有关情绪的英文表达

有关情绪的英文表达

2009/02/11

情绪（emotion）是一种心理（mental）与生理（physiological）的状态，包括许多种的感觉（feeling）、想法（thought）与行为（behaviour）。它是主观体验（subjective experience），经常与心绪（mood）、生性（temperament）、性格（personality）与倾向性（disposition）联系在一起。下面按照字母顺序简要介绍主要的情绪类型。每个词下面还有近义词，按照近义程度从上往下排列。

acceptance：指一个人感受到某种形式（situation）或条件（condition）【常常是负面的（negative）或不舒服的（uncomfortable）】，但不试图改变（change）、抗议（protest）或躲避（exit）。 toleration/sufference permissiveness/tolerance

affection：是一种常常与爱（love）有关的心态（disposition or state of mind），要高于友谊（friendship）或善意（good will）。例如小哥哥亲弟弟的脸来表达affection。

affectionateness/philia/warmness/warmheartedness/fondness/tenderness/heart：The child won everyone's heart. The warmness of his welcome made us feel right at home. feeling：I disliked him and the feeling was mutual. attachment/fond regard protectiveness

regard/respect：She mistook his manly regard for love. He inspires respect. soft spot：She had a soft spot for her youngest son.

anger：指愤怒的感觉，强度不等，可以是小的刺激（irritation）也可以是狂怒（rage）。 ire/choler/wrath/angriness emotion

fury/rage/madness：Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned. His face turned red with rage. enragement/infuriation umbrage/offense/offence huffiness

hackles/dander：Having one's hackles or dander up bad temper/ill temper vexation/annoyance/chafe

annoyance：一种不开心的（unpleasant）的精神状态，类似‘恼火’。如果经常出于这种状态，那么这种情况叫petulance。 botheration/irritation/vexation

mental condition/mental state/psychological condition/psychological state bummer：Having to stand in line so long was a real bummer. huff/miff/seeing red pinprick

impatience/restlessness snit：He was in a snit. vexation/chafe anger/ire/choler

temper/irritation/pique：His temper sparked like damp firewood.

frustration：Her constant complaints were the main source of his frustration. aggravation/exasperation

harassment/torment：So great was his harassment that he wanted to destroy his tormentors. displeasure

apathy：也叫impassivity或perfunctoriness，是一种无所谓（indifference）的心态，或者压抑自己的其它强烈情绪的状态。对很多事情缺乏兴趣（interest）或关注（concern），也可能是一种慵懒（sluggishness）或不敏感（insensibility）。例如，战争过后人们对死亡伤残的现象变得相对无动于衷。

emotionlessness/impassiveness/phlegm/stolidity/unemotionality/indifference listlessness/languor/lassitude spiritlessness/numbness/ passivity/passiveness

anxiety：一种不愉快的感觉，可能是因为恐惧（fear）、不安（uneasiness）或担忧（worry），类似‘焦虑’。它也是对压力（stress）的正常反应。例如面临考试的时候。 anxiousness

castration anxiety

hypochondria/hypochondriasis overanxiety scare/panic

discomfiture/discomposure/disconcertion/disconcertment worry/trouble concern/fear/scare disquiet insecurity

disquietude/edginess/inquietude/uneasiness sinking feeling/sinking misgiving/qualm/scruple

jitteriness/jumpiness/nervousness/restiveness angst

awe：是一种并不那么令人愉快的（joyous）的惊异（wonder），带有畏惧（fearful）与尊敬（respectful）。通常指面对力量强大的事物。例如在雷鸣般奔流而下的大瀑布或高耸的吉萨金字塔面前人们会感觉到awe，但在彩虹面前人们通常感受的是wonder或joy。 wonder/wonderment/admiration reverence/veneration/fear

boredom：在没事儿可做或者周围的事物毫无兴趣的时候人们的感觉，类似‘无聊’。 ennui/tedium dissatisfaction blahs fatigue

