专业英语期末考试前复习

专业英语期末考试前复习

一、请将以下缩写用英语进行完整表述 1. TD ---technical director 2.PAs ----production assistant 3.LD---lighting director 4.CS---continuity secretary 5.MS---medium shot 6. MCU ---medium close-up 7. WS ---wide-shot 8. XLS ---extreme long shot 9.XCUs---extreme close-ups 10.DOF---depth of field 11.EDL---edit decision list 二、用英语解释下面词汇

1.target audience n.目标观众，目标受众

the audience your production is designed to reach 2.lap-dissolves n.溶（特技效果）

two video sources overlap for a few seconds during the transition from one to the other. 3.fade-out n.淡出（特技效果）

It is a two-or three-second transition from a full signal to black and silence.

4.dolly n.摄像机纵向移动

the camera is moved toward or away from the subject . 5.cut or take n.切换

Cuts or takes are instant transitions from one video source to another.

6.medium shot(MS) n.中景

It is normally a shot from the waist up. 7.medium close-up(MCU) n. 中近景

It is a shot cropped between the shoulders and the belt line, rather than at the waist. 8．focal length n.焦距

It is the distance from the optical center of the lens to the focal plane of the video camera when the lens is focused at infinity.

9.Zoom ratio n.变焦比

to define the focal length range for a zoom lens. 10.iris n.光圈

to control the amount of light passing through the lens.

11.f-stops n.光圈系数

It is the ratio between the lens opening and the lens focal length.

12.lens speed n.镜头速度

It is the maximum amount of light that can pass through the lens to end up on the target. 13.coherence n. 光的干涉性

It is called quality, is the hardness or softness of light. 14.Continuity editing n.连续编辑

to arrange the sequence of shots to suggest a progression of events. 15.insert shots n.插入镜头

It is a close-up of something that exists within the basic scene.

16.thematic editing n.主题编辑

It is montage editing, images are edited together based only on a central theme. 三、填空

Unit 1

frame, field, CMOS, CCD, pixel, wave pattern, sample, amplifier

1) amplifier is electronic equipment that increases strength of signals passing through it.

2) sample is the result of measuring the amplitude of an analog signal at a specified time. In digital signal processing a sample is a signed or unsigned number and the number of sample per second is called the sample rate. 3) wave pattern is an outward curve, or one of a series of such curves, in a surface or line; undulation.

4) pixel is the basic unit of the composition of an image on a television screen, computer monitor, or similar display.

5) CCD is a semiconductor chip with a grid of light-sensitive elements, used for converting light images, as in a television camera, into electrical signals.

6)CMOS is a integrated circuit. A semiconductor fabrication technology is used as a RAM.

7) frame is a single traversal by the electron beam of all the scanning lines on a television screen. In the U.S. this is a total of 525 lines traversed in 1/30 second. 8) One half of the scanning lines required to form a complete television frame. In U.S., two field are displayed in 1/30 second: all the odd---number lines in one field and all the even lines in the next field. Unit 2

director, technical director, set designer, video switch, lighting director, camera operator, audio director, script

1) technical director is responsible for the entire hardware. In case of a technical breakdown, he is expected to propose adequate solutions.

2) set designer is responsible for the stage setting and miscellaneous stage accessories.

3) director is responsible for overall direction of program making and directs the production work.

4) video switch operates the video control panel is accordance with the director’s instructions.

5) camera operator takes instruction from the director and operates a video camera.

6) Under the authority of the director, lighting director is in charge the lighting system.

7) audio director arranges for the audio recording equipment, sets up and checks microphones, monitors audio quality during the production.

8) script is a document, which contains descriptive information concerning pictures and sounds for a video program.

Unit 3

Preproduction, special effect, rehearsal, location scout, postproduction

1) Preproduction is the steps necessary to prepare a film for production, as casting, choosing locations, and designing sets ans costumes.

2) special effect is visual effect added to a movie or a taped television show during processing. Often used in the plural.

3) rehearsal means running through a practice session in preparation for a public performance.

