高考英语语法图表总结 重点

一、冠词

冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。

I. 不定冠词的用法 1 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。 3 表示“每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age. — Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith? 5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质—Sorry, wrong number. There isn't______ Mr. Smith here. 的人或事 A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one That boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷锋） 6 用于固定词组中 a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one. 8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. success(抽象名词)→a success(具体化) 成功的人或事 9 用于抽象名词具体化的名词前 a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事 a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的事 a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识

II. 定冠词的用法

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In many places in China, ___ bicycle is still ___ popular means of 1 表示某一类人或物 transportation. A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于演奏乐器 play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded —Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please? 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”（对比上文的不定冠词用法5） —Sorry, we don’t have ____ Johnson here in the village. A. the; the B. the; a C. /; the D. the; / 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s(二十世纪九十年代) 11 用于表示度量单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour. 12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词 He patted me on the shoulder.

III. 不用冠词（又名零冠词）的用法

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专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等1 名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 2 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? 3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America. 5 表示球类，棋类等运动的名词前 He likes playing football/chess. We went right round to the west coast by ______ sea instead of driving across 6 与by连用表示交通方式的名词前 ______ continent. A. the; the B.不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填 7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.

II. 名词的数

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规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表 规 则 例 词 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species 3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, 复数（成员） government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮6 复数形式表示特别含义 料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 7 表示“某国单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 人” 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 8 合成名词 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants

III. 主谓一致 规情 况 举 例

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则 His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或语 从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为What he said is very important for us all. 复数时，谓语动词 由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用 用复数形式。 单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复 数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。 法 what I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful for you. Lucy and Lily are twins The writer and artist has come. 一 由连接词and或both?and连接起来的主语后面，Every student and every teach is in the classroom. 要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是Many a boy and many a girl likes it. 指同一个人或物 No boy and no girl likes it. 时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here 致 列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more today? than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is 用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数matter 名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就原 都作单数看待。. 要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单 数或复数都可以。 None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America. Those who want to go please write their names on the 则 在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语blackboard. 时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。 He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard. 在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致 It is I who am going to the cinema tonight. It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.

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The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) 数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复His family are watching TV.（他的家人） 数形式 Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生） There are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the 50 percent of the students in our class are girls. rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数），但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。 定（用单数）。 A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples. The number of pages in this book is three hundred. There comes the bus. On the wall are many 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致 pictures. Such is the result. Such are the facts. Between the two hills stands a monument. 逻 Which is your bag? Which are your bags? Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a 辑 What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，pen? 也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。 All can be done has been done. All is going well. 意 All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing. 义 表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，Thirty minutes is enough for the work.. 一 谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词Twenty pounds is too dear. 在概念上是一个整体。 如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式 Forty kilos of water are used every day.

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致 若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，The United States is smaller than China. 其谓语动词通常用单数形式。 “The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book. 原 表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主 语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 One and a half apples is left on the table. 则 一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词， 年。 它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 I don’t think physics is easy to study. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) My glasses are broken. pair of 等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of 修饰）谓The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 语动词用单数。 “定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用The old are taken good care of there. 复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。 The beautiful gives pleasure to all. 当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but Either the teacher or the students are our friends. also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保Neither he nor they are wholly right. 持一致,即就近一致。 Neither they nor he is wholly right. Is neither he nor they wholly right? 就 there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主There are two chairs and a desk in the room. 近 语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠There is a desk and two chairs in the room. /远 近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。 一 Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come 致 to China. 原 主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as A woman with a baby was on the bus. 则 well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， She, like you and Tom, is very tall. 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。 The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese. No one except my teachers knows anything about it.

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II. 不定代词用法注意点 类 别 区 别 例 句 ①We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found ___ we like yet. one可以泛指人或者事（东西），A.one B.ones C.it D.them ②Cars do cause us some health problems — in fact far more serious one, some， 其复数为ones _______ than mobile phones do. any和it A.one B.ones C.it D.those some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建—Your coffee smells great! —It’s from Mexico．Would you like ________? 议，请求等 A.it B.some C.this D.1ittle

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①I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, some 和any修饰可数名词单数if any. 时，some表示某个，any表示任②—Which of the three ways shall I take to the village? 何一个 —________way as you please. A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Either one指同类中的一个，it指代同—There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and 一种类的东西。此外it还可以作borrow ? 形式主语、形式宾语和用于强调—No, I’d rather buy in the bookstore. 句型中。 A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;it ①There’s ________cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get ________. A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any C.a little,some D.a little,any some多用于肯定句，any多用于②We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for 疑问句和否定句 ________. A.none B.either C.any D.each ③He doesn’t have _________ furniture in his room --just an old desk. A. any B. many C. some D. much each强调个别，代表的数可以是①Each student has a pocket dictionary. each和两个或两个以上，而every强调Each (of us) has a dictionary. = We each have a dictionary. every 整体，所指的数必须是三个或三②Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong 个以上 and weak points. no等于not any，作定语。nonenone和no 作主语或宾语，代替不可数名①There is no water in the bottle. 词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，②How much water is there in the bottle? None. 谓语单复数皆可以 ③None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.