compassion：是一种比较深沉的（profound）的人类情感，通常由别人的痛苦（pain）引起，也是利他行为（altruism）的原因之一。这与孔子所说的‘恕’【己所不欲勿施于人（do to others as you would have done to you）】类似。比empathy层次高。 compassionateness

heartstrings

fellow feeling/sympathy

tenderheartedness/tenderness mercifulness/mercy pity

contempt：指认为某人或某物低贱（inferior/base）或毫无价值（worthless）的感觉或态度（attitude），与scorn类似。它大致相当于‘看不起’与‘藐视’。 dispite/disdain/scorn dislike disrespect

rudeness/discourtesy fleer

leer/sneer

disobedience/noncompliance contempt of court curiosity：指会引发探索性（inquisitive）行为的情感，例如探索（exploration）、调查（investigation）与学习（learning），相当于‘好奇’。 wonder

desire to know/lust for learning/thirst for knowledge interest/involvement

curiousness/inquisitiveness depression：包括悲伤（sadness）、无助（helplessness）、无望（hopeless）、无趣（loss of interest）、不快乐（loss of pleasure）以及其它相关的情绪与行为，类似‘压抑’或‘抑郁’。它对身体有害并可能影响大脑功能。极端情况可能导致自杀（suicide）。 melancholia

blue devils/megrims/vapors/vapours/blues blue funk/funk：He was in a funk. melancholy

slough of despond low spirits dejection

sadness/unhappiness

demoralisation/demoralization helplessness

despondence/despondency/disconsolateness/heartsickness oppressiveness/oppression dysphoria desire：也叫craving或hankering，指对某人或某物或某个结果的渴望（longing）或希望（hoping）。想到该对象就会兴奋，有采取行动的冲动。类似‘欲念’。 ambition/aspiration/dream bloodlust temptation craving

wish/wishing/want

longing/yearning/hungriness

concupiscence/physical attraction/sexual desire/eros itch/urge

caprice/whim/impulse tendency/inclination

hunger/thirst/thirstiness/hungriness greed

despair：也叫hopelessness，指无望。 desperation hopelessness

resignation/surrender

discouragement/disheartenment/dismay pessimism

disappointment：指期待（expectation）落空后的不满足感（dissatisfaction）。与regret类似，但regret主要指对造成不佳结果的个人选择而言，而disappointment是对结果而言的。类似‘失望’。 letdown

dissatisfaction：He was never slow to express his dissatisfaction with the service he received. frustration/defeat

disgust：通常是对不干净（unclean）、不能吃的（inedible）、传染性（infectious）或其它令人反感（offending）的事物的反应。类似‘恶心’。 dislike

detestation/execration/loathing/abhorrence/abomination/odium repugnance/revulsion/repulsion/horror nausea

ecstasy：指全身心投入（total involvement）的一种感受，以致于忽略了其它事情。通常短暂，一般用来谈论宗教、音乐、舞蹈与性等方面的感受。 exaltation/rapture/raptus/transport

bliss/blissfulness/cloud nine/seventh heaven/walking on air empathy：指分享（share）与理解（understand）他人情绪的能力。常指为他人着想（put oneself into another's shoes）。 fellow feeling/sympathy

envy：也叫invidiousness，但一个人缺少另一个人的更好状态（superior quality）、成绩（achievement）或拥有物（possession）时的一种感受，可能希望获得同样的东西，也可能希望他人失去更好的东西，类似‘嫉妒’。但和jealous不同，后者主要指认为本应自己获得而被他人得到的感受。 enviousness

bitterness/rancor/rancour/resentment/gall covetousness

green-eyed monster/jealousy penis envy invidia

embarrassment：指不被社会接受的行为或状况被别人发现或揭露时的感受。一般会造成荣誉（honour）与尊严（dignity）的丧失。与shame类似，但后者可以是在只有自己知道的情

