广州版七年级上册英语Unit 1&Unit 2语法复习

Module 1 回顾

Unit 1 Making friends

一．口语交流

Talk about yourself. 二．回顾与整理 短语

close to （在空间，时间上）接近 go to school 去上学 (be) good at 擅长

make friends with 与…….交朋友 all over 遍及

?d like to =would like to 愿意 二．句型及语法

1.谈论喜好：

enjoy (doing) sth. be keen on (doing) sth. My (favourite) hobby is …(doing)… like to do / doing sth. would like to do(‘d like to do) = want to do

I would like to be your pen-friend. 我想成为你的笔友。

I am interested in drawing. 我对画画感兴趣。 I am keen on drawing. 我热衷于画画。 I enjoy drawing. 我喜欢画画。 My favourite hobby is drawing. 我喜欢画画。

2. 特殊疑问句要点：

1) 改句时，原句中如有助动词(be, can, must, shall, will等)的，把第一个助动词提前；没助动词的，

加do(各时态)

2) 对主语提问时，用what或who代替划线部分，动词不变，如：

Jim works hardest in our class. → Who works hardest in your class? 3) 对形容词、副词、及表方式的介词短语提问，用how People work out difficult problems with computers. → How do people work out difficult problems? 4) 对频率(如once a week, twice a month, )提问，用how often I visit my grandparents twice a month. → How often do you visit your grandparents? 5） 对看不见的原因提问，用why; 回答用 because.

Why do you late for school ? Because my bike is broken on the way. 6) 对时间提问，用when; When do you get up?

7) 询问―哪一个‖用 which.

Which one do you prefer, the red one or the green one ? 你更喜欢哪一个，红色的那件还是绿色的那件？ 8）Those books are Lily‘s.(问归属) are those books? 练习:对下列句子的划线部分提问

1. That car is red. _____ _____ is that car?

2. My sister is 20 years old. ______ _____ is your sister?

3. The glasses are Jim‘s. ______ glasses are these?

4. Tom collected eggs last Sunday. ______ collected eggs last Sunday? 5. There were eleven books in my bag. ______ ______ books are there in your bag? 6. We visited our teachers on Teacher‘s Day. _______ did you visit your teachers?

7. It means ―Do not touch‖. _______ does it mean? 8. I‘m fine, thank you. ______ are you?

9. We go to school by bus.

______ do you go to school? 10.We go to school five times a week.

_______ ______ do you go to school?

二、对下列句子的划线部分提问，将答案写在横线上。

1. My name is Mary.（ (划提） 2. My shirt is white.(划提） 3. That is your suit. (划提) 4. This is my umbrella.(划提） 5. It‘s a Volvo. (划提）

6. He is an office assistant.(划提） 7.He is American. (划提）

3. 冠词：不定冠词的用法

冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article），另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article），还有一种是零冠词（Zero Article）。

不定冠词a（an）与数词one 同源，是―一个‖的意思。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。

1）表示―一个‖，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 2）代表一类人或物。 A knife is a tool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer. 3）词组或成语。

a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden

定冠词的用法

定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有―那（这）个‖的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。 1）特指双方都明白的人或物： Take the medicine.把药吃了。 2）上文提到过的人或事：

He bought a house.I‘ve been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 3）指世上独一物二的事物： the sun，the sky，the moon，the earth 4）单数名词连用表示一类事物：

如：the dollar 美元；the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人；the living 生者。

5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面： Where do you live？I live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层。 That‘s the very thing I‘ve been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。 6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体：

They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师） They are teachers of this school. （指部分教师）

7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前： She caught me by the arm…… 她抓住了我的手臂。

8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前： the People‘s Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 9）用在表示乐器的名词之前： She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。

10）用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人： the Greens 格林一家人 （或格林夫妇） 11）用在惯用语中：

in the day，in the morning （afternoon，evening），the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday，the next morning， in the sky （water，field，country） in the dark，in the rain，in the distance， in the middle （of），in the end， on the whole，by the way，go to the theatre 零冠词的用法

1）国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary； 2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词； They are teachers. 他们是教师。

3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词； Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。

4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词； Man cannot live without water.人离开水就无法生存。

5）在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词； We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。 6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词； The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。

7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词； 如：have breakfast，play chess

8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词；

I can‘t write without pen or pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。

