工业工程专业英语--翻译

工业工程的真正价值Real IE Value

In additi on, the IE now has a greater opport unity to concen trate on any one of a broad variety of areas that many compa nies now recog nize as in dividual departme nts-i nclud ing simulati on, operations research, ergonomics, material handling and logistics.

值得一提的是，工业工程现在有更多的机会去集中于现在许多企业已经视为独立的学科的众多领域中的一个-----包括防真学、运筹学、人因学、物料搬运和物流学。

Work-measured Labor Standards 基于作业测量的劳动标准

If you are a manu facturer, cha nces are you have a bill-of-materials (BOM) system to determ ine sta ndard parts cost. Do you also have an equivale nt bill-of-labor system to determ ine sta ndard labor cost? 如果你是一个制造商，你有可能会有一个物料清单系统来确定标准件的成本。你是否也能得

到类似的劳动力清单系统来确定标准的劳动成本？

Time study ------ The most widely used tool to develop standard times is still time study. Time

study reflects what is happening in your job or project. It is also easy to learn and use. Now, the PC has made summarizati on of time study data a matter of sec onds in stead of hours.

时间研究----用来开发标准时间使用最广泛的工具依然是时间研究。时间研究能把你的工作或者项目中发生的事情展现出来。时间研究也比较容易学习使用。如今，电脑用几秒而不是

几小时就能总结时间研究。

Activity sampling -------- An often overlooked tool is activity sampling, usually called work

sampli ng by North America n IEs. In this tech niq ue, a group of workers are observed at ran dom times and their in dividual activities no ted each hour. After a week or two, the average time spe nt on each activity can be calculated, and statistically justified. The average time per piece can then be determ in ed. 活动抽样----一个经常被忽视的工具是活动抽样，北美的工业工程师通常称之为工作抽样。

这种技术抽取随机时间观察工人并在每个小时对他们个人的活动作出记录。一两周后，每个

活动的平均花费时间可以被计算并系统地定义下来。每件工作的平均时间就能够确定。

Let ' quickly review the techniques, and put them into perspective according to the tasks for which they apply:

?moti on an alysis: very short, repetitive tasks;

?time study: short, repetitive and variable tasks;

?activity sampli ng: Ion ger, variable tasks;

?historical data: long, repetitive and variable tasks;

?estimates: seldom performed, variable tasks.

让我们快速回顾这些技术，并弄清楚它们适用的任务

?动作分析?时间研究?活动抽样?历史数据时间非常短的重复性

时间短的重复性变量

时间较长的可变工时

间较长的重复性匚

宇工作。冒工作

作；

T变工作；

?估计：很少执行的可变工作P30

Elements ----- I n dividual work-measured times are ofte n referred to as sta ndard eleme nts or

standard data. Some companies maintain standard data in ring binders, but most don ' t even bother catalog ing in dividual work-measured time eleme nts. APC-based system en courages sta ndard data development and application because it simplifies the process and eliminates extra paperwork. Most software programs offer in tegrated moti on-level sta ndard data in the form of an in tegrated PMTS. But your time study, activity sampling, historical data, and estimate elements are also legitimate standard data elements. Such elements can be cataloged in a computerized standards system for rapid applicati on to worker sta ndards. This is much faster tha n look ing them up in a ring binder.

原理----独立作业测量次通常被称为标准单元或标准数据。一些公司把标准数据记在环形手册里面，但大多数公司不干扰记录独立作业测量时间单元。一个基于计算机的系统有利于标

准数据的开发和应用，因为它简化了这个过程，消除了额外的文书工作。大多数软件程序以

一种预定动作时间系统的形式提供集成的动作水平标准数据。但时间研究，工作抽样，历史

数据，估计单元是合理的标准数据原理。这种原理可以在计算机编目标准体系以便于快速应

用于职工的标准。这样会比去查环形手册要快得多。

Operations ----- worker sta ndards are ofte n referred to as operati on or process sta ndards, and are typically paper systems just beggi ng for computerizatio n. The operati ons or process level is the core level in any PC-based sta ndards system, and it ofte n offers side ben efits such as manufacturing line balancing. Frequencies, allowances, internal elements, setup elements, workplace layouts, assembly sketches, operator in struct ions, and other worker-orie nted aspects are also han dled at this level.