况下。 shame

self-consciousenss/uncomfortableness/uneasiness shamefacedness/sheepishness chagrin/mortification/humiliation discombobulation/confusion abashment/bashfulness

discomfiture/discomposure/disconcertion/disconcertment

euphoria：一种极度的【夸张的（exaggerated）】开心（elation）与幸福（well-being）。例如运动员获得冠军的感受或者性高潮（orgasm），类似‘极乐’。 fear：是对威胁（threat）或危险（danger）的反应，类似‘恐惧’。 fearfulness/fright

alarm/consternation/dismay

creeps：He gives me the creeps.

frisson/quiver/shudder/tingle/chill/thrill/shiver：A frisson of surprise shot through him. horror hysteria

affright/panic/terror panic attack/scare stage fright

apprehension/apprehensiveness/dread timidity/timidness/timorousness intimidation cold sweat concern/care anxiety

frustration：在达成个人目标（personal goal）收到阻碍（obstructed）时的感受，类似‘挫折感’。 defeat

disappointment/letdown vexation/annoyance/chafe

gratitude：也叫thankfulness或appreciation，是对得到或即将得到好处（benefit）的感受，类似‘感激’。

appreciativeness/gratefulness/thankfulness

grief：是对损失（loss）的一种多角度（multi-faceted）的感受。例如面对爱人的死亡。Bereavement指损失的状态，而grief指对损失的反应。 brokenheartedness/heartache/heartbreak sorrow

dolor/dolour

guilt：指认识到（realise）或相信自己违反了道德规范（moral standard）或对此有责任（responsible），相当于‘内疚’。与remorse类似。 guiltiness

blameworthiness/culpability/culpabaleness

bloodguilt complicity

criminalism/criminality/criminalness guilt by association

impeachability/indictability

guilt feelings/guilt trip/guilty conscience compunction/remorse/self-reproach survivor guilt

happiness：指满足（contentment）、满意（satisfaction）、开心（pleasure）与快乐（joy）的心态，类似‘幸福’。 felicity

beatification/beatitude/blessedness radiance bonheur

gladfulness/gladness/gladsomeness gaiety/merriment rejoicing

belonging：With his classmates, he feels a sense of belonging.

blitheness/cheerfulness：His cheerfulness made everyone feel better. contentment

hatred：也叫hate，指强烈的不喜欢（dislike），类似‘恨’或‘讨厌’。 hatred

detestation/execration/loathing/abhorrence/abomination/odium dispisal/dispising

ill will/enmity/hostility malevolence/malignity

hope：是相信会有积极的结果（outcome）出现，类似‘希望’。 anticipation/expectancy hopefulness

expectation/outlook/prospect

rainbow：Chasing rainbows. horror：指在看到、听到或感觉到某种令人恐惧的事物之后的一种反感（repulsion），而terror一般指在令人恐惧的（horrifying）经历发生前的害怕（dread）与期待（anticipation）。或者说，horror与震惊（shocked）或吓坏（scared）有关，而terror与焦虑（anxious）与畏惧（fearful）有关。

fear/fearfulness/fright

repugnance/revulsion/repulsion disgust hostility：也叫inimicality，指内心的拒绝（rejection）与否认（denial），通常是anger与aggression的同义词，类似‘敌意’。 ill will

unfriendliness

virulence/virulency antagonism/enmity

latent hostility/tension：He could sense her latent hostility to him. The diplomats' first concern was to reduce international tensions. state of war/war cold war

suspicion：He tried to shield me from suspicion. animosity/animus/bad blood class feeling

aggression/aggressiveness belligerence/belligerency

bitterness/rancor/rancour/resentment/gall

hysteria：指无法控制的（unmanageable）恐惧或者过度的情绪，汉语译为‘歇斯底里’。 delirium/frenzy/fury/craze nympholepsy

manic disorder/mania

epidemic hysteria/mass hysteria fear/fearfulness/fright

joy：一种幸福感。 joyfulness/joyousness

high spirits/lightness/elation

exultation/jubilance/jubilancy/jubilation

excitement/exhilaration：He could hardly conceal his excitement when she agreed. exuberance delight/pleasure

jealousy：在很重要的（valued）关系（relationship）被对手（rival）威胁时产生的不安全感（insecurity）、恐惧与焦虑。与envy对比，它一般指已经拥有的东西，而envy指还没有的东西。