4) postproduction occurs in the making of motion pictures, television programs, videos, audio recordings, photography and digital art. It is the general term for all stages of production occurring after the actual end of shooting and/or recording the completed work.

5) location scout is a vital process in the pre-production stage of filmmaking and commercial photography. Once scriptwriters, producers or directors have decided what general kind of scenery they require for the various parts of their work that is shot outside of the studio.

Unit 4

lap-dissolves, establishing shot, MCU, dolly, close-up, XCU, LS, tilt, truck, two-shot, cover shot, fade-in, fade-out, cut

1) In film and television, an establishing shot sets up, or cover shot, a scene’s setting and/or its participants. Typically it is a shot at the beginning (or, occasionally, end) of a scene indicating where, and sometimes when, the remainder of the scene takes place.

2) lap-dissolves (sometimes called a cross-fade, mix or simply a dissolve) is a

technical term in film editing most often used in the United States, applying to the process whereby the fading last shot of a preceding scene is superimposed over the emerging first shot.

3) fade-in is a special effect that a gradual increase in the visibility of a scene. fade-out is that gradual decrease in the visibility of a scene. 4) MCU is a shot cropped between the shoulders and the belt line. 5) dolly is to move a camera, esp. toward or away from the subject being filmed or television.

6) XCU may show just the eyes of an individual and often necessary to reveal important detail.

7) LS shows all or most of a fairly large subject (for example, a person) and usually much of the surroundings.

8) two-shot is a shot of two people together. 9) close-up is a picture which shows a fairly small part of the scene, such as a character’s face, in great detail so that it fills the screen.

10) tilt is a vertical movement of the camera –up or down ---while the camera mounting stays fixed.

11) truck the camera moves (crabs) right or left. 12) cut is sudden change of shot from one viewpoint or location to another.

Unit 5

Facilities Request Form, terminology, live broadcasting, virtual sets

1) In the Facilities Request Form you will list the production and rehearsal dates and times, studio space needed, personnel required, and the number of cameras, video recorders and mics needed.

2) In early days, television settings have been suggested by painted backgrounds. Although virtual sets are making definite inroads, especially where special effects are involved, there are still advantages for the actors to work within realistic settings.

3) live broadcasting is (of a radio or television program) broadcast while happening or being performed; not prerecorded or taped.

4) terminology is the science of terms, as in particular sciences or arts.

Unit 6

sharpness, zoom ratio, iris, telephoto, aperture, F-stop, lens speed, focal length 1) focal length is the distance from the optical center of the lens to the focal plane of the video camera when the lens is focused at infinity.

2) zoom ratio is used to define the focal length range for a zoom lens. 3) telephoto is a camera lens system designed to give a large image of a distant object.

4) lens speed works in the way as you open it, more light comes in and the picture appears brighter.

5) The sharpness of a digital image refers to the degree of clarity in both coarse and fine specimen detail.

6) One of the primary exposure controls in photography Photographers set their exposure using a combination of shutter speeds and iris to get the correct amount of light on the film.

7) In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light is admitted. More specifically, the aperture of an optical system is the opening that determines the cone angle of a bundle of rays.

8) F-stop refers to the maximum aperture diameter, or minimum f-number, of a photographic lens. A lens with a larger maximum aperture (that is, a smaller minimum f-number) is a fast lens.

Unit 7

depth of field, neutral density filter, ultraviolet filter, focus, contrast, diffusion filter

1) depth of field is the range of distance within the subject that is acceptably sharp. 2) focus is to render (an object or image) in clear outline or sharp detail by adjustment of one’s vision or an optical device; bring into focus.

3) contrast is the brightness ratio of the lightest to the darkest part of the television screen image.

4) ultraviolet filter is a filter used on a lens to absorb ultraviolet radiation that may impart an undesirable blue cast to a photograph.

5) A neutral density filter will reduce the amount of light that enters the lens of your camcorder without affecting the color of your picture.

6) A diffusion filter is a translucent photographic filter used for a special effect. When used in front of the camera lens, a diffusion filter softens subjects and generates a dreamy haze.