运营操作----职工标准通常被称为操作或处理标准，通常是纸面上的没有计算机化的系统。在

任何基于计算机的标准系统中操作或流程级别是核心级，它通常带来了副作用如生产线平

衡。频率、宽放时间、内部要素，设置要素，工作场所的布局，装配示意图，运营商指令，和其

他工人取向方面也在这个层次上处理。

21 世纪的工厂布局Next Generation Factory Layouts

An alter native to a function al layout is a cellular con figurati on, in which the factory is partiti oned into cells, each dedicated to a family of products with similar processing requirements. Although cellular factories can simplify work flow and reduce material han dli ng, they are gen erally desig ned to produce a specific set of products whose dema nd levels are assumed to be stable and product life cycles sufficie ntly long In fact, cells are usually dedicated to sin gle product families with little allowa nce for in tercell flows. Cellular factories are in efficie nt whe n dema nd for exist ing products fluctuates or new products are in troduced ofte n. Some authors have proposed alter native cellular structures to overcome these problems, such as overlapping cells, cells with machine shari ng, and fractal cells. Although an improveme nt, these alter natives rema in boun ded by their cellular structure.

对于功能式布局的一个可替代形式是单元化结构。在单元化结构中工厂分成许多小单元，每

个单元都可用于加工同一系列的具有相似要求的产品。虽然单元生产工艺能够简化工作流程

降低材料处理，但是一般只用于一套特定的、需求水平稳定的并且生产周期足够长的生产流

程。实际上，生产单元通常用于跨单元生产流程代价不大的单一产品系列。单元化生产用于

需求有波动的现有产品和经常引入新产品的生产线的时候效率不高。有些专家开发了替代性

的单元化结构来克服这些问题，例如重叠式单元、机器可共享的单元、和不规则单元。虽然

有改进，可这些替代品依然被单元化结构所局限。

Layout design procedures，whether for functional or cellular layouts ，have been largely based on a determ ini stic paradigm. Such desig n parameters as product mix, product dema nds, and product routi ngs are assumed to be known with certa in ty.

布局设计流程，无论是功能布局还是单元化布局，都主要给予确定性的范例。这些设计

参数，诸如产品结构，产品需求和生产工艺都应假定为已知的。

The desig n criterio n is ofte n a static measure of material-ha ndli ng efficie ncy ( a total adjace ncy score, total materialha ndli ng cost ,or a comb in ati on of both ), which does not capture the n eed for flexibility and recon figurability.

设计准则通常静态衡量材料处理效率(总邻接分数，总材料处理成本或二者相结合) 。这

样有失灵活性和可重构性。

In fact, the relati on ship betwee n layout flexibility and layout performa nee is poorly un derstood and an alytical models for its evaluati on are lack ing. The structural properties of layouts that affect their flexibility are also n ot well un derstood .Curre nt desig n criteria do not capture the effect of layout on such performa nee measures as con gesti on, cycle time, and throughput rate.

事实上，人们对灵活性布局和布局性能之间的关系知之甚少，缺乏分析模型评估。影响他

们灵活性的结构布局也不甚了解。目前的设计标准不能捕捉到以下性能指标的布局效果，诸

如堵塞，周期时间和生产率。

They also ignore the impact of such operati onal parameters as setup, batch ing, and loadi ng and unioading at work centers. More important, they measure only average performanee and in so doing cannot guara ntee effective ness un der all operat ing sce narios. Clearly, we n eed a new class of layouts, new evaluatio n criteria, and new models and soluti on procedures.

他们还忽略了操作参数的影响，诸如设置，配料，以及在工作中心装卸等。更重要的是，

他们只测量平均表现，这样并不能确保在所有操作方案下的效力。毫无疑问，我们需要一类

新型布局，新的评价标准，新的模型和解决方案。

In the last few years, there has been a concerted effort in the metal cutting industry to develop machines that are highly flexible and scalable and that can perform many functions and be adjusted for various capacities.

近年来，在金属切削行业中出现了一种协调一致的努力，发展具有高度灵活性和可扩展性

的机器，可以执行许多功能，适应各种能力。

The functionality and efficiency of the machines can easily be upgraded by plugging in additional modules or acquiring additional software. If successful, such efforts could lead to facilities that use one mach ine for most process ing with little material handing and moveme nt.

机器的功能和效率可以很容易的得到提升，通过插入额外的模块或者获取额外的软件。如

果能够成功，这种努力可以使一台机器完成大多数加工，并且很少材料处理和设备迁移。

Because a mach ine can be rapidly con figured for differe nt mixes and volumes, cha nges in product ion requireme nts would have little effect on layout.

因为机器可以很快地配置成不同的组合和体积，因此生产需求将不会对布局产生很大影响。

Three approaches to layout design address three distinet needs of the flexible factory. The first two approaches prese nt no vel layout con figuratio ns, n amely distributed and modular layouts. In the third approach, we use operati onal performa nee as a desig n criteri on to gen erate what we term agile layouts.