9）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词；by bus，by train；

10）有些个体名词不用冠词；

如：school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义；

go to hospital 去医院看病

go to the hospital 去医院 （并不是去看病，而是有其他目的）

11）不用冠词的序数词；

a. 序数词前有物主代词

b. 序数词作副词：He came first in the race.

c. 在固定词组中：at （the）first，first of all，from first to last

1) 注意以下冠词：

a university a European boy a useful book a uniform an unlucky cat an hour an honest girl

2) 球类运动不加冠词，乐器要加the，如：play football, play the piano

3) 注意以下几组短语中的冠词：

by bus & take a bus

have dinner & have a quick dinner watch TV & listen to the radio 冠 词 专 项 练 习

Ⅰ在下列名词前填入a或an.

1 month 2 clinic 3 Apple 4 carnation 5 knife 6 fridge

-Are you a student?

-Yes. I am. / No, I'm not. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。 如：My bike is under the tree. Is your bike under the tree? Where is your bike? 2.行为动词的变化。

肯定句：主语+动词原形(+其它)。

否定句：主语+ don't( doesn't ) +动词原形(+其它)。 如：I like bread.

I don't like bread.

当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn't构成否定句。 如：He often plays football.

He doesn't often play football.

一般疑问句：Do( Does ) +主语+动词原形+其它。（句首加助动词do, does） 如：I often play football.

- Do you often play football? - Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。 如：She goes to school by bike. - Does she go to school by bike? - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.

特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。 如：She goes to school by bike. Does she go to school by bike? How does she go to school? 动词+s的变化规则

1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks

2．以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3．以―辅音字母+y‖结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies 特殊形式： have – has 否定形式：… doesn‘t + 动词原形。

如：She has a new bag.她有一个新书包。She doesn‘t have a new bag.她没有新书包。

一般现在时用法专练:

一、 写出下列动词的第三人称单数

drink ________ go _______ stay ________ make ________ look _________ have_______ pass_______ carry ____ come________ watch______ plant_______ fly ________ study_______ brush ________do_________ teach_______ 二、用am, is, are 填空

1 Here ______ a scarf for you. 2. The girl______ Jack's sister. 3. The dog _______ tall and fat.

4. The man with big eyes _______ a teacher. 5. ______ your brother in the classroom? 6. You, he and I ______ from China. 7. How _______ your father?

8. Mike and Liu Tao ______ at school. 9. Whose dress ______ this? 10. Whose socks ______ they? 11. That ______ my red skirt. 12. Who ______ I?

13.The jeans ______ on the desk.

14. - I ___ a boy. __ you a boy? - No, I _____ not. 15. Here ______ some sweaters for you. 16. The black gloves ______ for Su Yang. 17. This pair of gloves ______ for Yang Ling. 18. The two cups of milk _____ for me. 19. Some tea ______ in the glass.

20. Gao Shan's shirt ______ over there. 21. My sister's name ______Nancy.

22. This ______ not Wang Fang's pencil.

23. ______ David and Helen from England? 24. There ______ a girl in the room.

25. There ______ some apples on the tree. 26. _______ there any kites in the classroom? 27. _______ there any apple juice in the bottle? 28. There _______ some bread on the plate.

29. There _______ a boy, two girls, three men and ten women in the park.

30. -Where _____ your mother?- She ______ at home.三、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。 1. He often _______(have) dinner at home. 2. David and Tom ______(be) in Class One. 3. We _______(not watch) TV on Monday. 4. Mike _______(not go) to the zoo on Sunday. 5. ______ they ________(like) the World Cup?

6. What _______they often _______(do) on Saturdays? 7－What day _______(be) it today. － It‘s Saturday. 8. The girl _______(teach) us English on Sundays.

9. She and I ________(take) a walk together every evening. 10. There ________(be) some water in the bottle. 11. Mike _______(like) cooking.

12. They _______(have) the same hobby.

13. My aunt _______(look) after her baby carefully. 14. You always _______(do) your homework well. 15. I _______(be) ill. I'm staying in bed.

