2012-2013学期汉英翻译讲义2013-02-24

汉 英 对 比 与 翻 译

CHINESE-ENGLISH COMPARISON AND TRANSLATION

授课教师: 叶红卫

hardyyhw@163.com

目 录

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（一） 英汉对比 .......................................................................................................................................................... 3

（二） 谴词用字 .......................................................................................................................................................... 5

（三） 增词减词 .......................................................................................................................................................... 7

（四） 标识翻译 ........................................................................................................................................................ 10

（五） 词性转换 ........................................................................................................................................................ 11

（六） 正反褒贬 ........................................................................................................................................................ 13

（七） 直译意译 ........................................................................................................................................................ 16

（八） 被动主动 ........................................................................................................................................................ 18

（九） 定语从句 ........................................................................................................................................................ 20

（十） 成语翻译 ........................................................................................................................................................ 23

（十一） 主语翻译 .................................................................................................................................................... 26

（十二）简历翻译 ...................................................................................................................................................... 29

（十三） 长句翻译（英汉） ..................................................................................................................................... 31

（十四） 长句翻译（汉英） ..................................................................................................................................... 32

（十五） 补充练习（汉英） ..................................................................................................................................... 33

（十六） 补充练习（英汉） ..................................................................................................................................... 35

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（一） 英汉对比

一、英汉差异 （1）字词层面 （2）句子层面 （3）文化层面

But sometimes players have to realize that this is kind of a dog- eat-dog league.（NBA）

二、形合VS意合

例1.Mr. Smith was arrested when he himself was not aware what crime he had committed. 译文：

例2.The wind was so strong that he found it difficult to keep on his feet. 译文：

例3.他不来，我不去？ 译文： 例4.他不老实，我不信任他。 译文： 例5.人有脸，树有皮。 译文： 例6.亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。 译文： ●译家之言

For Chinese and English, perhaps one of the most important linguistic distinctions is the contrast between the hypotaxis and parataxis. （Eugene Nida）

（1）形合：语句各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语或各种语言连接手段，以表示其结构关系。英语注重形式（形合），因此句子之间大量使用各种关系词（when, which, whose, why, where, how, what）和连接词（and, but, or, as well as, so…that, unless, not only…but also）等等。 英语重行合：准确、具体、写实、逻辑性强

（2）意合：句中各成分之间或句子之间的结合多依靠语义的贯通，少用连接语，所以句法结构形式短小精悍。汉语注重意合，不大喜欢用没有实际意义的虚词，只是把事情和意思连接起来，词句之间的关系在不言之中。

汉语重意合：模糊、含蓄、写意，关系微妙，只可意会不可传。

中国的文化是向模糊、朦胧及总体的方向走，而西方的文化是向准确而具体的方向走。（杨振宁） 例7.远看山有色，近听水无声，春去花还在，人来鸟不惊。 译文：__________ look afar, the mountains are green and clear, _______ no sound of stream is heard _____you listen near. The flowers remain in full bloom _______ spring?s away, A human being approaches, _____ the bird doesn?t fray.

三．英汉互译

英译汉：对于英语中的连词和关系词要融合到汉语句子中，变显性为隐性。 例8：1. While the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns. 译文：

例9.If you confer a benefit，never remember it；if you receive one，remember it always.

译文： 例10：What matters if we have to face some difficulties? Let them blockade（封锁） us! Let them blockade us for eight or ten years! By that time all China?s problems will have been solved.

译文：

例11： We should have more of the three kinds of foreign-invested ventures. There is no reason to be afraid of

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them. So long as we keep level-headed, there is no cause for alarm. 译文：

汉译英：对于句子间的逻辑关系，采取由隐形变显形的策略，要用适当的连接词或关系词将汉语所隐含的逻辑关系明示出来。（竹竿→葡萄）

例12.天太冷，河水都结冰了。译文：

例13.人不犯我，我不犯人。 译文： 例14.有位英国人，他六十岁，既不会说中文，也不了解中国，有一次来到中国旅游…

五．小试身手

1. A few of the pictures are worth mentioning both for their technical excellence and interesting content.

2. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.

3. 跑得了和尚跑不了庙。

4. 我们过了江，进了车站。我买票，他帮忙照看行李。

六．翻译练习（20ms）

The automobile has brought many changes in American life-for example, the remarkable growth of the suburbs in the past 25 years as many people who work in the cities now enjoy country living because of good roads and the ease of commuting by automobile.

Heavy use of the nation?s highways has created a demand for roadside businesses of various kinds, including outdoor movie theaters, where audiences watch films from their automobiles and convenient roadside hotels known as “motels”. Motels are usually located on main roads near cities and at seaside and other resort areas. They are made up of a series of bedroom-and-bath units and nearby parking spaces. Many of its units are equipped with television and air-conditioning. The number of motels has grown so rapidly in recent years that their total annual income has surpassed that of American hotels.

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（二） 谴词用字

一．词本无义

遣词用字是一种翻译技巧，也是译者最重要的基本功，在翻译的整个过程中都需要我们对译文的字词取舍作出正确的判断，形成通顺的文字。鲁迅先生在谈到翻译工作的甘苦时曾说过：我向来总以为翻译比创作容易，因为至少是无须构想。但到真的一译，就会遇到难关；比如一个名词或动词，写不出，创作的时候可以回避，翻译上却不成，也还得想，一直弄得头昏眼花，好像在脑子里面摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。

Wittgenstein：The meaning of word is its use in the language.” Firth：Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”

林语堂：字是死的，有了上下文才是活的。依靠词典过了头也会出毛病。

二．一词多义 本义与引申义

Denotation: the most direct meaning of a word.

Connotation: figurative meanings and associated meanings. 英语转义：Storm

1. But his last words brought on another storm.. 2.His proposal was met by a storm of protest. 3. Her singing took New York by storm. 4. The soldiers stormed through the streets.

5. Their only hope of victory was to storm the enemy camp at night. 6. John stormed in the meeting waving a piece of paper about.. 7. We thought that their quarrel was just a storm in a teacup. 汉语转义：意思

我的意思是最好不要推迟开会的时间。 _________-, it?s better not to postpone the meeting. 她被夸得不好意思。She felt _________by so much praise.

他出卖朋友真不够意思。He was so ___________as to betray his friend. 让你久等了，真不好意思。I am ______ to have kept you waiting so long. 他说的话很有意思。What he said was very _________.

三．词义的确定

◆根据搭配确定词义:

a heavy box _________ a heavy rain _________ heavy clouds _________ heavy news _________ heavy line _________ heavy wine _________ a heavy sea _________ a heavy smoker _________heavy sleep _________ heavy traffic _________ a very heavy schedule_______________.

Heavily armed terrorists____________ She lost heavily at cards______________. ◆根据语境确定词义

We had hopes of developing tourism on quite a big scale.我们曾希望大规模_____旅游业。 Botanists have succeeded in developing many new plants.植物学家成功地________________. The photographer develops all his films.那位摄影师_________________________。 Land animals are thought to have developed from sea animals. 陆地动物被认为是由海洋动物________________。

I?d like to develop this idea a little more fully before I go on to my next point. 在讲下一点之前，_______________________________。

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四．具体与抽象 ◆具体译具体

1. But when you've learned English, you'll find it a bridge to so much knowledge. 2. The invention of printing was a mile-stone in human progress. 3. If we attack quickly, we can nip the enemy's plans in the bud. 4. He bombarded her with questions.

5.中国是世界经济最活跃的地方只有，浦东是国际资本投资的热土。

6.负责财务的那个女人简直是个母老虎。

7.美国再也无力承担世界经济龙头的重任了。

◆化具体为抽象：

1.There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the colonialists.

3.What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.

4.China joined the growing list of Asian nations turning their backs on American aircraft-makers.

5.坚持精神文明物质文明两手抓，两手都要硬。 We must_____________________________economic development on one hand and to ______________________________ on the other hand.

