布了由我转寄的＜明顿家的星期天＞、获得了＜小姐＞杂志五百元奖金。它正好是我在阴暗的贝尔蒙特餐厅洗餐桌时收到的我非常激动，大声叫着，竟一把抱住了女服务员领班。毫无疑问，她一定认为我发疯了。不管怎样，从心理上讲，你的电报来得正是时候。那时我觉得很累——人到一个新地方，第一夜总是睡不好的——而我就没有睡多少觉。更糟糕的是，我是这里唯一的女招待。一直要擦洗家具，洗盘子和银餐具，搬桌子等， 从上午８点开始我刚知道，因为我完全没有经验，将不会让我在正厅工作，而是让我在经理们和主管人员就餐的“侧厅”工作。所有，这个暑假的小费毫无疑问会少得多，并且一起干活的伙伴缺乏风趣。我正开动为缺钱发愁时你的电报来了。上帝啊！想想看，《明顿家的星期天》竟是一家全国性通俗 THE BEGINNING OF A CARREER Dear Mother, Your amazing telegram [telegram announcing $500 Mademoiselle prize for \forwarded] came just as I was scrubbing tables in the shady interior of The Belmont dining room. I was so excited that I screamed and actually threw my arms around the head waitress who no doubt thinks I am rather insane! Anyhow, psychologically, the moment couldn't have been better. I felt tired -- one's first night's sleep in a new place never is peaceful -- and I didn't get much! To top it off, I was the only girl waitress here, and had been scrubbing furniture, washing dishes and silver, lifting tables, etc. since 8 a.m. Also, I just learned since I am completely inexperienced, I am not going to be working in the main dining room, but in the \hall\where the managers and top hotel brass eat. So, tips will no doubt net much less during the summer and the company be less interesting. So I was beginning to worry about money when your telegram came. God! To think \Mintons\is one of two prize stories to be put in a big national slick! Frankly, I can't believe it! The first thing I though of was: Mother can keep her intersession money and buy some pretty clothes and a special trip or something! At least I get a winter coat and extra special suit out of the Mintons. I think the prize is $500! ME! Of all people!… So it's really looking up around here, now that I don't have to be scared stiff about money … Oh, I say, even if my feet kill me after this first week, and I drop 20 trays, I will have the beach, boys to bring me beer, sun, and young gay companions. What a life. Love, your crazy old daughter. Sivvy June 12. 1952 No doubt after I catch up on sleep, and learn to balance trays high on my left hand, I'll feel much happier. As it is now, I feel stuck in the midst of a lot of loud, brassy Irish Catholics, and the only way I can jolly myself is to say, \about them all.\protagonist -- Marley, a gabby girl who knows her way around but good. The ration of boys to girls has gotten less and less, so I'll be lucky if I get tagged by the youngest kid here. Lots of the girls are really wise, drinking flirts. As for me, being the conservative, quiet, gracious type, I don't stand much chance of dating some of the cutest ones … If I can only get \minute let them know I'm the gentle intellectual type, it'll be O.K. As for the Mlle news, I don't think it's really sunk in yet. I felt sure they made a mistake, or that you'd made it up to cheer me. The big advantage will be that I won't have to worry about earning barely $300 this summer. I would really have been sick otherwise. I can't wait till August when I can go casually down to the drug store and pick up a slick copy of Mlle, flip to the index, and see ME, one of two college girls in the U.S.! Really, when I think of how I started it over spring vacation, polished it at school, and sat up till midnight in the Haven House kitchen typing it amidst noise and chatter, I can't get over how the story soared to were it did… I get great pleasure out of sharing it [her feeling about the story] with you, who really understand how terribly much it means as a tangible testimony that I have got a germ of 刊物的两篇获奖小说之一！说实话，我真地不敢相信！ 我当时想到的第一件事是：妈妈可以将她要给我暑假用的钱留下，买些好衣服，进行一次特别旅游什么的。至少我能够用《明顿家》获得的奖金买一件冬装和一套非常精美的衣服。奖金有五百元之多啊！ 这么多人中，获奖的竟是我！ 现在这里一切都好起来，因为我不必为钱担心了，……啊，即使这第一个星期之后我双脚疼得要命，即使摔破了二十个盘子我仍然会到海滩去，要侍者为我拿酒，要享受海边的阳光，要与年轻的伙伴同乐。多么美好的生活！ 爱你，你那发疯的女儿。 西维 1952年6月12日 毫无疑问，我睡足觉，学会用左手端稳高高的盘子后， 我会感到更高兴的。现在实际上，我觉得自己陷入一伙闹哄哄、厚脸皮的爱尔兰天主教徒之中，无法脱身，而我能够自乐的唯一办法就是说：“嗯，只是一个夏天，而我还可以把他们写到我的小说里去呢。”至少，我已经为我的下一个主人公取了一个新名字——马莉，一个能说会道熟知人情世故的女孩，小伙子们与大姑娘的比例越来越小。所以如果我被这儿哪个最年轻的小伙子追求的话，那我是很幸运的。这里的很多女孩确实机灵，能喝酒，会调情卖俏。而我因是那种保守、文静、优雅的女孩，所以不太可能和一些帅小伙子约会……要是我能与这些女孩相处很好，作她们朋友而决不让她们知道我是个文雅的知识分子的话，那就好了。 对于《小姐》杂志那条消息，我还是感到不可理解。我曾经确信他们弄错了，或是你杜撰出来让我高兴的。最大的好处将是我不必为这个夏天只能挣到300美金发愁了。不然的话，我会忧心忡忡的。我现在真是急不可耐地希望八月到来，到那时我可随意走进杂货店拿起一册漂亮的《小姐》杂志，赶快翻到索引部分，看到我，美国两名女大学生之一！ 真的，当我想起整个春假期间怎样着手写这篇小说。在学校修改润色，在海文豪斯厨房喧闹的环境中熬夜打字到深夜的时候，我真的无法相信这篇小说会获得如此大奖……

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