16. She _______(go) to school from Monday to Friday. 17. Liu Tao _______(do) not like PE.

18. The child often _______(watch) TV in the evening.

19. Su Hai and Su Yang _______(have) eight lessons this term. 20. _______ your parents _______(read) newspapers every day?? 四、按照要求改写句子

1. David watches TV every evening.(改为否定句)

___________________________________________________ 2. I do my homework every day.(改为一般疑问句，作否定回答)

________________________________________________________ ____________________________

3. She likes milk.(改为一般疑问句，作肯定回答)

_______________________________________________________ ____________________________

4. Helen likes playing computer games.(改为一般疑问句，作否定回答) ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ 5. We go to school every morning.(改为否定句)

_______________________________________________________ 6. He speaks English very well.(改为否定句)

___________________________________________________ 7. I like taking photos in the park.(对划线部分提问)

________________________________________________________ 8. Jim comes from Canada.(对划线部分提问)

___________________________________________________ 9. She is always a good student.(改为一般疑问句，作否定回答) ________________________________________________________ ________________________________

10. Tom and David like going skating.(改为否定句)

___________________________________________________ 五、改错(划出错误的地方，将正确的写在横线上)

1. Is your brother speak English? __________________ 2. Does he likes going fishing? __________________ 3. He likes play games after class. __________________ 4. Mr. Wu teaches us English. __________________ 5. She don't do her homework on Sundays. _________________ 六、一般现在时翻译练习 1.我们每天七点钟上学。

We _______ ________ _________ at seven o‘clock _________ ________. 2.教室有一些学生。

There _______ ________ _________ in the classroom. 3苏海英语说得很好。

Su Hai _______ ________ very _______. 4.高小姐教英语。

Miss Gao ________ ________. 5.我父亲起得很早。

My father _______ _______ early. 6.我们非常喜欢英语。

We _______ English _______ _______. 7.他常常步行去上学。

He usually _______ _______ _______ _______ _______. 8.他努力学习英语。

He ________ ________ hard. 9.她学英语吗？

_______ she _______ _______? 10.他是做什么工作的？

_______ is his _______? 11.他不在家里做作业。

He ________ _______ _______ _________ at home. 12.我们星期天不去学。

We _______ _______ _______ _______ on Sundays. 13.他经常十点钟睡觉。

He often _______ _______ _______ _______ ______ . 14.有时我五点钟起床。

Sometimes, I _______ _______ _______ _______. 15.他们早上七点钟去上学。

They _______ _______ _______ at seven _______ ________ _________. 频度副词：

英语中always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never等，叫做频度副词。这类词用来表示某一动作发生的频率，或某一状态出现的频率，即在一定的时间内动作重复发生或状态重复出现的次数。如： I always work hard at English.

I usually go to school at seven.

Do your friends often write to you?

Sometimes they play football on Friday.

He is seldom ill.

He never tells a lie.

二、always(100%)＞usually(80%)＞often(30-50%)＞sometimes(20%)＞seldom（很少）(5%)＞never（决不）(0%)

三、频度副词的位置

1）频度副词通常位于实义动词之前，动词be、助动词、情态动词等之后。 如：

We often get together. 我们常常聚会。

Jane usually goes to work by bike. 简通常骑自行车上班。

He sometimes goes there on business. 他有时到那里出差。

He can never understand. 他永远也不会明白的。

I shall always remember this. 我将永远记住这一点。

注：如果有两个助动词，频度副词通常放在第一个助动词后面。 We have never been invited to one of their parties. 他们聚会,一次也没邀请过我们。

She must sometimes have wanted to run away. 她有时候一定想到过要逃走。

2）、频度副词位于助动词之前两种情况

1. 为了表示强调，频度副词有时也可位于动词be、助动词、情态动词之前；此时助动词等应重读。 如：

She always was late. 她老是迟到。

I never can remember. 我永远也记不住。

He never should have joined the army. 他根本不应当参军。

3）. 在简略答语中，当频度副词与动词be、助动词或情态动词位于句末时，频度副词必须前置。 如：

―Philip is late again.‖ ―Yes, he always is.‖ ―菲利普又迟到了。‖―是的，他总是迟到。‖

―Can you park your car near the shops?‖ ―Yes. I usually can.‖ ―你可以在商店附近停车吗?‖―是的，通常可以。‖ I know I should take exercise, but I never do.