6.不要让孩子只知道“头悬梁，锥刺股，死读书，读死书。”

译文1：Don't make the children know nothing more than \reading\改译：

四．小试身手

delicate skin delicate china delicate upbringing delicate health

delicate vase delicate diplomatic question a critic?s delicate perception delicate sense of smell delicate food a delicate set of scales delicate difference

I admired your delicate handling of the situation.

We're conducting very delicate negotiations.

1).We insist that international trade should not be a one-way-street.

2). Needing some light to see by, the burglar crossed the room with a light step to light the light with the light green shade

4).20世纪90年代以来，美国硅谷成了带动美国经济持续高速发展的发动机。

5). 银行在巩固了自己的住房贷款之后，又将目光瞄上了汽车市场。

With its role consolidated in the part of housing loans, these banks________________________.

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五.翻译练习（20ms）

Information and communications are central to modern society and organizations. One approach to understand the working environment is to consider an organization as a communications system. An organization that has open lines of communication with valid, honest information going up, down, and throughout the organization will be much more effective and a much better place to work than the organization that attempts to restrict the flow of information or distort and deceive. When leadership attempts to keep workers in the dark, workers tend to become distrustful. This undermines their cooperation.

It is easy to understand the value and importance of open, honest communications and valid information. Yet, few organizations are able to function in this manner. In the long run, poor communication will undermine the entire organization. Restricting communication and distorting information are symptoms of short-range thinking. We must avoid these stupid, shortsighted traps and constantly strive for and open communications system with objective information.

（三） 增词减词

隐性（意合）和显性（形合）是汉英语法最大的，带根本性的差异。由于这一差异，就造成了英汉语翻译时的一个独特技巧：增译和减译问题。一个成熟的译者应该敢于在不损害原意的前提下，适当增译或减译，使译文更符合目的语表达习惯。潘文国：汉译英可能会减掉某些东西，但绝对必须增加一些东西；英译汉可能会增加某些东西，但绝对必须减掉一些东西。 ●译家之言

汉译英可能会减掉某些东西，但绝对必须增加一些东西；英译汉可能会增加某些东西，但绝对必须减掉一些东西。(潘文国) 一．增词

英汉两种语言由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加。 汉译英： 语法需要

1）困难终于克服了，大家都很高兴。 译文： 2) 早知道他有病，我就不会叫他来了。 译文：

3）知彼知己，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。

_______ fight a hundred battles without defeat_______ know the enemy______yourself._____win one battle ______ lose one battle if you know yourself _________ leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. _________lose every battle ________ leave both the enemy_____ yourself in the dark.

4）交出译文之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。这样你才能把工作做好。 译文：

为了意义完整

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建国以来/抗战期间

5）幼读三百篇，不求甚解。继学师范，遂奠教书匠之基，及壮，糊口四方，教书为业。

▲英译汉 ：

1）If you think you are beaten, you are. 译文： 2).He wanted to learn, to know, and to teach.. 译文：

3）Reading exercises one's eyes; Speaking, one's tongue; while writing, one's mind.

5）The had no wish to change the system itself, or if they did, through idealistic, utopian schemes.

6）.The leader of the department came to him to undertake the persuasion. 译文：

7). Most people in America, minority people in particular, are convinced that injustices exist in their economic system. 译文：

二．减词

与增词相反，翻译中的减词是为求译文文字简洁流畅，在译文中省去原文需要而译文多余的一些词语。 A horse is a useful animal.

Wash your hands before the meal Put your hat on your head.

He shrugged his shoulders, and shook his head, but said nothing. ●译家之言

既然见when就‘当’，五步一当，十步一当，当当之声，遂不绝于耳了。?尤其是这样一句：?当他转过身来看见我手里握着那根上面刻着玛丽〃布朗的名字的旧钓鱼竿的时候……?，他讥讽道：?两头远得简直要害相思。 英译汉：

1) Be a place what it may, one gets to like it, if one lives long in it.

2) I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the port for which I was bound. 译文：

▲汉译英 省去范畴词

落后状态； 自满情绪； 疯狂行为； 紧张态势； 研究活动； 3）大会准备工作在继续进行。 译文：

4).多年来，该国存在严重的失业现象。 译文：

5）一些地区的紧张态势依然存在。 译文：

6）完善社会主义市场经济体制、加强党的执政能力建设。

省略汉语重复的词

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7) 我们公司生产的地毯美丽大方、光彩夺目、富丽堂皇、魅力无穷。

8) 科学技术突飞猛进，给亚洲的发展带来了新的机遇，也带来了新的挑战。（02-9） 译文:

三．小试身手 1). 1). The classical virtues of grace, harmony, and economy of both means and ends are lost on most Americans.

2). The 21st century executive must be a global strategist, working as deftly in Tokyo as in New York. He sees－then seizes－markets worldwide.

3）She was a tireless activist for racial and sexual equality. She was complex. Her main massage was and is，“We?re like everybody else. And it?s OK to be ourselves（the blind）.” （99/9） 译文：

4) 燕子去了, 有再来的时候；杨柳枯了, 有再青春的时候；桃花谢了, 有再开的时候。但是，聪明的，你告诉我, 我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢?

5）建行上海分行推出了十大优惠举措，欲在外资非金融机构染指汽车贷款之前，做大自己的汽车贷款。

四．翻译练习（25ms）

If there?s a threat of dangerous deflation—a general fall in prices—the causes lie as much in Europe and Japan as in the United States. The inevitable collapse of America?s speculative boom need not have been especially damaging if the world?s other advanced economies were healthy. Their expanding appetite for imports would have bolstered the United States and so-called emerging market countries, from Brazil to South Korea. The trouble is that other advanced economies aren?t healthy.

Deflation could emerge from simultaneous slumps in the world?s three major economies. Prices drop because there?s too little global demand chasing too much global supply—everything from steel to shoes. Japan?s ills are well known its banks are awash in bad loans. Less understood (at least in the United States) is the fact the Europe?s troubles stem significantly from Germany. Germany is Europe?s “sick man”, just as Japan is Asia?s. Only 15 years ago, these countries seemed poised to assume leadership of the world economy. Now they are dragging it down.

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（四）公示语翻译

随着经济全球化的日益深入，中国对外交往不断增多，近几年随着北京奥运会和上海世博会的日益临近，越来越多中英对照的标牌和标识语出现在公共场所、旅游景点以及各种宣传资料上。

然而，“令人遗憾的是，在这类文字的翻译中，张冠李戴、译文刻板、用词不当等语言错误俯拾皆是。”在公示语汉英翻译中存在着不少质量问题，有不少噬待解决的难题和需要改进的地方。在宾馆饭店、旅游景点或博物馆等窗口行业，在公园、街头、商场等公共场所，错误或不规范的外文随处可见。

一、动车组上的公示语

清洁袋： 误译：Airsickness bag 改译：

动车组候车室： 误译：Move the Vehicle Crew Waiting Room 改译： 全列车各个部位不得吸烟。

原译：Smoking in not allowed in every part of the train 改译：

请勿大声喧哗，以保持车厢安静。

原译：Please do not make much noise, and to keep the trains quiet. 改译：

洗脸间设在单号车厢。

原译：Toilets are in odd numbers compartment 改译：

到站的旅客，请往前门下车。

原译：Arriving passengers，Please forward door alight. 改译：

更舒适、更时尚、更环保、更美好??