Unit 8

Coherence, color temperature, intensity, hard light, soft light, dimmer, key light, full light ,back light, background light

1) The three basic light characteristics are Coherence, color temperature and intensity. 2) color temperature is a temperature defined in terms of the temperature of a black body at which it emits light of a specified spectral distribution: used to specify the color of a light source.

3) Hard light is the directed light ,esp. light whose beams are relatively parallel, producing distinct shadows and a harsher modeling effect on the subject.

4) Soft light refers to light that tends to “wrap” around object, casting shadows

with soft edges.

5) Dimmer also called dimmer switch, a rheostat or similar device by which the intensity of an electric light may be varied.

6) Key light is the main light that illuminates the subject being photographed or filmed.

7) Full light is a light used to eliminate or soften shadows caused by the main source of illumination.

8) Back light is a light source placed behind an actor, object, or scene to create a high-light that separates the subject from the background.

9) Background light is used to illuminate the background area of a set. The background light will also provide separation between the subject and the background.

Unit 9

continuity editing, cutaways, parallel cutting, soap operas, insert shot, sitcoms, montage, thematic editing.

1) Insert shot is the interruption of a continuously filmed action by inserting a view of something else. It is usually, although not always, followed by a cutback to the first shot.

2) Continuity editing is the predominant style of editing in narrative cinema and television. The purpose of it is to smooth over the inherent discontinuity of the editing process and to establish a logical coherence between shots.

3) Soap operas is a radio or television series depicting the interconnected lives of many characters often in a sentimental, melodramatic way so called because soap manufacturers were among the original sponsors of such programs.

4) Parallel cutting sometimes also called cross-cutting, the sequences or scenes are intercut so as to suggest that they are taking place at the same time.

5) Thematic editing refers to (as they say in the textbooks) a rapid, impressionistic sequence of disconnected scenes designed to communicate feelings or experiences.

6) Cutaways occurs in the middle of a larger scene or shot, usually a close-up of some detail or object, that draws audience attention, provides specific information, or simple breaks up the film sequence.

7) A sitcoms, usually referred to as a situation comedy, is a genre of comedy programs which originated in radio. Today, they are found almost exclusively on television as one of its dominant narrative forms, usually consist of recurring characters in a common environment such as a home or workplace and generally include laugh tracks.

8) Montage is a technique in film editing that can refer to: a shots sequence, a segment which uses rapid editing, special effects and music to present compressed narrative information.

Unit 10

hard disk, non-linear editing, software, capture picture, real-time, downloaded,

Wipe, fade, dissolve, resolution.

1) real-time is the programs used to direct the operation of a computer, as well as documentation giving instructions on how to use them.

2) ImToo DVD to Picture for Mac is multifunctional DVS capture software to picture from DVD in batch or singly and output as static pictures.

3) hard disk is a rigid magnetic disk fixed permanently within a drive unit and used for storing computer data. It generally offer more storage and quicker access to data than floppy disks do.

4) fade in is to appear gradually, esp. by becoming lighter. fade out is to disappear gradually, esp. by becoming darker.

5) software is of or pertaining to applications in which the computer must respond as rapidly as required by the user or necessitated by the process being controlled. 6) downloaded is to transfer (data or programs) from a server or host computer to one’s own computer or device.

7) non-linear editing is editing video in the computer. Also called NLE, digital systems provide high-quality post-production editing on a desktop computer.

8) Wipe is a technique in film editing by which the projected image of a scene appears to be pushed or wiped off the screen by the image that follows.

9) dissolve is to fade out one shot or scene while simultaneously fading in the next, overlapping the two during the process.

10) resolution is the degree of sharpness of a computer-generated image as measured by the number of dots per linear inch in a hard-copy printout or the number of pixels across and down on a display screen.

Unit 11

computer-generated imagery, live-action, optical printer, Prosthetic makeup, Schu fftan process, scale model, theatrical property, pyrotechnics, msttes, visual effects, multiple exposure, scenery

1) Prosthetic makeup is the process of using prosthetic sculpting, molding and casting techniques to create advanced cosmetic effects.

