基于单片机控制自动配料系统设计-精品

摘 要

皮带配料系统是一种连续累计自动控制系统，广泛用在煤炭、化工、冶金、建材、食品等关系国计民生的各个行业，配料系统可对物料的配比实现累计量控制，而准确的累计量控制可提高产品质量，降低生产成本，提高劳动效率。

首先介绍了配料系统控制器的国内外发展状况，接着对配料系统的组成结构、工作原理作了介绍。然后根据配料系统流量控制的设计要求，设计了以AT89C52单片机为主控芯片的配料系统控制器。论文分析了系统工作原理和提高调速性能的方法，研究了IGBT模块应用驱动、吸收、保护控制等关键技术。在单片机控制方面，讨论了数字触发、数字测速、数字PWM调制器、转速与电流控制器的原理,并给出了软、硬件实现方案。

系统中使用了光电码盘对直流电机的转速进行测量，用电流互感器对直流电机的电流进行检测，经过滤波电路后，将测量值送到A/D转换器，并且最终作为反馈值输入到单片机进行PI运算，从而实现了对直流电机速度和电流的控制。通过实时测试与调节电动机的转速和电流，此调速系统可获得快速、精确的调速效果。

关键词 直流不可逆调速 PWM信号 数字控制器

I

ABSTRACT

Belt batching system is a continuous totalizing automatic weighing instrument. It has played a critical role in coal, chemical industry, metallurgy, building materials, food and other sectors that are crucial to national economy and people's livelihood. The cumulative control of some mixed materials batching is realized by batching scale. This accurate cumulative control can cut down the cost of manufacture, improve the quality of the product and enhance the efficiency of labor.

The paper first has an introduction to the status of development for batching scale controller at home and abroad, and then components and operating principle of the batching scale. According to the design requirements for flow control of a batching scale, this paper designs a batching scale controller with AT89C52 single chip microcomputer as the master control chip. This paper analyzes the working principles of the system and some key technical issues of the application based on the IGBT apparatus, which include drive circuit, snubbed circuit, protection and controlling the quantity of heat, and so on. In the aspect of microcomputer control, it has discussed the principle of number touch off、number velocity testing、current/velocity controller、number PWM modulator and presents the hardware or software scheme to achieve it.

Photoelectric encoder is used in this system to measure the speed of D.C. motor. The result of the measurement is sent to A/D converter after passing the filtering circuit, and finally the feedback single is stored in the single-chip computer and participates in a PI calculation. By real time testing dandy adjusting the motor’s velocity/current, this timing system can get quick and exact timing result.

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Keywords reversible DC timing system Pulse-Width Modulation number controller.

III

目 录

摘 要 ............................................................ I ABSTRACT ......................................................... II 目 录 ........................................................... IV CONTENTS ........................................................ VII 第1章 绪 论 ...................................................... 1

1.1 引言 ...................................................... 1 1.2 研究皮带配料系统的意义 ..................................... 1 1.3 配料系统的国内外发展现状 ................................... 3 1.4 配料系统的发展趋势 ........................................ 4 第2章 配料自动控制系统设计 ....................................... 6

2.1 配料自动控制系统可控直流源的选择 ........................... 6

2.1.1 配料自动控制系统可控直流源的方案比较 ................. 6 2.1.2 配料自动控制系统可控直流源的方案确定 ................. 8 2.2 直流调速系统PWM电路方案设计 ............................... 8

2.2.1 PWM变换器控制方案选择 ................................ 9 2.2.2 PWM变换器的数学模型 ................................. 10 2.3 配料系统直流调速系统闭环系统方案 .......................... 10 2.4 配料系统自动控制系统的整体方案设计 ........................ 12 2.5 配料系统直流调速系统设计 .................................. 13

2.5.1 配料系统自动控制系统性能及技术要求 .................. 13 2.5.2 直流电机相关参数的计算 .............................. 14 2.5.3 双闭环稳态工作时静特性 .............................. 16 2.5.4 电流调节器和转速调节器的设计 ........................ 17

第3章 配料系统自动控制系统硬件电路设计 .......................... 22

3.1重量信号采集电路 .......................................... 22

3.1.1 传感器选择 .......................................... 22

IV

3.1.2重量信号的采集电路 ................................... 23 3.2重量信号滤波放大电路 ...................................... 24 3.3 A/D转换电路 .............................................. 26 3.4 配料系统自动控制系统的单片机系统 .......................... 27 3.5 皮带配料系统电机回路保护电路设计 .......................... 29

3.5.1启动保护电路 ........................................ 29 3.5.2 IGBT的选择及其吸收回路设计 .......................... 30 3.6 直流电机电流检测电路 ..................................... 31 3.7 数字测速电路 ............................................. 32

3.7.1 M/T法测速原理 ...................................... 33 3.7.2 数字测速硬件电路 .................................... 34 3.8 PWM驱动电路设计 .......................................... 36

3.8.1 PWM信号产生电路..................................... 36 3.8.2 PWM信号驱动电路..................................... 37 3.9 配料系统自动控制系统的键盘与显示电路 ...................... 38

3.9.1 I/O口扩展电路 ...................................... 39 3.9.2 配料系统自动控制系统的键盘电路设计 .................. 39 3.9.3配料系统自动控制系统的显示电路设计 ................... 41 3.10配料系统自动控制系统的电源系统 ........................... 42 第4章 配料系统自动控制系统软件设计 .............................. 44