green-eyed monster enviousness/envy

alertness/vigilance/watchfulness/wakefulness loathing：一种恨或讨厌的感受。

abhorrence/detestation/execration/odium/abomination disgust

hate/hatred

love：强烈的喜欢（affection）与依赖（attachment），类似‘爱’或‘喜爱’。 adoration/worship agape love/agape filial love ardor/ardour

amorousness/enamoredness

calf love/puppy love/infatuation/crush devotedness/devotion benevolence heartstrings

caring/lovingness

pity：对人或动物的痛苦的一种温柔的、有时候有点儿看不起的悲悯（sorrow and empathy）。 commiseration/pathos/ruth fellow feeling/sympathy compassion

mercifulness/mercy

pride：对自我价值很高的感觉，或者考虑相关事务时的感觉，类似‘自豪’。它是对自身优秀方面的一种喜爱。反义词是humility。 pridefulness

dignity/self-regard/self-respect/self-worth：It was beneath his dignity to cheat. self-esteem/self-pride

ego/self-importance/egotism

amourpropre/conceit/self-love/vanity civic pride/civic spirit satisfaction superbia

rage：是最强烈的愤怒；最轻微的愤怒是annoyance。 fury/madness anger/ire/choler wrath lividity angriness

regret：是对过去行为的一种不喜欢。 ruefulness/sorrow/rue sadness/unhappiness

contriteness/contrition/attrition compunction/remorse/self-reproach

remorse：指人对自己认为丢人的（shameful）、有伤害性的（hurtful）或暴力的（violent）行为的一种后悔。一个不知道remorse的人在美国叫sociopath，在英国叫psychopath。 compunction/self-reproach regret/ruefulness/sorrow/rue

guilt feelings/guilt trip/guilty conscience/guilt penance/penitence/repentance

resentment：也叫rancour或ranklement，是一种反复出现的（repeated）、对错误（wrong）的一种愤怒或苦恼（bitterness）。 bitterness/rancor/rancour/gall ill will/enmity/hostility

heartburning：His promotion caused much heartburning among his rivals. huffishness/sulkiness

grievance/grudge/score：Holding a grudge. Settling a score. enviousness/envy sadness：面对不利（disadvantage）、损失或无助的感受。人会变安静（quiet）、没有活力（less energetic）并逃避（withdrawn）。反义词是happiness。 unhappiness dolefulness

heaviness：Nothing lifted the heaviness of her heart after her loss. melancholy

misery：She was exhausted by her misery and grief. forlornness/loneliness/desolation tearfulness/weepiness

sorrow/sorrowfulness：He tried to express his sorrow for her loss. He drank to drown his sorrows. regret/ruefulness/rue：He wrote a note to express his regret. To his rue, the error cost him the game.

cheerlessness/uncheerfulness depression

dejectedness/dispiritedness/downheartedness/low-spiritedness/lowness：He felt responsible for her lowness of spirits. bereavement/mourning

poignance/poignancy：A moment of extraordinary poignancy. lugubriousness/gloominess

shame：违反文化或社会标准后的感觉，本意是‘遮盖’，指捂住脸，即使谁都不知道，一个人也可能感到ashamed。但guilt是指违反了自己心中的道德标准，所以即使他人赞同，一个人也有可能感到guilt。

conscience：He has no conscience about his cruelty. self-disgust/self-hatred embarrassment disgrace/ignominy

dishonor/dishonour：He was resigned to a life of dishonor. humiliation

obloquy/opprobrium odium reproach

suffering：也叫pain，指面对伤害（harm）或有伤害威胁的一种反感或不快，可以是肉体的，也可以是精神的。类似‘痛苦’。 excruciation/agony hurting/pain throe woe

miserableness/misery/wretchedness：The misery and wretchedness of those slums is intolerable. distress：The death of his wife cause him great distress. painfulness

anguish/torture/torment self-torment/self-torture tsoris

wound：He feared that mentioning it might reopened the wound. discomfort/soreness/irritation

surprise：对意外（unexpected）事件的感受，可以是愉快的、中性点或不愉快的。 amazement/astonishment：He looked at me in astonishment. alteration/change/modification

bombshell/thunderbolt/thunderclap：News of the attack came like a bombshell. coup de theatre eye opener

peripeteia/peripetia/peripety：A peripeteia swiftly turns a routine sequence of events into a story worth telling.