原译：more comfortable，more fashionable，more environmentally and more wonderful 改译：

然而令人遗憾的是，号称设施一流、服务一流的“和谐号”动车组列车上的各类英文标识翻译却是如此不入流，出现如此多令人匪夷所思的错误确实让人失望。 二、公示语翻译纠错

在日常生活中,错误的英语用法俯拾即是,其中最明显的就是公示语的英文翻译，以下是笔者收集到的一些令人啼笑皆非的翻译，大家平时不妨也多加留意，相信你也肯定会“有所收获”。 出口： 有房：

有狗： 一次性用品： 残疾人厕所： 民族园： 化验室： 小心有电： 先下后上 文明乘车： 非紧急情况请止步：

小心地滑： 小心碰头： 水深危险，请勿下水游玩： 请勿乱丢果壳纸屑：

检票口： 三、菜单翻译

夫妻肺片： 红烧狮子头 忘记小吃店： 三鲜伊府面：

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四、公示语翻译练习

1.小心台阶 2. 非公莫入 3. 谨防扒手 4. 老弱病残孕专座 5. 请勿酒后驾车 6. 请勿随地大小便 7.先来先办 8.立等可取 9. 全天营业 10.清仓大甩卖 11. 禁止一切车辆 12. 小心站台间隙 五、菜单翻译练习

1.德州扒鸡 2.回锅肉片 3.狗不理包子 4. 口水鸡 5. 蚂蚁上树

6. 法式甜酸西红柿片配黄油鸡蛋粒：

7．酥炸黑色发酵豆块佐红辣椒蒜汁

8．铁板特煎外十分熟内七分熟碎牛扒佐青椒段洋葱块：

9. 特制甜糯米配日式蜜豆沙及八色澳洲香焙干果：

10．墨西哥特辣炖过油精致阿根廷小牛肉配当下时蔬：

11. 辛辣花椒原生豆酱浓姜红汤土豆米线毛肚香菜小肉球海带白菜鸭舌猪脑生切鱼片猪肉片羊肉片牛肉片老牛肉片嫩牛肉片牛筋黄喉儿笋子豆皮豆干豆腐杂烩炖：

（五） 词性转换

一．词性转换

转性译法是是所有词法翻译中最重要的翻译技能之一。英汉互译中最常见的词性转换是动词－名词之间。

二．英译汉 ▲英语名词转换

1. Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children. 译文：

2. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing 译文：

3. Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.

4. For millions of immigrants, the Statue of Liberty was their first sight of the promising land. 译：

5. There is a growing acceptance by the parents of their children?s socialization and participation in various social activities.

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试译：

越来越多的老师接受了学生在校外打工的事实。

越来越多的社会大众意识到了在住房和教育方面存在的普遍性问题。

英语动词的转换

6. Antiwar demonstrations, black civil rights protests, women?s rights activities, and rebellion by young people against traditional authority characterized in the 1960s.

7. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car. 译文：

▲英语形容词的转换

10．If you don't watch TV every day, you will be ignorant of the present situation both at home and abroad. 译文：

三、汉译英 ●译家之言

动词对任何语言来讲都是重要的，他的重要作用在汉语中尤为突出，展开一篇汉语作品，略与英语作品相比较，我们马上发觉，前者的动词使用频率远远超过后者。(林同济) 1．他请求领导分配他去基层工作。

2．我去叫他派一个会计到这儿来帮助你算账吧。 ◆动词的转换

1.这为东南亚各国保持经济持续增长，发展经济合作，创造了重要的前提条件。 译文：

2.我们要确保更有效地利用外资。 译文1： 译文2：

3.坚持一个中国的原则，是实现和平统一的基础和前提。 译文1：

译文2:

4.市场格局发生了重大变化，引发了新一轮彩电价格大战。 译文：

◆ 名词的转换：

6．外资企业日前已经成为浦东新区出口增长的拉动力。 译文：

四. 小试身手

1.White policemen are now careful of how they speak and behave towards their fellow black citizens.

2.Variety is a key characteristic of the United States, both geographically and culturally.

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3.The isolation of the rural world because of the distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.

4 要特别重视控制人口、节约资源、保护环境。

5．香港回归祖国，标志着一国两制构想的巨大成功。

6. 建立和健全社会保障体系，关系到改革、发展、稳定的大局，意义重大。

五．翻译练习（25ms）

As a scourge of the modern society, obesity has become the world?s biggest public-health issue today—the main cause of heart disease, which kills more people these days than AIDS, malaria, war. Since the World Health Organization labeled obesity an “epidemic” in 2000, reports on its fearful consequences have come thick and fast.

Will public-health warnings, combined with media pressure, persuade people to get thinner, just as they finally put them off tobacco? Possibly. In the rich world, sales of healthier goods are booming and new figures suggest that over the past year Americans got very slightly thinner for the first time in recorded history. But even if Americans are losing a few ounces, it will be many years before the country solves the health problems caused by half a century?s dining to excess. And, everywhere else in the world, people are still piling on the pounds. That?s why there is now a consensus among doctors that governments should do something to stop them.

（六） 正反褒贬

一．正反译法

正反译法就是把原文的肯定语气翻译成否定语气，或把原文的否定语气翻译成肯定语气的翻译。巧妙运用反译法，有时候可以“柳暗花明又一村”达到意想不到的效果。

Freeze! _______________________ Wet paint! _______________________

Keep Upright! ________________ Please tender(=offer) exact fare. _______________________ Frost-free refrigerator._______________________

I have read your articles, but I expect to meet an older man. 译文：_______________________________________

经典译例：I am never at a loss for a word; Pitt is never at a loss for the word.

原译：我从来没有因为说错任何话而遭受损失，但他也从来没有因为我说错话而遭受损失？ 改译：_________________________________________________________ ◆英语肯定 汉语否定

(1) The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin. （a narrow margin of profit-薄利）

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译文：

(2) As he sipped his coffee, he opened a still damp morning paper; and began reading. （damp＝slightly wet） 译文：

（3）The conclusion we reached in Britain is that change simply cannot sensibly be put off. 译文：

★英语中有一些常用肯定形式的词，往往有否定的含义。这些词在翻译时一般要从反面进行翻译。它们包括：动词：miss, neglect, fail, ignore, refrain (from), deny, refuse名词：failure, ignorance, absence, lack形容词：free, absent, last, short 副词：too，otherwise介词：beyond, above, before 连接词：unless, or等。 His ignorance in history resulted in his failure in the interview. 译文：

The soldiers would fight to death before they surrender. 译文：

His childhood is free from anxiety. 译文：

Don?t count your chicken before they are hatched. 译文：

Shallow and conceited, he is the last person our company wants. 译文：

(4) As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity. 译文：

◆英语否定 汉语肯定

(1) Such flights couldn't long escape notice. 译文：

(2) The hotel staff spared no pains to ensure that our stay was as joyable as possible. 译文：

（3）We could not be more mistaken.译文：

(4) APEC will have to be non-discriminatory and it will have to seek to be open rather than closed in its approach.

译文：亚太经合组织________________，而其态度上必须是开放的而不是封闭的。

(5) China is too large and important a country to take such actions without it being widely noted. 译文：

（6）If we do not hang together, we shall most assuredly hang separately.（Benjamin Franklin） 译文1：

◆“反说正译”尤其适合一些特殊句式的翻译，包括一些双重否定。 (9) Nothing is so beautiful but it betrays some defect on close inspection. 译文：

(10) I never passed the theatre but I thought of his last performance.译文：

（11）No one can drive, fly, or enter many private and public buildings without a picture ID, usually a driver?s license or passport. (02/9)

五．小试身手

Nothing has cemented French influence in the world like the decision made by the victorious World War II powers in 1945 to include France as one of the five permanent, veto-wielding members of the Security Council. 译文：

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二．褒贬翻译

在翻译中，对于一些带有明显褒贬色彩的词汇，译者在翻译时需要根据词汇的感情色彩选取相应的感情色彩的词汇进行翻译。

1．Hitler persued an aggressive policy after he seized power.希特勒夺取政策之后，就推行__________-。 2．John was aggressive salesman who did his job quite well. 译文：约翰是一个__________推销员，他工作干得很出色。 3.An aggressive young man can go far in this firm.