我知道我应该进行体育锻炼，但我从来没这样做过。

4）. sometimes也可放在句首、句中或句末，often也可放在句末。如： Sometimes she writes to me. 她有时候给我写信。 She writes to me often. 她经常给我写信。

四、用法

1. often, always, usually等通常和一般现在时连用，表示现在经常或反复发生的动作。如： It often rains here in April. 这儿四月份常下雨。

2. always与进行时连用时，并不强调动作正在进行，而是表示赞叹、厌烦等情绪。如： He is always thinking of others. 他总是想着别人。（赞叹）

She is always asking silly questions. 她老是问些愚蠢的问题。（厌烦）

3. 对这些频度副词提问时，用how often。如： I write to my brother sometimes.

How often do you write to your brother? 一、频度副词的概念与用法

频度副词是指表示动作发生的次数副词，常见有的never, seldom, sometimes, frequently, often, usually, always 等。

三、频度副词在否定句中的用法 在否定句中，有的频度副词位于否定词之前或之后均可，而有的频度副词则必须位于否定词之后，而还有的频度副词却必须要位于否定词。大致情况如下：

1. 频度副词usually和often可位于否定词not之前或之后。 如：

他们不常开这样的晚会。

正：They don‘t often hold such parties. 正：They often don‘t hold such parties.

星期日我们一般不在9点以前起床。

正：We don‘t usually get up before nine on Sundays. 正：We usually don‘t get up before nine on Sundays.

在否定句中，频度副词用于句中或句首，有时但会导致意思不同。 如：

He doesn‘t usually sleep for two days at a time. 他很少一连睡两天。

Usually he doesn‘t sleep for two days at a time. 他连续两天不睡觉是常事。

2. 频度副词always总是位于否定词之后，不可位于否定句之前。 如：

Things are not always what they seem to be. 外表往往是靠不住的。

Silence must not always be read as consent. 沉默并不见得一定意味着同意。

3. 频度副词sometimes总是位于否定词之前，不可位于否定词之后。 如：

Jim is sometimes not very punctual. 吉姆有时不太准时。

Debbie is sometimes not responsible for what she does. 戴比有时对她所做的事不负责任。

四、频度副词位于句末的用法 1.sometimes常可用于句末。 如：

We all get into trouble sometimes. 我们有时都会遇到麻烦。

You can‘t work all the time—it does you good to go out and enjoy yourself sometimes. 你不能总是工作，有时出去放松一下会对你有好处。

2. often有时可置于句末，但通常会带有very, quite, fairly, more, so等修饰语。如： We‘ve been there quite often. 经常去那里。

When I was young, I used to play tennis very often. 我年轻时经常打网球。

Diana used to travel a lot. These days she doesn‘t go away so often. 戴安娜过去经常旅游。最近她不常出门了。

We‘re not exactly on intimate terms, but we see each other fairly often. 我们虽算不上关系密切，但还常见面。

注：有时也可不带修饰语，但主要见于否定句或疑问句。 如：

He writes to me often. 他经常给我写信。

Do you come here often?

你常来这儿吗?

I don‘t come here often. 我不常来这儿。

3. usually有时也用于句末，其前不用修饰语。 如：

I‘m not late, usually. 我通常不迟到。

I get paid on Fridays usually. 我通常在星期五领工资。

4. seldom 一般不用于句末，除非其前带有only, very等修饰。 如：

We go out very seldom. 我们绝少外出。

I play basketball very seldom indeed. 我很少打篮球。

5. always一般不用于句末，偶尔用于句末，此时它不表法―总是‖，而表示―永远‖。 如：

I‘ll love you always. 我将永远爱你。

另外，有时用于句末是因为句子有所省略的缘故。 如：

Generally they walked together on Sunday, but not always. 他们一般在星期日一起散步，但并不总是如此。

句中的but not always=but they didn‘t always walk together on Sunday。

五、频度副词位于句首的用法

1. sometimes常可用于句首。 如：

Sometimes she comes late. 有时她来得晚。

Sometimes she didn‘t agree with me. 有时她和我意见不一致。

Sometimes we get a lot of rain in August. 有时在8月份雨水很大。

2. often用于句首时，通常表示强调，且其前一般有quite, very修饰。 如：

Very often he comes in late. 他常常迟到。

Quite often the phone rings when I‘m in the bath. 电话经常在我洗澡时响。

3. usually有时也用于句首，其前不用修饰语。

如：

Usually I get up early. 我平时起得早。

Sometimes he comes by bus, but usually he comes by taxi. 有时他坐公共汽车来，不过他通常还是打的来。

Usually cooking pots have two small handles but pans have one long handle. 通常地深底煮锅有两只把手而平底锅只有一个长长的把手。

