概要写作 1 说明文

概要写作（Summary Writing）

一、概要写作的定义（Definition of Summary）

A summary is a brief statement of the main point of a longer composition, which reproduces the theme of the original with no more than 60 words.

二、写作指导

概要写作，是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题，主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。

第一步：阅读

A．认真阅读给定的原文材料，如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍；阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。

B．划出那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子；决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了；对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。

C．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括概要写作重要的东西。

第二步：动手写作

A. 概要写作应尽量用自己的话完成，不要直接引用原文的句子； B. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序，这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实；

C.要全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意；

D. 写概要写作时可以采用下列几种小技巧：

1) 删除细节，只保留主要观点；

2) 选择一至两个例子：原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至

3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子：如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句

4) 避免重复：在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明，但是这在概

5) 压缩长句：

二个例子；

子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。

要写作中是不能使用的；应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。

如下列两例：

? “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”

可以概括为：________________________________________________________________ ? “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”

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可以概括为：________________________________________________________________

6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句：

请看下面的例子：

? “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited

by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”

可以概括为： ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：

? “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and

Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter

vocation.”

可以概括为： ________________________________________________________________

8） 使用最短的连接词: 比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the

same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。

9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在概要写作中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对

白简化，比如：

? Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: “You use too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt

is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises（掩饰） the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle（微妙的） than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”

可以用第三人称概括为： ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

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第三步：修改成文

草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。

? 首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，概要写作中的观点是否与原文

中的完全一致。

? 其次，如果出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们，保持语言简单明了。 ? 最后，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，。

经过上述步骤和方法，一篇概要写作就可以完成了。

三、说明文概要写作要点点拨

说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类： 1. 现象分析类：

? 介绍某现象及其成因、结果，即“现象+成因+结果”

? The article points out the common phenomenon—(主题)，which?(补充解释) ? （in the passage）the writer introduces… to us, especially its…., from which we

know…

2. 利弊对比类：

? 描写某事物的性质功能，即“对象+性质功能+利弊”

? （in the passage）the writer introduces? to us, especially its?, from which we know?

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? ? ?

3. 研究报告类：

? 针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施, 即“问题+解决方法”

? As is reported in the study, … .

? The passage tells us?. So the author tells us how to ... , including …… ? The study reveals/shows/indicates/suggests that… ? The purpose of the report is to show that…

在写作前，我们要通读短文，确定其内容是属于那种类型，然后选择确当的模板。 注意：不要关注一些次要的细节却遗漏重要的要点，尽量少使用原文语句，多用自己的概括性的语言；不要超出60个单词。

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The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. A …while B …

The passage shows that A and B are similar in that … . However, A …while B … . The passage discusses the impact of sth. On the positive side, … , but it may also…

? 课堂训练：

Directions: Please read the following passage and write a summary of it in no more than 60 words. A large source of rubbish is packaging material, which often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. To understand why this is true, think of the packaging commonly used for a simple product, such as toothpaste. The packaging includes not only the tube for the toothpaste, but also the box for the tube. This box is put into a plastic wrapper. Then, the boxes are transported in a cardboard container.

Most packaging material ends up in a landfill after it is thrown away. Though necessary, landfills take up valuable space, often stink（发出恶臭）, and can leak harmful substances into the soil. Landfills not included, the production of packaging material itself is a major source of air and water pollution.

People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials. In 1991, Germany took the lead by requiring companies to recycle the packaging used for their goods. To do this, the companies set up recycling bins in every neighborhood. Consumers now separate their rubbish into three categories—metal, plastic and paper cartons. They then put it into the appropriate bin. The rubbish sorted, it is transported to a recycling company for processing.

The programme worked well at first. However, the amount of rubbish has begun to increase again. One reason for this is that many consumers no longer reduce waste because they think the problem is solved. It seems that to properly deal with the problem of rubbish, everyone must remain alert and do their part. (255 words)

材料分析：根据文本内容，这是一篇 _______________________ 的说明文；在写作之前，我们必须首先弄清每一段落的主要内容是什么。

第一段的中心句是_____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________，同时也点明了文章的主题，后面就在以__________为例。

第二段主要包括两方面内容，一是_______________________________________________；第三段主要在讲_______________________________________________________________，二是_____________________________________________________________________________。 其中_____________________________________________________________________________是段落的中心句，后面就列举了______________________________________________________。

第四段开头的however至关重要，说明_____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________

弄清了每段的主要内容后，我们就按照概要写作的几个原则对其进行连接，在连接段落时需要添加必要的连接词使其通顺连贯即可：

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