译文：一个___________青年能在这公司干出一番事业来。 4.The Japanese were very aggressive. 译文：日本鬼子很______________-。

Ambitious＝strong desire for success,power, riches.

5.We have an ambitious plan for the brand new technology of Digital Broadcasting by Satellite, due to start next year.(98/9)

译文：我们有一项__________的计划，即明年起使用全新的卫星数码技术进行广播。 6.The reactionary?s chief ambition is to become the emperor. 译文：那些反革命的_____________是做皇帝。 7. It is the height of my ambition to serve my country. Somebody＝A person of importance

8.Everybody who is anybody has showed up in the meeting译文： 9.Your friends are all just a bunch of nobodies. 译文；你的朋友都是________________。

Flatter＝To compliment excessively and often insincerely, especially in order to win favor

10.Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever see. 译文：汉斯说，这位先生是他见过的最有胆识的人，_____________________。 11.Mr Brown felt greatly flattered, when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture. 译文：布朗先生接到作演讲的要请，___________________。 Hand-in-glove with=be in close relations with.

12.Those two comrades are hand -in-glove with each other.

13.The reactionaries work hand-in-glove with the imperialists to suppress the national liberation. 译文：反动派和帝国主义_______________，镇压民族解放运动。 三．小试身手

I?m not surprised those two are such friends, they are birds of a feather.

He has conspired against me like the rest, and they are bad birds of one feather.

四．翻译练习

有两个大款附庸风雅，参加一个冷餐会。与会者中自然不乏真正的名流学者。席间，一位学者与其中的大款甲闲聊，话题不知怎么扯到莎士比亚身上。学者问大款甲：”先生是否对莎士比亚最有兴趣？”

大款甲顿了顿，旋即正色道：”相比之下，还是威士忌合我口味。”这时，大家都暗自窃笑。大款乙也看出了苗头，悻悻然走开。在回来的小车上，大款乙教训大款甲说：”你真一点都不懂，莎士比亚是饮料，你怎么把它当洋酒了！”

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（七） 直译意译

一．直译与意译

所谓直译就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中尽量保持原文的形式—特别指保持原文的修辞、形象和民族、地方色彩等。

如：武装到牙齿___________ 鳄鱼的眼泪_____________

连锁反应_________________

所谓意译是指译文与原文因表达方式上的差异，不便或无法在保留原文形式，只能将原文的思想内容或形象用自己的话间接地表现出来。

eat one?s words: face the music: pull one?s leg: 纸老虎 ●译家之言

翻译的正确道路，既不应是直译，也不应是模仿，而应是意译 (paraphrase)。译者有一定限度的自由，他要时刻看到作者，这样就不至于迷失方向，但他主要是紧跟作者的意思而不死扣字眼，他可以对作者的意思加以引伸，但不能改变。（乔治·斯坦纳）

二．翻译原则

Translate literally, if possible, or appeal to free translation.

(1).No matter what may happen, the Chinese people will firmly support the oppressed people of the world. 译文：

(2).Exchange of idea is necessary, for without it, it is impossible to achieve mutural understanding. 译文：

(3).创新是一个民族的灵魂。

直译的局限性：造成意义晦涩，译文有时冗长罗唆，晦涩难懂，有时不能正确传达原文意义，有时甚至事与愿违。

(1).It's a Smoke Free Area. 意译： (2).Shakespeare put his hometown on the map. 意译： (3)．If my mother had known of it, she?d have died a second time. 意译：

不能直译就意译：

当英语和汉语在词序方面、句法结构方面以及修辞色彩方面存在极大差异时，并且这些差异使得我们无法用直译的方法来进行翻译时，我们必须借助意译法来解决这一矛盾。 ●译家之言

如果原文的表达形式比译文准确、有力，可以直译，但要符合?忠实、通顺?的标准，如armed to teeth可以直译为?武装到牙齿?。要吸收新鲜用语，就要直译。?要从外国语言钟吸收我们所需要的成分，而且要吸收他们的新鲜用语?（毛泽东《反对党八股》）。（连淑能） (1).Nancy was a fixture at Rocket?s games in her school days. 意译：

(2).I am afraid she is too far from the cradle for you. 意译：

(3).It is said that every family has a skeleton in the cupboard. 意译：

(4).Last night, I heard him driving his pigs to market. 意译：

(6).The English have never shown themselves averse to a gamble, though fortunately most of them know where to draw the line. 译文：

三、直译意译比较

1．光阴似箭，转眼中国加入世贸组织已经整整4年。(06-3)

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2．天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。 杨： 霍：

3．巧媳妇做不出没米的饭来，叫我怎么样呢？ 杨：霍：

4．黛玉说：你说你会过目成诵，难道我就不能一目十行了！

David Hawks： You needn't imagine you are the only one ________________,” said Dai-yu naughtily.“I suppose I'm allowed to__________________.

杨宪益：You boast that you can ________________________, why can?t I_______________________.(戴乃迭)

意译谚语： 直译谚语：

A new broom sweeps clean. kill two birds with one stone.

Make hay while the sun shines. Draw water with a sieve.

Look before you leap. Blood is thicker than water.

A watched pot never boils. Easier said than done.

One swallow does not make a summer. Walls have ears.

The apple of one?s eye A drop in the ocean.

Cast pearls before swine. Misfortune never comes alone.

A burned child dreads the fire. To praise to the skies

四：翻译练习 词句翻译：

1．After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery grounds.

2．.I tried to think what could have happened, but nothing suggested itself.

3．What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform?

4. With cutthroat pricing, they did eventually run nearly every US electronic company out of the TV business.

5. Many American firms have taken fright at the prospect of being locked out of China while companies from Japan and Europe crowd in.

6). 有人把香港说成是“文化沙漠”。实际上，香港有着其独得的文化氛围。在电影制作方面，香港名列世界前茅。

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翻译练习（25ms）：

中国改革开放以来，国民经济年均增长速度达到9.7%。今天，大多少中国人享有比历史上任何一个时期都要高的生活水平。中国的经济增长使这个国家在投资、市场和能源方面越来越依赖外部世界。

中国已经发展成为一个全球极富吸引力的大市场。世界各国和地区不少有远见卓识的企业家，都将目光投向了中国，投向了西部，并从投资活动中获得了丰厚的回报。中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国西部开发的机会越来越多。西部大开发一定能成为沟通世界各国和中国的一座桥梁，促进中国和世界经济共同发展，共同繁荣。

（八） 被动主动

一．主动与被动 ●译家之言

被动与否，古人显然并不烦心。到了翻译体中，一经英文文法点明，被动语气遂蠢蠢不安起来。?被?字成为一只跳蚤，咬得所有动词痒痒难受。” ‘他被警告，莎莉有梅毒’；‘威廉有一颗被折磨的良心’；‘他是被她深深地喜爱着’；‘鲍士威尔主要被记忆为一个传记家’；‘当那只狗被饿得死去活来的时候，我也被一种悲哀所袭击’；‘最后，酒被喝光了，菜也被吃完了’；这样子的恶译，怪译，不但流行于翻译体中，甚至有侵害创作之势。（余光中）。

二．被动语态译法

译法一、译成汉语的被动－可以用“被”, “给”, “遭”, “挨”, “为……所”, “使”, “由…”, “受到”等多种形式表被动。

1).The quality of the product was limited by the cost. 译文：产品的质量__________________。 2).The criminal was dealt with according law. 译文：罪犯___________________。 3).The effort of the government was recognized by the public. 译文：政府的努力___________________。

4).The dictionaries have been affected with damp. 译文：字典_________________。 译法二、译为汉语主动句 A.语序不变

1).On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages. 译文：《实践论》__________________。 2).The whole country was armed in a few days. 译文：几天以内，________________________。

3).Nowadays, her songs are so popular among the young people that they are played on the radio every Sunday. 译文：

4).Foundations are tax-free institutions that are created to give grants to both individuals and nonprofit organizations for activities.（:02/3） 译文：

B.调整语序，原句中的主语移到谓语之后，译作宾语。

1).A new kind of substance has been found by the scientific workers.