2) computer-generated imagery (also known as CGI) is the application of the field of computer graphics or, more specifically, 3D computer graphics to special effects in films, television programs, commercials, simulators and simulation generally, and printed media.

3) live-action is a device consisting of one or more film projectors mechanically linked to a movie camera.

4) In film, theatre and video, scenery refers to works that are acted out by human actors, as opposed to by animation.

5) Schu fftan process is a movie special named after its inventor, Eugen Schufftan (1893-1977). It was widely used in the first half of the 20th century before being almost completely replaced by the travelling matte and bluescreen effects.

6) visual effects are the various processes by which imagery is created and/or manipulated outside the context of a live action shoot. They often involve the integration of live—action footage and computer generated imagery (CGI) in order

to create environments which look realistic, but would be dangerous, costly, or simply impossible to capture on film.

7) optical printer are used in photography and special effects filmmaking to combine two or more image elements into a single, final image. Usually, they are used to combine a foreground image (such as actors on a set, or a spaceship) with a background image (a scenic vista, a field of stars and planets).

8) In photography, a multiple exposure is an exposure in which the sensitivity to light is reduced and then increased at least once during the total exposure time. 9) pyrotechnics is the science of materials capable of undergoing self-contained and self-sustained exothermic chemical reactions for the production of heat, light, gas, smoke and/or sound.

10) theatrical property, commonly referred to as a prop, is any object held or used on stage by an actor for use in furthering the plot or story line of a theatrical production.

11) scale model is a representation or copy of an object that is larger or smaller than the actual size of the object. Very often the scale model is smaller than the original and used as a guide to making the object in full size.

Unit 12

videotape, format, data compression, camcorder, VCR

1) videotape is a means of recording images and sound onto magnetic tape as opposed to movie film. It is a medium for magnetic recording generally consisting of a thin magnetizable coating on a long and narrow strip of plastic.

2) VCR is a type of video recorder that uses removable videotape cassettes containing magnetic tape to record audio and video from a television broadcast so it can be played back later.

3) In computer science and information theory, data compression is the process of encoding information using fewer bits (or other information-bearing units) than an unencoded representation would use through use of specific encoding schemes. 4) camcorder is a portable consumer electronics device for recording video and audio using a built-in recorder unit. It contains both a video camera and a video recorder in one unit, hence its compound name.

5) Video format or video system, is a video encoding and broadcasting system.

Unit 13

soundproofing, radio broadcasting, audio speaker, equalizer, frequency, decibel, loudness, VU meter, acoustics, bass, treble.

1) radio broadcasting is an audio (sound) broadcasting service, traditionally broadcast through the air as radio waves ( a form of electromagnetic radiation) from a transmitter to an antenna and thus to a receiving device. 2) bass describing low-frequency sound. 3) soundproofing are typically general all-purpose audio filters, which can be arranged to produce the effect of low pass, high pass, band pass and band stop filters.

4) VU meter is often included in analog audio equipment to display a signal level in Volume Units.

5) equalizer is any means of reducing the sound pressure with respect to a specified sound source and receptor.

6) treble as a term applied in music to the high or acute part of the musical system. 7) audio speaker is an electromechanical device produces sound. 8) decibel is a unit used to express the intensity of a sound wave, equal to 20 times the common logarithm of the ratio of the pressure produced by the sound wave to a reference pressure, usually 0.0002 microbar.

9) loudness is the quality of a sound that is the primary psychological correlate of physical strength (amplitude).

10) acoustics is the total effect of sound, especially as produced in an enclosed space.

11) frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time.

四、英译汉

1、The odd-numbered lines were scanned first and then the even-numbered lines were interleaved between these lines to create a complete picture. Not

surprisingly, we refer to this process as interleaved or interlaced scanning (n.隔行扫描).

Each of these half-frame passes is a field (n.场). The completed (two-field) picture is a frame.

2. With this approach, the fields (odd and even lines) are combined and

reproduced together in a 1-2-3 sequence, rather than an odd (1-3-5) and even (2-4-6) interlaced sequence.

Progressive scanning has a number of advantages, including greater clarity and ability to interface more easily with computer-based video equipment. But it adds greater technical demands on the TV systems.