blow/shock：It came as a shock to learn he was injured. stunner：The stunner was what happened on Saturday.

wonder：类似surprise，是对罕见（rare）或意外事物的感受，但它更持久，并且通常是正面的含义。而awe通常强调畏惧与尊敬，而不是快乐。 wonderment/admiration amazement/astonishment awe marvel

happening/natural event/occurence/occurent curiosity

desire to know/lust for learning/thirst for knowledge interest/involvement

curiousness/inquisitiveness

worry：对事物的关心（concerned）或焦虑（anxious）。 headache/vexation/concern

bugaboo：The old bugaboo of inflation still bothers them.

burden/encumbrance/onus/incumbrance/load：The burden of responsibility. That's a load off my mind.

business：It's none of your business. Mind your own business. trouble anxiety

sympathy：指一种社会亲近关系，人们之间能够互相理解情感，也指被他人的情感所影响。与empathy常常互换使用，但含义有微妙的不同。To empathize指体验一种类似的感受来对另一个人的情绪状态作出反应；但sympathy不仅如此，还体现一种对对方的在意与持续的关心。在一般用法上，它指让他人知道自己了解对方的喜怒哀乐，特别是理解对方的痛苦。它也指与对方的政治观点或意识形态相同，例如‘a communist sympathizer’。 understanding：I knew I could count on his understanding. inclination/tendency/disposition：He has an inclination to give up too easily. A tendency to be too strict.

fellow feeling

concern：She felt strong concern for those less fortunate. kind-heartedness/kindheartedness compassion/compassionateness compatibility empathy

kinship/affinity：Found a natural affinity with the immigrants. Felt a deep kinship with the other students. Anthropology's kinship with the humanities. mutual affection/mutual understanding

参考资料：

http://www.thefreedictionary.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperament

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposition

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_(psychology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affection

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annoyance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apathy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awe_(emotion)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappointment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boredom

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contempt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desire_(emotion)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despair

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappointment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disgust

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarrassment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphoria_(emotion)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frustration

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratitude

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatred

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_(emotion)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostility

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jealousy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loathing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_(emotion)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regret_(emotion)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remorse

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadness

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shame

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worry_(emotion)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resentment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy

人类只有4种情绪？

○作者 朱利·贝克 ○译者 贾晓静 《 青年参考 》（ 2014年02月26日版） 35

“虽然你的情绪只有一小茶匙那么少，但这并不意味着所有人都只有这么一丁点儿。”在电影《哈利波特与凤凰社》里，怒气冲冲的赫敏对罗恩说。

但事实上，我们的情绪恐怕真的只有这么一丁点。日前，英国格拉斯哥大学精神与心理研究所在《当代生物学》上发表了最新研究结果，该研究发现，人类的情感范围远远小于科学界此前的结论。

传统科学认为，人类的情绪可划分为6种经典类型——高兴、惊讶、恐惧、厌恶、生气和伤心，但格拉斯哥大学的科学家们对此并不赞同。

实验中，他们向志愿者展示了由计算机生成的面部动画，并要求志愿者根据6种情绪类型，对不同的面部表情进行描述。结果显示，对这些志愿者来说，“生气”与“厌恶”的初期表现其实非常相近，类似状况还发生在“恐惧”与“惊讶”中。比如，当人们产生“生气”或“厌恶”的情绪时，都会皱起鼻子；而“恐惧”或“惊讶”时，都会挑高眉毛。

当然，随着时间推移，上述两组面部表情间的区别将会逐渐显现，但在情绪发生之初，面部信号非常相似。研究者指出，这说明生气与厌恶、惊讶与恐惧间的差异，更多是基于人类的社会性而非生物性。