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译文：_______________________________。

2).The mobile phone boom is driven by the young adults. 译文：_________________________________。

3).Another middle school has been set up in our district．译文：

译法三、译成汉语无主句

1). The lights are usually turned on at 6∶30. 译文: ____________________________

2).The new Constitution must be made known to every household and every citizen. 译文：____________________________。

3).We both believe that through vigilance and strength, in your words, a war can be postponed , and in our words , war can be avoided.

译文： 5).Identification cards already are required here for most persons to enter their workplace, take an airplane flight or go into a public building.（: 02/9）

译文：______________________________________________________________________。 ◆灵活变通

1).He has been wedded to translation. 译文： 2).The village is populated by about 13,000 farmers. 译文：

3). Many voices have been raised demanding the setting of an Arab common market. 译文：

4). Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, whose who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. 译文1：

三．汉译英中的被动 被动句：

1).社会主意思想体系已经被全国人民所接受。

译文：Socialist ideology ________________________________________.. 2).他的性格是由他的生活经历，而不是他所受的学校教育形成的。

译文：Hischaracter________________________________________by the education he got at school. 主动句：

2).经过二十年的快速发展，中国西部地区已奠定了一定的物质技术基础。（03/9） 译文： 无主句：

1).应当鼓励国内外投资者到中西部投资。 译文：

2).要致力于推动建立公正合理的国际政治经济新秩序。 译文：

四．小试身手

1).The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader.

2).To help the panel in their selection, an interview assessment form is often used during the interview when each applicant is checked according to a number of criteria indicated on the form. (: 98/3)

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3). As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rocks structure(地下岩层结构) must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a drilling rig（钻机） is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called a derrick（井架）. It is used to lift sections of pipe（分节油管）, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill.(由钻头打出的孔)

五．翻译练习

目前，亚洲的发展面临着新的机遇，也面临着新的挑战。总体上，亚洲依然是当今世界最具经济活力和发展潜力的地区。经济全球化的深入发展和科学技术的迅猛进步，有利于亚洲各国利用国际资本，引进先进技术，开拓国际市场，推动本国经济的发展。

但是亚洲某些地区的安全形势仍不容乐观，反对恐怖主义斗争尚待深入。经济全球化在带来发展机遇的同时，也增加了国际经济环境的不确定性，增加了本地区内发展中经济体结构调整的难度和遭遇外部冲击的风险。

（九） 定语从句

定语从句在英语中运用极为频繁，同时也是构成英语“树枝”的各类从句中最难，最常用而又最为重要的一种。Attributives are to a sentence what feathers are to a peacock. As fine feathers make a fine bird, so graceful attributives make a graceful sentence.定语，以及定语从句在英汉翻译的重要性也是显而易见的。

汉语修饰语一般置于所修饰的词之前；而英语中的定语从句、分词定语、不定式定语、介词短语等通常放在所修饰的词之后。 比较：

1.这就是那只猫。 This is the cat.

2.这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。 This is the cat that killed the rat. 3.这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了蛋糕的老鼠的猫。 This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake.

4.这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。

This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that lay in the house. 5.这就是那只捕杀了偷吃放在杰克修建的房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。

This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that lay in the house that Jack built. 例：只有具有博士学位的人才有资格申请这个职位。 ●译家之言

汉语的定语只能放在前边，就不便很长。定语长了，听的人（或读的人）老在惦记着那个被修饰的名词，不知道你说的是什么人或什么东西，就要着急，也容易疲劳，搞得不好还会迷路。英语的定语从句放

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在后头，说的是什么人或什么东西已经在前边交代了，听的人就不着急了，因此英语的定语从句可以拉得很长。（吕叔湘） 一．英译汉 前置法

1).The amount of water which is required for irrigation depends on a number of factors. 译文：

2).The sun，which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor. 译文：

3). By the middle of this century, some two thirds of the world?s nation will enjoy a standard of living, which only the advanced economies now have. 译文： 后置法

1). We live in an era in which information, goods and capital speed around the globe, every hour of everyday. 译文1：

2). Flu, more properly known as influenza, usually is manifested by more sever symptoms which typically include headache, chills, and fever.

▲结构转换: 译成表原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等关系的状语内容。

1). This new type of seed which is grown under ordinary conditions can yield twice as much grain as that type.

2). Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man.

3).We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.

4). This is an indispensable book for anyone who wants to speak and write with clarity, effectiveness, and individuality.

5). I?ll try to get an illustrated dictionary dealing with technical glossary, which will enable me to translate scientific literature more exactly. 译文1： 二 小试身手

Contemporary sociological theory assumes, for example, that boats, planes, automobiles, and so forth, are not nearly so important as the traditions we have developed which make their manufacture possible—indeed, which prescribe how we are to use them..

The emphasis of contemporary sociology is to insist that the material culture would not exist had not the nonmaterial culture first been available to suggest the ideas which are embodied in the inventions of material culture.

三．汉译英 （1）分词

据统计，每天来敦煌壁画的游客数以千计。

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译文：

他亲眼目睹了美国战后第一次后果严重的波及各个领域的经济危机。 译文：

（2）定语从句

昨天我带来放在书架上的一本新汉英词典对翻译很有帮助。 译文：

7). 他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。 译文：

著名物理学家杨曾说：“ 高科技战场是中国超越发达国家的主战场，也是最后战场。 译文：

（3）With结构

我们要紧紧团结在以胡锦涛同志为核心的党中央的周围，高举邓小平理论的伟大旗帜。 译文：

中国是一个地域辽阔，有着数千年悠久历史的多民族国家。 译文：

（4）不定式

中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国西部开发的机会越来越多。 译文：

世博会是展示世界各国社会、经济、文化、科技成就和发展前景的舞台， 是各国人民交流经验、相互学习、开展合作的盛会。 译文：

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（十） 成语翻译

一．四字格成语

无论是用汉语写作的作品，还是用汉语翻译的作品，目前都有这么一种趋势，那就是四字词组的运用越来越频繁，越来越广泛。 ●译家之言

翻译最大的困难是什么呢?就是两种文化的不同。在一种文化里头有一些不言而喻的东西,在另外一种文化里却要费很大力气加以解释。”?（王佐良） 二．成语的运用

汉语词汇浩如烟海，其中四字词组随处可见，他结构短小，语言精练，表现力强，恰到的运用可以使译文增色，锦上添花。 A：言简意赅，节省笔墨

1.These statements may seem so commonplace that they may be hardly worth making. 原译：这些说法似乎太平常了以至于几乎不值得发表。 改译：

2.He acted decisively to avoid what seemed to him to be the beginning of an unwholesome (unhealthy) trend. 原译：为了制止对他来说是一种有害的倾向的开始，他果断采取了行动。 改译：____________________________，他果断采取了行动。

3.Scientific exploration, the search for knowledge has given man the practical results of being able to shield himself the calamities of nature and the calamities imposed by other man.

原译：科学的探索，知识的追求，使得人们有了避免自然灾害和他人施加的伤害的实际能力。 改译：科学的探索，知识的追求，_________________________________________________。

4.Some personnel executives complained that many college graduates they had interviewed here had two-star abilities with five-star ambitions.