4. always一般不用于句首，除非是用在祈使句中。 如：

Always remember this. 请时刻记住这一点。

Always look in the mirror before starting to drive. 一定要先看看反光镜再开车。

另外，never也可用于祈使句的句首。 如：

Never tell him the news. 千万不要告诉他这消息。

Never ask her about her marriage. 决不要问她结婚的事。

5. 在正式文体中，表示否定意义的副词seldom, never可位于句首，但此时其后要用倒装语序。 如：

Seldom has there been such a happy meeting. 过去很少有过这样愉快的会议。

Never did he think the book would be finished so soon. 他可没想到这本书会这么快看完。 Module 2 The natural world I名词

一、名词的数

1．名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词又分为单数名词和复数名词 1.1 可数名词复数的规则变化 条件 一般情况 变化 例词 词尾直接加 -s Book——book Cap——caps bus-buses watch-watches box—boxes 注意 以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词 词尾加 -es Stomach-- Stomachs 部分以-f，-fe结尾的把-f，-fe改为Self---selves 词 v再加-es Thief---thieves Knife---knives 有些以f结尾的单词变为复数时，只能加s，例如：roof-roofs Belief-beliefs Proof—proofs 均可,如： handkerchief: Handkerchiefs 或Handkerchieves 以元音加y结尾的词在y后直接加s例如：boy—boys Day---days 部分以辅音字母加o词尾加es 结尾的名词 Country---countries Potato—potatoes Hero—heroes Radio—radios Tomato—tomatoes Piano—pianos Negro--negroes Zoo—zoos Photo--photos 巧记妙记：两人两菜，一句话：negroes and heroes like to eat potatoes and tomatoes.(黑人和英雄喜欢吃土豆和西红柿。

1.2名词复数的不规则变化

1）child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women

注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。

如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是

姓，其复数是the Bowmans。 2）单复同形 如：

deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin

但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters

一般指有生命的名词加es，无生命的名词加s，例如： 以辅音字母加y结尾把y改i加es 的词 Baby---babies Story---stories

3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。

如： people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说 a person，a policeman，a head of cattle,the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，

the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。 如： The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：

a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。

c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。

The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。 \ <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。

5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes

若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes

（各种）鱼 1.3不可数名词量的表示 1）物质名词

a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。

比较： Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数) b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。 This factory produces steel. (不可数) We need various steels. (可数) c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。

Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。 Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。

2） 抽象名词有时也可数。 four freedoms 四大自由

the four modernizations四个现代化

物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。 如：

a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice 一条建议

1.4定语名词的复数

名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 1) 用复数作定语。

如：sports meeting 运动会

students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌

the foreign languages department 外语系

2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如：men workers women teachers gentlemen officials

3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 如：goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产

customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷

4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如：two-dozen eggs 两打/（二十四个鸡蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划

个别的有用复数作定语的，如： a seven-years child 1.5同国家的人的单复数

名称 总称(谓语用复数） 一个人 两个人 中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss

英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen 法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen

澳大利亚人the Australians an Australian two Australians 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians 希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks 美国人 the Americans an American two Americans 印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans

瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 巧记口诀：中日（加瑞士）不变，英法变，其余s加后面。

2. 不可数名词：一般指物质名词，抽象名词和专有名词等。通常没有复数形式。其前不加冠词a/an 或

数词。 但是可用some，any，a lot of，a little等词修饰。 不可数名词的数

（1） 可以用some，any，a lot of，lots of ，a little，little （2） 数词+容器+of+不可数名词

A glass of water---two glasses of water

二. 名词的所有格

名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系，作定语用。

1. 有生命名词的所有格一般在词尾加上―?‖或―?s‖。如：Tom‘s bike, Engles‘s （Engles‘） works, a works‘ school, Women‘s Day, the editor-in-chief‘s office

2. 如果一个事物为两个人所有，只在后一个名词的词尾加―?s‖，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾都加上―?s‖。如：Tom and Mike‘s room.（共有），Tom‘s and Mike‘s books.（不共有）。

3. 表示时间、距离、国家、城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加―?s‖或―?‖表示所有格，如：today‘s papers, ten minutes‘ walk

4. 表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格之后省去shop, house, home。如：the tailor‘s

5. 无生命名词的所在格通常用of短语来表示。如：the window of the room

6. 表示有生命的名词有时也可用of短语来表示所有关系，而且当该名词带有较长的定语时。如：the teachers of the No. 1 Middle School.