据此，研究者判断，人类只有4种基本情绪，即：高兴，伤心，恐惧/惊讶，生气/厌恶。这一结论基于人类面部表情的生物性——尽管惊讶与恐惧、生气与厌恶间的确有差异，但这些差异更多是基于社会因素。

“动态模型能传达出面部表情信号层次的变化。实验显示，动态模型产生之初，源于生物性的情绪信号起主导作用，但复杂的社会性参与进来后，可判别出的6种情绪便随之而生。”研究报告这样写道。

研究者推断，人们恐惧/惊讶时瞪大眼睛，是对“危险突至”的反应，这一动作可以帮助人们搜集更多信息。同样，生气/厌恶时，为了对“静态危险”做出反应人们会皱起鼻子，比如面对病原体时，皱起鼻子会让你减少吸取有害空气。

“就像语言一样，数据所反映出的6种面部情绪正在从原始、简单的交流模式，逐步进化为更现代、更加复杂多变的情绪信号。这些情绪基于不断发展的社会而产生，同时象征着现代化交流的需要。”论文作者写道。

也就是说，人类的基本情绪只有4种，它们是当今人类所有复杂情绪的基石。

□美国《大西洋月刊》

人类的六大基本情绪

(2008-12-08 13:33:00)

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美国研究人员Ekman和Friesen发现，人类有六种基本情绪即快乐、悲伤、恐惧、惊讶、愤怒、嫉妒这六种情绪可以相互组合，并派生出其余各种各样的复合情绪，如忧郁、紧张、焦虑等。

快乐是人类的六种基本情绪之一。表现的形式主要有乐观的态度、微笑等等。快乐会使人分泌“快乐激素”，这种激素可以抵抗忧郁，有助于抵消消极情绪给人带来的影响。一般来说，快乐能够提高工作效率。

悲伤是人类的另一种基本情绪。当人们悲伤时，嘴唇及眼部周围的肌肉会紧绷，并且很容易感到沮丧和忧虑，降低做事效率。另外，悲伤还会减慢人体的新陈代谢，导致人体机能下降。

愤怒，通常属于次级情绪（？）。愤怒，常常伴随脸部充血，人的身体处于紧张的状态，有时候身体还会发抖。愤怒会使血压升高。为了避免促怒他人，必须正确了解愤怒情绪的触点，亦即了解人们在变得愤怒之前的情绪状态。

恐惧，使人变得敏感，随时判断潜在的威胁。由于随时准备逃跑，血液会流到下肢和呼吸系统，脸部可能会因缺血而显得苍白。

惊讶，也是一种人的基本情绪，它比较中性。一般惊讶的时候，人们会张大眼睛，扬起眉毛，以便能更好地观察，分析情况。一般来说，惊讶的时候，人们的听觉也会更加灵敏。

厌恶，一般人们在感到厌恶时，面部会扭曲，身体有试图离开令人厌恶事物的倾向。

了解各种情绪，并且在工作中运用情商知识，能够帮助管理者挖掘员工的潜能，提高组织的运行效率。主要的积极意义有如下几个方面：

1）加强沟通，避免沟通中出现障碍；

2）培养团队相互尊重的工作氛围，提高团队的工作效率；

3）管理者能够明确地向员工传递期望，并且能够帮助了解员工工作绩效高低的内在原因。 Part of a series on Emotions ? ? ? Affection Anger Angst ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Anguish Annoyance Anxiety Apathy Arousal Awe Boredom Confidence Contempt Contentment Courage Curiosity Depression Desire Despair Disgust Distrust Ecstasy Empathy Envy Euphoria Fear Frustration Gratitude Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Hysteria Interest Jealousy Loneliness Love Lust Disappointment Embarrassment ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Outrage Panic Passion Pity Pleasure Pride Rage Regret Remorse Resentment Sadness Saudade Schadenfreude Self-confidence ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Shame Shock Shyness Sorrow Suffering Surprise Trust Wonder Worry

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