3. The person in charge of launching entire production is the producer (n. 制片人). He or she comes up with the program concept, lays out the budget for the production, and makes the major decisions. This person is the team leader, the one who works with the writers, hires the director, decides on the key talent, and guides the general direction of the production.

4. There is a saying in TV production: The most important phase of production is preproduction.

In preproduction (n.前期制作)the basic ideas and approaches of the

production are developed and set in motion. It is in this phase that the production can be set on a proper course or misdirected (messed up) to such an extent that no amount of time, talent, or editing expertise can save it.

5. Hit the target audience. In order for the program to be successful, you must keep in mind throughout each production phase the needs, interests, and general background of the target audience （n.目标观众）(the audience your production is designed to reach).

In order for your program to have value and a lasting, it must in some way affect the audience emotionally.

6. As computer-controlled editing techniques (n.编辑技术)and postproduction special effects (n.特殊效果) have become more sophisticated, editing has gone far beyond the original concept of simply joining segments in a desired order. Editing is now a major focus of production creativity.

Armed with the latest digital effects, the editing phase can add much in the way of razzmatazz (n.华丽堂皇) to a production. In fact, it’s pretty easy to become enthralled (v.着迷 )with the special effect capabilities of your equipment. 7. In large-scale productions everyone is typically working under pressure.

Directors must be able to control own tension and anxiety while being sensitive to the differing abilities and temperaments of talent and crew---not an easy task when they have responsibility for everything.

A heavy-handed approach with the wrong person can temporarily destroy that person’s effectiveness and turn a bad situation into a disaster. Conversely, a mealy-mouthed approach that elicits no respect or leadership ability can be just as bad.

8. When you zoom, you optically enlarge smaller and smaller parts of the picture to fill the screen. When you dolly a camera you physically move the entire camera toward or away from subject matter. The latter is similar to how you would see the central and surrounding subject matter if you were to walk toward or away from it. Some directors, especially in motion pictures, prefer the more natural effect of a dolly, even though it’s much harder to achieve smoothly.

9. and we refer to the various specific numerical points throughout this range as f-stops (n.光圈系数).

The “f” stands for factor. An f-stop is the ratio between the lens opening and the lens focal length. More specifically, the f-stop equals the focal length divided by the size of the lens opening.

10. The largest lens opening (smallest f number) at which a lens can be set. A fast lens transmits more light and has a large opening than a slow lens. Determined by the maximum aperture (n.孔径) of the lens in relation to its focal length. The speed of a lens is relative to it’s focal length. A 400 mm lens with a maximum aperture of f/3.5 is considered extremely fast, while a 28 mm f/3.5 lens is thought to be relatively slow.

11. Theoretically, if we focus a camera at a specific distance, only objects at that exact distance will be what we might consider completely sharp, and objects in front of and behind that point will be, to varying degrees, blurry (adj. 模糊的 ). In actuality, areas in front of and behind the point of focus may be

acceptably sharp. The term acceptably sharp is subjective. A picture doesn’t abruptly become unacceptably blurry at a certain point in front of or behind the point of focus. The transition from sharp to out of focus is gradual.

12. Hard light casts a sharp, clearly defined shadow. When hard light is used to illuminate a face, imperfections in the skin stand out. The result is less than

flattering. But in other applications, such as bringing out the texture in leather, or the engraving on a piece of jewelry, this can be an advantage.

13. Soft light sources are used in production to created a broad, even are of light. In the field, videographers (n.摄像师) often rely on umbrella reflectors (n.反光伞) to create a soft lighting effect.

Because soft light tends to hide lines, wrinkles and blemishes, it’s desirable in doing glamour work. A soft light source placed close to the camera minimizes surface detail. The effect is commonly referred to as flat lighting (n.平射光).

14. Continuity editing primarily suggests guiding an audience through a sequence of events, and, in the process, showing them what they want to see when they want to see it. In the end, you’ve told a story or logically traced a series of events to their conclusion. In dramatic television good editors sometimes break from the expected to achieve a dramatic effect. Unfulfilled expectations can be used to create audience tension.