原译：许多人事经理抱怨他们面试过的大学毕业生许多都是有五星的雄心，两星的能力。 改译：许多人事经理抱怨他们面试过的大学毕业生________________________________。

5.Money may not be the root of all evil, but if it keeps us up at night, it has become too important in our lives. 原译：钱也许并不是所有罪恶的根源，但如果它使我们整个晚上睡不着觉，那它在生活中就过于重要了。 改译：_____________________________________________，那它在生活中就过于重要了。 ●译家之言

在忠实于原文的基础上，发挥译文语言优势，运用四字格是应该提倡的。（冯庆华） B：描述形象、表达生动

6.She has beauty still，if it b e not in its heyday, it is not yet in its autumn. 原译：她仍然漂亮，虽然不是在她最年轻的时候，但也还没到秋天。 改译：_________________________________________________。 7.He arrived at Shelly Hot Springs, tired and dusty on Sunday night. 原译：星期日晚上，他到达雪莱温泉馆，非常疲劳又满身灰尘。

改译：星期日晚上，他到达雪莱温泉馆，____________________________。

8.Russia is a huge geographical country, with well-educated people, and will eventually recover.（01/9） 译文：俄罗斯是一个国土很大的国家，人民受过良好教育，它们最终将要复苏。 改译：_________________________________________________________。 C：流畅自然，文采斐然

9.There are many interesting and fascinating subjects of conversation in these days. 译文：现在有许多有趣又令人着迷的话题。 改译：____________________________。

10.A combination of tiredness and boredom caused me to fall asleep in the middle of his lecture. 译文：疲惫和枯燥的结合让他很快在讲座过程中睡着了。

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改译：_________________________________________________。 11.Her experience and energy are a winning combination in business. 译文：她的经验和精力是她从事商业成功的组合。

译文：_________________________________________________。

12.Those who still have jobs are working longer hours with little prospect of meaningful raises.(05/9) 译文：那些尚留在工作岗位上的人员工作时间加长，然而他们几乎没有加薪的希望。

改译：那些尚留在工作岗位上的人员工作时间加长，________________________________。 试译：

13.Most Americans have great vigor and enthusiasm. They prefer to discipline themselves rather than be disciplined by others.（Unit1, P11 , L1）

原译：大部分美国人有很多精力和热情。他们宁愿约束自己而不愿被别人约束。 改译：

14.Many people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, but when it does come it may fail to satisfy.(-P11)

原译：许多人认为，退休后他们将会好好享受他们的时光，但是当退休真的来临时，可能无法让他满意。 改译：许多人认为，退休后_______________________________________________。

15: Our cruel and unrelenting enemy leaves us only the choice of brave resistance or the most abject submission

翻译试笔

The task of writing a history of our nation from Rome's earliest days fills me, I confess, with some misgiving, and even were I confident in the value of my work, I should hesitate to say so. I am aware that for historians to make extravagant claims is, and always has been, all too common: every writer on history tends to look down his nose at his less cultivated predecessors, happily persuaded that he will better them in points of style, or bring new facts to light. Countless others have written on this theme and it may be that I shall pass unnoticed amongst them; if so, I must comfort myself with the greatness and splendor of my rivals.

My task, moreover, is an immensely laborious one. I shall have to go back more than seven hundred years, and trace my story from its small beginnings up to these recent times when its ramifications are so vast that any adequate treatment is hardly possible. I shall find antiquity a rewarding study, if only because, while I am absorbed in it, I shall be able to turn my eyes from the troubles which for so long have tormented the modern world, and to write without any of that over-anxious consideration which may well plague a writer on contemporary life, even if it does not lead him to conceal the truth.（229words）

三．成语的英译 A：意译解释：

扬眉吐气：死译：to raise he eyebrows and let out a breath 改译：

开门见山：死译：To open the door and see the mountain 改译：

添砖加瓦： 水乳交融： B：套用英语成语

浑水摸鱼： 大海捞针： 赴汤蹈火 挥金如土：

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掌上明珠： 对牛弹琴： C：直译

日新月异 尊师重教 殊死奋战 博大精深 吃苦耐劳 可歌可泣

四．句子翻译

1. What can easily be seen in his poems are his imagery and originality, power and range.

2.The present-day American society is disfigured by huge blemishes: entrenched poverty, persistent racial tension, the breakdown of the family and staggering budget deficits.

3. Since modern Western culture is highly diverse, something that has faded completely from one segment of a society can still be flourishing in another.

丰功伟绩 逍遥法外：面不改色 混淆黑白

五．翻译试笔

上海市一座朝气蓬勃、充满活力、多姿多彩的国际大都市，改革开放以来，上海变化之大令世人瞩目。经济高速发展，社会秩序稳定，人民安居乐业，呈现出一片繁华气象。

今天，尽管上海还有着不少色彩斑斓的过去可以留恋和回味，但城市日新月异的面貌却使越来越多的世人所折服。浦西展示了上海的辉煌岁月，浦东展现了上海的美好前景。上海就像一轮红日，光芒四射，鲜艳夺目。上海的明天充满希望。

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（十一） 主语翻译

一．主语对比

汉语的主语不像英语的主语那么容易确定。因为汉语时主题显著的语言，它突出的时主题而不是主语。再者，汉语句法的特征是意合，这一特征使得句子中的指代关系在形式上不明显。在汉语中有些主语必须省略，否则文字不流畅；有些主语难以看清，需要译者用心识别。而英语是主语显著的语言，它所突出的是主语，除了省略句外，每个英语句子都必须有主语。再者由于英语句法特征是形合，这要求句子成分之间关系明晰，以免结构混乱。 二．主语确定与增添 ◆主语确定

汉译英时必须认真研究，弄清主语，必要时换个角度翻译。 1) 广东雨下的多。 译文： 2). 他赚的钞票比我多。 译文： 3). 我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。

译文1：Our cause has won victory one after another. 改译：

4). 人的成长都会经历一些挫折和失败。

译文1：The growth of a person is sure to experience some setbacks and failures. 改译：

5). 两国建交以来，特别是过去的10年，中美经贸合作的发展十分迅速。

6). 中国是一个发中中国家，人口多，底子薄，经济不发达，农村尤其不发达。

7). 这时候，我的脑里忽然闪出一幅神异的图画来：??

8). 在这短短的几十年内，我们国家发展得这么快，使人民高兴，世界瞩目。

◆无主句的翻译

A．直接添加省略的主语

1).不入虎穴,焉得虎子(cub)。 译文：

2).学而不思则罔， 思而不学则殆。 译文：

3). 进一步深化国有企业改革。 译文：

B.巧用英语被动结构

4).新试验大楼就盖在北校区。 译文：

5).今年又购进了几套新设备。 译文：

6).没有安定的政治环境，干什么也不成。 译文： C.其它方法

7).要解决问题，还必须做系统、周密的调查工作和研究工作。 译文：

8）求稳定、谋发展、促合作，是当今各国人民的共同愿望。

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三．非人称主语

中国人在表达思想感情时，主体意识很强,开口举笔,习惯以人称代词作主语,而英语句子用的却是物或抽象概念作主语,即非人称主语(impersonal subject),这种句式结构紧凑,使整个英语句子语言简洁,含义丰富,给人耳目一新之感。

例如：The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. 译文： 英译汉

译法一：转换主语

1).Her good work and obedience have pleased her teacher. 译文： 2). The courage escaped from me at the moment. 译文：

3). His failure to observe the safety regulations brought an accident to the machine. 译文：

译法二：译成汉语的使役句

4).His words cast new light on the problem. 译文： 5). The conference threw doubt upon the new policy. 译文：

6). The appearance of Internet has taken us broadcasters all by surprise. （98/9） 译文：

译法三：译为状语/状语从句

1).The bitter weather had driven everyone indoors. 译文： 2).The sight of the girl always reminds me of her parents. 译文： 3).The idea that he will go abroad for further study made him excited. 译文：

4).This sharp increase in overseas investment, however, has created new strains in Japan?s relationship with the peoples of developing nations. 译文： 汉译英

汉译英时，巧妙运用利用英语喜用非人称主语（impersonal subject）的特点，这可以使得译文更简洁流畅，形象生动，散发浓郁的英语特色。 1).他有钱，什么都可以做。(enable)

译文1： He is wealthy，so he can do anything. 改译：

2).人们使用了电脑，劳动生产率突飞猛进。（bring）

译文1： People are using computer，so the labor productivity is rising quickly. 改译：

3).你只要稍稍比较一下，就会发现不同。(show)

译文1：If only you compare them, you will find the difference. 改译：

4).看到这个孤儿我总是想到他父母。(remind)

译文1：Whenever I see this orphan, I recall his parents. 改译：

5).我们进行政治体制改革，要有利于维护国家统一、民族团结、社会稳定。 6).一个世纪以来，中国人民经历了三次历史性的巨变。（witness）

译文1：Chinese people has undergone three historic tremendous changes in the past century. 改译：

7).科学家由于致力于科学研究，对外界事物总是不大感兴趣。（withdraw…from）

译文1：Scientist devotes themselves to the pursuit of science, so they are not interested in external things.