7. 双重所有格结构前的被修饰名词通常指整体中的部分或一个，双重所有格只能用于有生命的名词，这个名词是确定的。被修饰名词前有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时，一般只能用双重所有格。如：an old friend of my uncle‘s, a daughter of Mrs Green‘s, the house of one of my friends

（六）名词的普通格作定语

表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定语，一般用单数形式。

eg. stone figures（石像）；paper money（纸币）；country music（乡村音乐）；table cloth（桌布）；river bank（河岸）；school gate（校门口）；book stores（书店）；traffic lights（交通灯）；summer holidays（暑假）；evening dress（晚礼服）。

但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。

eg. sports meet（运动会）；the United States government（美国政府）；students reading-room（学生阅览室）；goods train（货车）；two men doctors（两个男医生）。 重难点讲解：

1. I found her sitting in the corner, reading _____ newspaper, with _____ in her eyes. A. a, tear B. a piece of, tears C. a, tears D. a piece of, tear

2. Her father works as a ______ in a hotel and her mother a ______ in a private company. A. cooker, typewriter B. cook, typist

C. cooker, typist D. cook, typewriter

3. ―Why couldn‘t they meet us at five o‘clock?‖ ―Because they were delayed by ________.‖ A. heavy traffic B. heavy traffics C. crowded traffic D. crowded traffics She is not a competent driver and can‘t cope with driving in _______. A. heavy traffic B. heavy traffics C. crowded traffic D. crowded traffics 4. In fact, _______ one cause that leads to the problem. A. cattle is B. cattle are C. cattles are D. the cattles are 5. By all _______, you must try every _______ to help him. A. mean, mean B. means, means C. means, mean D. mean, means

6. Jim is ______ person, and everyone is willing to be ______ with him. A. so kind a, friends B. so a kind, friends C. so kind a, friend D. so a kind, friend

He has made friends with everyone here. 他与这儿的每个人交上了朋友。 7. We already have ______ pencils, but we need two ______ pens. A. dozen of, dozen B. dozens of, dozens C. dozens of, dozen D. dozens of, dozen of 8. She raised her finger to her lips as _____ for silence. A. an idea B. a mark C. a sign D. a word

9. ―May I take your order now?‖ ―We‘d like three black _______ and two green _______.‖ A. coffee, cups of teas B. coffees, teas

C. cups of coffee, tea D. cup of coffees, teas 10. _____ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A. Walk B. Walking C. The walk D. To walk 【典型例题】

1. Ten years had passed. I found she had _______. A. a few white hairs B. a little white hair C. some white hair D. more fifty hair 2.—Hi, this way, please.

—OK.I sometimes have no sense of ______ when I arrive at the crossroad. A. position B. direction C. situation D. condition

3. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first ________.

A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire

4. I didn‘t have to work all weekend — I did it by _______.

A. chance B. choice C. accident D. myself

5. ―Did you get _____ to the party?‖ ―Yes, I replied to it this morning.‖ A. an answer B. an invitation C. a question D. a letter

6. I paid him ￡50 for the painting, but its true ______ must be at least ￡500. A. price B. money C. value D. importance

7. His letter was so confusing that I could hardly make any ______ of it. A. explanation B. meaning C. sense D. guess

8. You‘ve just missed your ______, and you will have to wait for the next round. A. chance B. turn C. time D. part 9. —Li Lin is very bright and studies hard as well.

—It‘s no ______ he always gets the first place in any examination. A. question B. doubt C. problem D. wonder 10. —How can I use this washing machine? —Well, just refer to the _______.

A. explanations B. expressions C. introductions D. directions

11. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______. A. rooms number B. room number C. room‘s numbers D. room numbers 12. —Hello, I‘d like to speak to Henry.