15. Non-linear editing (n.非线性编辑) for film and television postproduction is a modern editing method which involves being able to access any frame in a video clip (n.视频剪辑) with the same ease as any other. This method is similar in concept to the “cut and paste” technique used in film editing from the beginning. It can also be viewed as the audio/video equivalent of word-processing. However, when working with film, it is a destructive process, as the actual film negative must be cut. Non-linear, non-destructive methods began to appear with the introduction of digital video technology.

16. Compared to the linear method of tape-to-tape editing, non-linear editing offers the flexibility of film editing, with random access and easy project

organization. With the edit decision lists, the editor can work on low-resolution（低分辨率） copies of the video. This makes it possible to edit both

standard-definition (n.标准清晰度) broadcast (n.广播) quality and high definition (n.高清晰度) broadcast quality very quickly on normal PCs which do not have the power to do the full processing of the huge full-qualityhigh-resolution（高分辨率） data in real-time (n.实时).

17. Linear video editing (n.线性编辑) is the process of selecting, arranging and modifying the images and sound recorded on videotape (n.录影带) whether

captured by a video camera, generated from a computer graphics (n.计算机图形学) program or recorded in a studio. Until the advent of computer-based non-linear editing in the early 1990s “linear video editing” was simply called “video editing” (n.视频编辑).

18. The basic goal off-line editing (n.离线编辑) is to create a list of edit decisions. Before digital and tapeless camcorders(n.磁带摄像机), this involved using a copy of the original videotape footage. This was important in protecting the

original videotape from damage during the often arduous process of making edit decisions.

Off-line editing involves reviewing footage and compiling a list of time-code numbers that specify the “in” and “out” points of each needed scene.

19. In on-line editing (n.线上编辑) (at least in the traditional sense of the phrase) you are using original footage to create the final edited version of a program, complete with audio and video effects , color correction, etc.

Since this process can be rather expensive if full-time engineers and costly, high-quality on-line equipment are involved, an off-line phase will reduce editing expenses and allow time for greater experimentation.

20. Special effects are traditionally divided into the categories of optical effects (n.光学效果) and mechanical effects(n,机械效果). With the emergence of digital film-making tools a greater distinction between special effects and visual effect(n,视觉效果 ) has been recognized, with “visual effects” referring to digitalpost-production and “special effects” referring to on-set mechanical effects and in-camera optical effects.

21. Optical effects ( also called photographic effects), are techniques in which images or film frames are created photographically, either “in-camera” using multiple exposure (n.多重曝光), mattes (n.遮幕效果), or the Sch u fftan process (n.舒夫坦合成地---又叫镜子接戏法，一种老式剪辑方法), or in

post-production processes using an optical printer (n. 光学印片机). An optical effect might be used to place actors or sets against a different background. 22. Mechanical effects (also called practical or physical effects), are usually

accomplished during the live-action (n.现场运作----操作) shooting. This includes the use of mechanized props(n.道具), scenery(n.场景), scale models(n.成比例模型), pyrotechnic (n.烟火使用) and Atmospheric Effects(n.大气效果) :creating

physical wind, rain, fog, snow, clouds etc. Making a car appear to drive by itself, or blowing up a building are examples of mechanical effects. Mechanical effects are often incorporated into set design and makeup. For example, a set may be built with break-away doors or walls, or prosthetic makeup (n.修复化妆术) can be used to make an actor look like a monster.

23. Videotape (n.录像带) resembles audiotape (n.录音带) in its makeup. It consists of a strip of plastic backing coated with a permanent layer of microscopic metal particles embedded in a resin(树脂) base. These particles are capable of holding a magnetic charge(磁荷). 24. The dB level going through audio equipment must be carefully controlled. If the signal is allowed to pass through equipment at too low a level, noise can be

introduced when the level is later increased to a normal amplitude (audio level).

If the level is too high (significantly above 0 dB or into the red areas on the VU meter), distortion will result– especially with digital audio. To ensure audio quality, you must pay constant attention to maintaining proper audio levels.

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