4.1软件的主程序结构设计 ...................................... 44 4.2 PI控制子程序设计 ......................................... 46 4.3 中断服务程序 ............................................. 47 第5章 配料系统直流调速系统仿真 .................................. 49

5.1 直流双闭环调速系统的仿真模型的构建 ........................ 49 5.2 直流双闭环调速系统的仿真结果分析 .......................... 50 总 结 ............................................................ 52 致 谢 ............................................................ 53 参考文献 ......................................................... 54 附录1 软件编程 .................................................. 56

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附录2 系统硬件原理图 ............................................ 62

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CONTENTS

ABSTRACT（CHINESE） ........................................................................................ I ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ II CONTENTS（CHINESE） ..................................................................................... IV CONTENTS ............................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1

1.1 Foreword ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The significance of the belt batching system .................................................. 1 1.3 The development of the belt batching system in the world ............................. 3 1.4 The development trend of the batching system ............................................... 4 CHAPTER 2 The design of the automatic batching system ........................................ 6

2.1 The choice of controlled DC source for the system ........................................ 6

2.1.1 Program comparison of the controlled DC source ................................ 6 2.1.2 The decision of the program ................................................................. 8 2.2 DC speed conrol system's PWM circuit design ............................................... 8

2.2.1 The selection of the PWM converter program ...................................... 9 2.2.2 The mathematical model of the PWM converter .............................. 10 2.3 The program of the closed loop system ........................................................ 10 2.4 The overall design of the automatic control system of the batching system.. 12 2.5 Batching system DC speed control design .................................................... 13

2.5.1 Batching automatic control system performance and technical requirements ................................................................................................ 13 2.5.2 The calculation of the relevant parameters of the DC motor ............... 14 2.5.3 The closed loop static characteristics of the steady-state operation ..... 16 2.5.4 The design of the ACR and ASR ......................................................... 17

VII

CHAPTER 3 Circuit design of the batching automatic control system ..................... 22

3.1 Weight signal acquisition circuit ................................................................... 22

3.1.1 The selection of the sensor .................................................................. 22 3.1.2 Circuit to get the weight ................................................................... 23 3.2 Weight signal filering amplifier .................................................................... 24 3.3 A/D converter circuit .................................................................................... 26 3.4 SCM for batching automatic control system ................................................. 27 3.5 Belt ingredients motor circuit protection circuit design ................................ 29

3.5.1 Limitations and start pumping voltage protection circuit .................... 29 3.5.2 The IGBT choice and the absorption circuit design ............................ 30 3.6 DC motor current detection circuit ................................................................ 31 3.7 Digital speed circuit ...................................................................................... 32

3.7.1 M/T method velocimetry principle ...................................................... 33 3.7.2 Circuit of the detected speed ............................................................... 34 3.8 PWM drive circuit design ............................................................................. 36

3.8.1 PWM signal generating circuit ............................................................ 36 3.8.2 PWM signal to drive circuit ................................................................ 37 3.9 Keyboard and display circuit of batching automatic control system ............. 38

3.9.1 I/O port expansion circuit .................................................................... 39 3.9.2 Keyboard design of the system ........................................................... 39 3.9.3 Display circuit design for the system .................................................. 41 3.10 The power system for the batching automatic control system ..................... 42 CHAPTER 4 The software design for the batching automatic control system .......... 44

4.1 The main stuctural design of the software design ......................................... 44 4.2 PI control subroutine design.......................................................................... 46 4.3 Interrupt service routine ................................................................................ 47 CHAPTER 4 Batching system DC speed control system simulation ........................ 49

VIII

5.1 Construction of DC double closed loop speed control system simulation model .................................................................................................................. 49 5.2 Simulation results of the DC double closed loop speed control system ...... 50 The summary ............................................................................................................. 52 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... 53 References ................................................................................................................. 54 Appendix 1 software programming ........................................................................... 56 Appendix 2 system hardware schematic .................................................................... 62

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第1章 绪 论

1.1 引言

配料系统是按照一定比例来控制物料传输的量，使皮带传输的物料按照一定比例参杂在一起，在工业和农业上有很大的用处。随着国民经济的持续、快速增长，实现工业生产自动化、快速化已经成为与人们生活息息相关的一个环节。

近年来，随着电子技术、传感器技术、计算机技术以及智能控制理论的飞速发展，配料自动控制技术也经历了划时代的发展。传统的手动控制物料配比不仅会导致配料误差大，而且配料控制过程持续的时间长，耗费的人力资源比较大。随着工业化的发展，手动配料迅速发展成现在的可连续自动进行，不需要人工干预就可以完成的自动配料操作，而且误差小、操作方便、配料控制时间也大为缩短，还降低了对能源和材料的消耗。配料系统自动控制装置不仅是提供重量数据的仪表，而且作为工业控制系统和商业管理系统的一个组成部分，更加推进了工业生产的自动化和管理的现代化。

皮带配料系统作为一种动态衡器，已经广泛用于工矿企业、交通运输、冶金、化工、建材等国民经济各个领域的配料中，并取得了显著的经济效益。能否准确配料已经成为影响人们生产生活的一个重要因素，但是我国现有的这方面的产品少且设备功能不齐全、精度不高、工作不稳定。因此，改善现有配料装置，开发更精确、更方便的配料系统控制器势在必行。

1.2 研究皮带配料系统的意义

皮带配料系统简称为配料系统，它与皮带传输系统的设计原理和组成结构基本相同，不同的是，配料系统在皮带传输系统的基础上又增加了“配料”

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