—Oh, which _______? There are two ______ in our office. A. Henrys, Henrys B. Henries, Henries C. Henry, Henrys D. Henrys, Henries

13. Electricity, like other forms of ______, has greatly increased in price in recent years. A. pressure B. force C. strength D. energy

14. In order to learn the _______ of the family business, Bill took a job as messenger boy in one of the offices.

A. ins and outs B. dos and don‘ts C. heads and tails D. t‘s and i‘s 15. —I‘ve got an ―A‖ in the examination.

—That‘s a good ______. You will surely win a second. A. result B. news C. start D. idea

（1）Some countries are increasing their use of natural gas, and other forms of ______. A. source B. material C. power D. energy

（2）The ______ has become extremely tense. A war could break out any time between the two sides. A. pollution B. friendship

C. condition D. situation

II. there be结构讲与练

―there be‖ 结构在英语中表示某处有某物。there 之后除了可以用is, was, are, were外，还可以用其他含有be的各种谓语表现形式。这种结构在英语中应用非常广泛。现将其用法归纳总结如下： 一、―there be‖ 之后如有一系列事物，be 应与靠 近的一个名词保持数的一致 例There is a book, two pens and some pictures on the table. There are dozens of students and a teacher in the classroom.

二、―there be\ 结构中的谓语动词可以是―be going to ( seem to , happen to , used to , be likely to …) ‖+ 动词原形

例There happened to be a car nearby. There is likely to be a meeting at 5. 三、―ｔhere be‖结构中还可以用be以外的不及物动词，如 live , exist , stand , lie , remain , go, come 等 例There stands a tall tree on the top of the mountain. There lies a small river between the two hills.

四、 ―There be‖结构中的谓语动词有时可用被动形式 例There was said to be troops on the frontiers .

There was said to be a number of the wounded on both sides.

五、― there be‖ 结构的非限定形式there to be， there being， 它们可作主语，宾语或状语 1. 作主语

―there being‖ 可起名词作用， 直接位于句首作主语； there to be + 名词词组作主语， 通常用for 引导。

例There being a bus stop near the house is a great advantage. It is impossible for there to be any more. 2. 作宾语

(1) 作动词宾语时，通常用―there to be‖ 结构 。能这样用的及物动词为数有限，常见的有 expect, like， mean, intend ,want , prefer, hate等。 例We expect there to be no argument.

Would you like there to be a picture on the wall?

(2) 作介词宾语时，如果介词是for，便只能用―there to be‖结构，否则多用―there being‖结构。 例The teacher was waiting for there to be complete silence. The secretary arranged for there to be another interview. 3. 作状语

用作状语的there be非谓语形式，通常用there being结构。 例There being nobody in the room, he didn‘t go in.

There being no further business, the chairman closed the meeting. 注意：如果句中出现for时应用there to be 例It was too late for there to be any buses. It‘s too early for there to be anybody up. 【巩固练习】

1. It isn‘t cold enough for there ____ a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim‘s car out quite safely. A. to be B. would be C. being D. was

2. --Did you hear about the fire down the street? --There ___a lot of news about it on TV last night. A. was B. had

C. is D. were

3. There ____ many changes in the village recently. A. is B. are

C. have been D. to be

4. There ___nobody else at hand, I had to do it by myself. A. being B. was C. have D. to be

5. We have no objection to ____a meeting here. A. there to be B. there being C. there is D. there having

6. I don‘t expect there ____ any misunderstanding. A. is B. to be C. being D. will be

7. Bill was relying on ____ another chance. A. there to be B. there is C. there have D. there being

8. There ____ a dictionary is very helpful to the students of English. A. is B. to be C. being D. have

9. There used to be a temple here, _____? A. usedn‘t it B. used there C. didn‘t it D. didn‘t there

10. There ____a meeting tonight. A. is going be B. is going to have C. is going to D. is going to be

11. We don‘t want ____ to be any student lagging behind. A. it B. that C. there D. this

12. There ____so few people in the streets was unusual. A. to be B. is C. was D. being

13. There ___ a time when they were good friends. A. is coming B. come C. to be D. comes

14. There is now some hope of ____ a settlement of the dispute. A. to be B . there to be C. there being D. being

15. It would be surprising for_______ no objections. A. to be B. there to be C. there being D. there having 16. There ______ much to be done. A. remain B. remaining C. remains D. to remain

17. There ______to be more discussions. A. was expected B. expecting C. expects D. was exoecting

18. People don't want ______ another war.

A. being B. there is

C. will be D. there to be

19. He was disappointed at ______so few friends present at his birthday party. A. there is B. there to be C. there being D. have

20.______ nothing else to do, we went home. A. Will be B. There being C. There to be D. Is there

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