三种方法来布局设计以满足灵活的工厂的三种不同需求。前两种当下新型布局结构称

为分布式和模块式布局。在第三种方法中，我们用操作参数作为设计标准以产生我们所谓的

敏捷布局。

工业工程在工程经济学中的应用The Role of IE in Engineering Economics

The role of engin eeri ng econo mics is to correctly assess the appropriate ness of a give n project, estimate its value, and justify it from an econo mic sta ndpo in t. If projects are not acceptable, the n the evaluati on process that has bee n used to reach this con clusi on should also expla in their poor returns. That same process should also in dicate ways to improve the in vestme nt proposal to make it more attractive to man ageme nt.

工程经济学的作用是正确评估适当的一个项目，估计价值，并从经济角度证明。如果项目不

可接受，那么就得出结论的评价过程还应该解释他们得到不理想的回报的原因。它还应说明

如何改善投资方案，使其更具吸引力的管理。

As see n here, the evaluati on process can be overwhel ming to in dividuals who attempt to justify their projects. Fortun ately, sig ni fica nt research has bee n made in this area for the kinds of projects mentioned here. Without claiming that engineering economy has solved all problems, it can be said that help is available. Engin eeri ng economy can con tribute to several steps of this evaluati on process.

看到这里，评估过程可以完全说服试图证明自己项目的人。幸运的是，对于已提到的各种项

目在这一领域已经做了大量研究。虽然不能说工程经济已经解决了所有的问题，但起码可以

说可以提供有用的帮助。工程经济能有助于这个评价过程的几个步骤。

Armed with econo mic models tailored to specific tech no logies, in dustrial engin eers are able to measure, for in sta nee, the cost of flexibility and, in tur n, help in tegrate this figure in acco unting cost systems and finan cial justificati on models.

掌握了适应各种特定技术的经济模型后，工业工程师就能够对诸如柔性成本等指标进行度量

并且能够反过来协助将这些数值与会计成本系统和金融论证模型集成起来。

全面质量管理Total Quality Management

TQM is an approach for con ti nu ously improvi ng the quality of every aspect of bus in ess life, i. e. it is a ever-e nding process of improvi ng for in dividuals, groups of people and the whole orga ni zati on. It is an in tegrated approach and set of practices that emphasizes, in ter alia, man ageme nt commitme nt, continu ous improveme nt, customer focus, I on g-ra nge thinking, in creased employee involvement and

teamwork, employee empowerment, process management, competitive ben chmark ing, etc.

TQM是一种对商业活动中所有方面的质量进行持续改进的一种方法，也就是对个体、群体

和整个的组织进行改良的持续过程。它是一种综合方法和实践的运用，尤其重视高层管理

承诺、连续改进、以客户为中心、长远战略、员工参与和团队合作、员工授权、流程管理、竞争标杆管理等等方面。

The present work, based on the thorough review of the prescriptive, conceptual, practitioner and empirical literature on TQM and TQS spanning over 100 articles, identifies 12 dimensions of quality man ageme nt as critical for the in stituti on of a TQM en vir onment in service orga ni zati ons.

The dime nsions that have bee n ide ntified are as follows:

全面质量服务的临界尺寸在目前工作的基础上深入回顾全面质量服务和全面质量服务的

规定性、概念性、实践和经验的文献已经超越了100篇，确定12维度的质量管理在全面服务

机构作为全面质量管理环境的重要制度。已确定的尺寸如下：

Top man ageme nt commitme nt and visi onary leadership; Huma n resource management; Technical system; Information and analysis system; Benchmarking; Continuous improveme nt; Customer focus; Employee satisfact ion; Un io n in terve nti on; Social resp on sibility; Servicescapes; Service culture.

董事会的承诺和富有远见的领导人力资源管理技术体系信息和分析系统标杆管

理精益求精顾客至上员工满意度欧盟干预社会责任感?服务链服务文化

Per contra, thoug most of these dimensions and other techniques and strategies proposed by various theorists and practitioners, starting from the birth of the quality revolution, seem to provide a near-uni versal remedy to the problems of the manu facturi ng bus in ess, they are not acomplete yardstick for service quality improveme nt.

相反，尽管上述的各种理论家和实践者从质量革命以来所倡导的大部分理论和相关技术和策略似乎可以提供解决制造领域（质量）问题的灵丹妙药，但它们并不能作为服务业务质量改善的完全标准。

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