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改译：

四．小试身手

1).His absent-mindedness during the experiments nearly caused an explosion of the chemical.

2).Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.

3).The sight of a tailor-shop gave me a sharp longing to shed my rags, and to clothe myself decently once more.

4).The expansion of the universities since the beginning of World War II and the great increase in the number of college graduates and Ph.D.'s have produced a corps of technicians, aides, speechwriters, symbol manufacturers, investigators, and policy proposers who are now employed by practical men in all institutions.(04/9)

3).两国经贸领域的互补性很强，双方可以分享巨大的市场。

4). 上海将集中进行铁路建设，使铁路成为未来公共交通的重要组成部分。

5).人类将进入21世纪，人、自然、环境和建筑必将和谐、持续地发展。（99/9）

五．翻译练习

到2010年，上海市人均国内生产总值预计将达到12500美元。这一目标的实现，最直接的应该是老百姓住得更宽敞、更舒适了。因为从市民的“衣、食、住、行”消费来讲，住房是一个重要因素，而且占了大头。届时，上海人均住房面积会大幅增加。

除此之外，老百姓的服务性消费，如教育、信息、旅游等消费也会大量增长。用一句话来表述，那便是未来老百姓的生活会更好，那时的老百姓的生活将和中等发达国家的居民一样。

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（十二）简历翻译

一、英文简历种类

英文简历(resume)并无固定不变的单一形式，应聘者完全可以根据个人的具体情况来确定采用何种形式，灵活设计。一般来说，根据个人经历的不同侧重点，可以选用以下三种形式：

（1）以学历为主的简历 basic resume 这种形式适应于应届毕业生或中学毕业后仍在待业的求职人员，因为没有工作经历，所以把重点放在学业上，从最高学历往下写。

（2）以经历为主的简历 chronological resume

以这种形式出现的英语简历，往往侧重于工作经历，把同应聘职位有关的经历和业绩按时间顺序书写出来，把工作经历放在学历之前。经历和学历的时间顺序均是由近至远。

（3）以职能为主的简历 functional resume

这种形式的英语简历，也是突出工作经历，因而所含元素和以经历为主的简历相同。以经历为主的简历和以职能为主的简历的根本差别在于：以经历为主的简历是按时间顺序来排列工作经历，而以职能为主的简历则按工作职能或性质来概括工作经历，并无时间上的连贯性，旨在强调某些特定的工作能力和适应程度。 二、简历基本要素翻译

（1）个人信息（ ）：

姓名（ ）： 性别（ ）：

地址（ ）： 婚姻状况（ ）：

上海市虹口区西康路125弄34号201室

译文：

上海市龙腾路338号16号楼5单元802室 译文：

江苏省扬州市宝应县泰山村102栋204室

译文：

江苏省吴江市平望镇联北村七组

（2）求职意向（ ） 酒店管理行业入门级岗位 纺织或服装相关行业职位

英语教学职位

（3）教育背景（ ）

2003.9－2007.7 上海工程技术大学电子电器学院 工学学士 译文：

1997.9－2001.7 江西师范大学外国语学院 文学学士 译文：

2007年9月至今 广州外国语学院英语系 文学博士 译文：

（4）工作经历 （ ）

2008年9月至2009年7月 华南师范大学担任助教 译文：

负责修改本科四年级学生的英语作文和学期论文。

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译文：

2009年8月至今 上海东方宾馆采购部经理秘书。 译文：

负责一般秘书业务，例如接见来访者，安排约会，记录口述、书写日常信函。 译文：

（５）社会实践（ ）

2004.7——2004.8 上海汽车工程研究院担任行政助理

职责：协助工会主席组织会议并做记录、整理资料、复印材料等。 译文：

2005.1——2005.2 北京华通咨询公司兼职文员兼助理

职责：电话咨询、预约、布置会场、校正等。

译文：

（６）课外活动（ ）

2011年5月在上海市大学生体育运动会中获男子1000米跑第一名。 译文：

2009年12月在上海工程技术大学我心飞扬歌唱比赛中获第二名 译文：

（７）荣誉奖励（ ） 三好学生 优秀学生 优秀学生干部 优秀志愿者 优秀毕业生 获得上海工程技术大学自强奖学金甲等

（８）自我评价（ ）

思想成熟、精明能干、为人诚实。 译文：

能够独立工作、乐观向上、应变能力强。 译文：

思维敏捷、上进心强，并具极丰富的人际关系技巧。 译文：

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（十三） 长句翻译（英汉）

一．分句法

按照汉语多用短句的习惯, 把长句的从句或短语化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。

例1. The number of the young people in the United States who can't read is incredible about one in four.

例2：The European Central Bank is being criticized for its puzzling policymaking and its inability to reduce wild wings in the financial markets.

二．顺序法。

当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。

例1. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.

三．逆序法。

即从原文的后半部或尾部译起。有些英语长句的叙述层次与汉语逻辑相反，可采用逆译法。 例1.It was our view that the US could be effective in both the tasks assigned by the President，i.e. of ending hostile-ties，and making a contribution to a permanent peace in the Middle East—if we conducted ourselves so

that we could remain in permanent contact with all of these elements in the area．

四．综合法。

事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法, 而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用

例1：The United States has long been known as a “melting pot”,because many of its people are descended from settlers who came from all over the world to make their homes in the new land, which was sparsely populated by native Indian tribes.

例2：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry, which seeks to study humans, and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassionate manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena

五．小试身手

1.Its beginning obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic slowdown（1）, the new technological unemployment（2）may emerge as the great socio-economic challenge of the end of the 20th century（3）.

2.One of the most heartwarming aspects of people who are born with a facial disfigurement, whether minor or major, is the number of them who do not allow it to upset their lives, even reaching out to help others with the same problem.

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4.It would take me an entire book to list all of the people I have known in my life who spent the majority of their lives as single people, but who were the undisputed focus of a large group of friends-- usually serving as problem-solvers, and widely respected and loved.

5.But this is equally true of cultural traits, (which indicate clearly a person?s value system) when crucial decisions need to be made before there is any time to think about alternatives, for example, diving into a flooding stream to rescue a drowning child.

（十四） 长句翻译（汉英）

一．合句法（分清逻辑关系，突出句子重心） 1).西部地域辽阔（1），交通不发达（2），首先要进行基层设施建设（3）。

2).我们采取更加有力的措施（1），以更为积极的姿态扩大对外开放（2），力争对外贸易和吸收外资有新的增长（3）。

3).一些观察家说，在不到一个月时间，有这么多新型汽车推向市场，超过以往5年的总和，创下我国汽车工业的历史记录。

4).硅谷高科技产业有四分之一由华人工程师经营管理，他们将会成为美国贸易向全球推广的生力军。 二．分句法（主题变化断句）

1).西部大开发既要有紧迫感，又必须统筹规划，突出重点，分步实施，防止一哄而上。

2).东部地区要继续发挥优势，不断提高经济素质和竞争力，有条件的地方要率先实现现代化。

1).我们必须抓住新的机遇，迎接新的挑战，采取更有力的措施，以更为积极的姿态扩大对外开发，力争对外贸易和吸引外资有新的增长。

2).东方明珠电视塔位于黄浦江畔、浦东陆家嘴尖上，塔高468米，三面环水，与外滩的万国建筑群隔江相望，是亚洲第一，世界第三的高塔。

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1).西部大开发战略思想现在已经有了实施的机遇，因为中国的经济发展已经到了这样一个阶段：沿海地区经济的发展已经趋于饱和，要寻找新的市场，而西部地区的开放，现在也迫在眉睫。

2).中国是一个地域辽阔，有着数千年悠久历史的多民族国家（1），有着秀丽的自然风光、众多的名胜古迹何丰富多彩的灿烂文化（2），旅游资源十分丰富（3）。

三．小试身手

1.随着中国人民生活水平的提高，我国到国外旅行的人数也逐年增多，为国际旅游业的发展增添了新的活力。

2.改革开放以来，中国经济以年均近10％的速度持续增长，各项事业蓬勃发展，人民生活水平显著提高，为旅游业的兴旺奠定了坚实的基础。

3.上海大剧院位于市中心人民广场，占地面积约为2.1公顷，建筑风格独特，造型优美。

5.承各方的大力支持(1)，华东出口商品交易会一届比一届办得圆满(2)，深受中外客商的注目(3)，现已成为洽谈出口和市场信息交流的重要窗口。(4)

6.各国应加强经济技术的交流与合作，逐步改变不公正不合理的国际经济秩序，使经济全球化达到共赢和共存的目的。

（十五） 补充练习（汉英）

▲进入耶鲁大学的校园，看到莘莘学子青春洋溢的脸庞，呼吸着书香浓郁的空气，我不由回想起40年前我在北京清华大学时的美好时光，老师们对我的教诲，同学们给我的启发，我至今仍受用不尽。

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耶鲁大学以悠久的发展历史、独特的办学风格、卓著的学术成就闻名于世。如果时光能够倒流几十年，我真希望成为你们中的一员。耶鲁大学校训强调追求光明和真理，这符合人类进步的法则，也符合每个有志青年的心愿。

▲据消息灵通人士透露，今年春节前，家乐福才与新大新发生“第一次亲密接触”，其中广州市政府无疑起了“红娘”的作用。短短几个月时间，双方“情投意合”。外界关心的是：家乐福到底看中新大新什么地方？

对此，新大新总经理何先生没有作出正面的回应，只是笼统地陈述在广州的百货业中新大新有自己独特的一面。据何先生透露，这次新大新出资持有新组建的公司35%的股份，家乐福占65%:“这是按照国家有关部门政策，即中方持股不得少于35%的规定厘定的”。

▲2010年翩然而至，全球24个时区的万千钟声，此起彼伏，宣告在这人类新千年中，一个10年代的终结，又是另一个10年代的开始。在开局的10年中，中国经济在前9年连续9年保持着9%以上的增长。最后一年，虽受国际金融风暴影响，但依然能保持8%的高增长。

中国犹如中流砥柱，力挽狂澜，使全球目光，再次聚焦于东方。一年多的实践，终使曙光再现。全人类定能以集体的智慧，攻坚克难，度过难关，必将是柳暗花明又一村的新局面。

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（十六） 补充练习（英汉）

▲It is, I think, the most barbarous of all customs in the world, and destroys that which is perhaps the chief beauty of woman, the grace and poetry of her motion. (P333→P215) （从句）

▲In summer you are sweated down to almost nothing, and in winter what is left of you is dried up with cold which freezes the marrow of your bones; and if your food fails, or your digestive organs become seriously wrong, it is rare that a recovery is made. (P324→P209)

▲On the left another flight of marble steps brings you to the entrance of that vast dome-shaped building; the tiles of the roof of yellow porcelain, and the eaves painted in most brilliant colors, give it a gorgeous appearance, but the woodwork is decaying, and grass grows on the steps and terrace, and it has altogether a dilapidated and neglected air. (P307→P198)

▲As I rode along through scenes which it was worth while coming all the way from home to see; I could not help giving to them all the admiration of my heart which their beauty demanded. A tribute so due that you must perforce pay it. (P284→P183)

▲ Looking up from the entrance of the park, the groups of buildings which were scattered through the thickly wooded hollow in the hill-side extended for about a mile and a half up the hill, and reached about half-a-mile right and left of the entrance; soon after the order was given, you saw a wreath of smoke curling up through the trees that shaded a vast temple of great antiquity, which was near the centre of the park, and roofed with yellow tiles that glistened in the sun, molded as they were in every grotesque form that only a Chinese imagination could conceive.(P287→P185)

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▲In a slowing U.S economy, job opportunities are shaped by uncertainty. As president of a small college, I am keenly aware of the job market that awaits this year's graduates. The recent news that Bear Steams was nullifying a few hundred job offers to business school students fits a pattern of corporate downsizing that isn't lost on college campuses across the USA. But even with the darkening economic clouds, rays of good news await this year's graduates. Sure, companies are laying off workers, but many are also looking for new talent, especially at the entry level.

As more than a million entrants flood the job market, students should know that in a global marketplace, language skills will go a long way. So will flexibility. If a grad is ready to accept an entry-level job, give a little on job requirements and move if the company asks, chances are he'll land a job. So despite the rising job losses, a new graduate should embrace the market as the first challenge of a long career.

▲In a normal recession, the to-do list is clear. Copies of Keynes are dusted off, the Fed lowers interest rates, the president and Congress cut taxes and hike spending. In time, purchasing, production and loans perk up, and Keynes is placed back on the shelf. No larger alterations to the economy are made, because our economy, but for the occasional bump in the road, is fundamentally sound.

This has been the drill in every recession since World War II.

Republicans and Democrats argue over whose taxes should be cut the most and which projects should be funded, but, under public pressure to do something, they usually find some mutually acceptable midpoint and enact a stimulus package. Even in today's hyperpartisan Washington, the odds still favor such a deal.

This time, though, don't expect that to be the end of the story -- because the coming recession will not be normal, and our economy is not fundamentally sound. This time around, the nation will have to craft new versions of some of the reforms that Franklin Roosevelt created to steer the nation out of the Great Depression。

36

▲In a slowing U.S economy, job opportunities are shaped by uncertainty. As president of a small college, I am keenly aware of the job market that awaits this year's graduates. The recent news that Bear Steams was nullifying a few hundred job offers to business school students fits a pattern of corporate downsizing that isn't lost on college campuses across the USA. But even with the darkening economic clouds, rays of good news await this year's graduates. Sure, companies are laying off workers, but many are also looking for new talent, especially at the entry level.

As more than a million entrants flood the job market, students should know that in a global marketplace, language skills will go a long way. So will flexibility. If a grad is ready to accept an entry-level job, give a little on job requirements and move if the company asks, chances are he'll land a job. So despite the rising job losses, a new graduate should embrace the market as the first challenge of a long career.

▲In a normal recession, the to-do list is clear. Copies of Keynes are dusted off, the Fed lowers interest rates, the president and Congress cut taxes and hike spending. In time, purchasing, production and loans perk up, and Keynes is placed back on the shelf. No larger alterations to the economy are made, because our economy, but for the occasional bump in the road, is fundamentally sound.

This has been the drill in every recession since World War II.

Republicans and Democrats argue over whose taxes should be cut the most and which projects should be funded, but, under public pressure to do something, they usually find some mutually acceptable midpoint and enact a stimulus package. Even in today's hyperpartisan Washington, the odds still favor such a deal.

This time, though, don't expect that to be the end of the story -- because the coming recession will not be normal, and our economy is not fundamentally sound. This time around, the nation will have to craft new versions of some of the reforms that Franklin Roosevelt created to steer the nation out of the Great Depression。

36

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