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other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他 词连用，如：the other day, every other ①Both sides have accused of breaking the contract. week, someother reason, no A. another B. the other C. neither D. each ②Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. other和other way, another the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others another指“又一个，另一个”①We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so let’s have ______ 无所指， one this month． 复数形式是others，泛指“别的A．the other B．some C．another D．other 人或 ②The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. 事” ③Some like football, while others like basketball. ①—Do you want tea or coffee? — ______, I really don't mind. either和前者意思为：两者都（两者中任A. none B. neither C. either D. all neither 何一方都）；后者意思为：②It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which _____ of the 两者都 parents spoke the language. A. none B. neither C. both D. each

四、形容词和副词 I. 形容词

1.形容词的位置：形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况下后置 1 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible 2 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 the best book available, the only solution possible 3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等作定语时后置 the only person awake 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long

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5 成对的形容词可以后置 6 形容词短语一般后置 a huge room simple and beautiful a man difficult to get on with ______to take his adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.(NMET2000) enough修饰名词时可以前置也可以后置，但修饰形容词或副7 A.Brave enough students B.Enough breave 词时要后置 students C.Students brave enough D.Students enough brave 注意：多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序 熟记口诀就可以顺利解题：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。

规则：限定语（The、A）+ 描绘性形容词 + size（小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+ color（颜色）+ origin（国籍、来源）+ material

（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词。

▲This ________ girl is Linda’s cousin. (05北京卷)

A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish

III. 形容词和副词的比较等级

形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。 项 目 例 句 She is as tall as her mother. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as… I am not as/ so good a player as you are. 双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级 （+ This picture is more beautiful than that one. than）” I have never seen such a more interesting film (than this one). 的结构表示。要注意题干中将比较的另一方阴藏起来的情况。 表示一方不及另一方时，用“less + 原级 + than”This room is less beautiful than that one.

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的结构表示 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型 The harder you work, the more progress you will make I have never spent a more worrying day. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思 我从来没有度过这样令人烦恼的一天。 （意为：我度过了最为令人烦恼的一天。） 表达法一：A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B. The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one. 这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高）/这座新楼比那座旧楼大（高）三倍。 表达法二：A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B. Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亚洲是欧洲的四倍大/亚洲比欧洲大三倍。 倍数的表达 表达法三：A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B. Your school is three times bigger than ours. 你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。 用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double. 注意：1. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal； 2. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect，superior,junior等。 七、非谓语动词

非谓语动词的语法功能 宾语补足定语 所能充当的成分 主语 表语 宾语 状语 语 现在分 △ △ △ △ 词 V-ing形式 动名词 △ △ △ △ 不定式（to do） 过去分词(done) △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ 注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分 generally speaking一般说来；frankly speaking坦白地说；judging from/by...根据……来判断；considering.../taking...into consideration考虑到……； to tell you the truth说实话；seeing...考虑到……；supposing假设，如果；providing如果；given考虑到，鉴于；provided that如果

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非谓语动词的形式变化 非谓语 构成 形式 时态 语态 主动 被动 复合结构 否定式 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to have done to have been 不定式 done for sb. to do sth. 在“to”前加not 完成式 to be doing / 或 完成 of sb. to do sth. 或never 进行式 to have been doing / 一般式 doing being done 在前加not 动名词 完成式 having done having been sb.作主语要用或sb’s doing 特别注意复合结构的否定式： done sb’s doing sb’s not doingsb’s not having done 现在分词 与动名词变化形式相同 在前加not

非谓语语法功能的比较 做宾语的非谓语动词比较 情况 常用动词 只接不定式 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, 做宾语的动词 promise, happen 只接动名词 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist 做宾语的动词或短语 feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to 两begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue （接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习者意义基本相惯行为）都同 可need, want, require义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）（主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，接动名词主动形式表示被动意 以 意义相反 stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事

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remember/forget/regret to do发生） （指动作尚未go on to doremember/forget/regret doing（指动作已go on doing（接着做另外一件事）（接着做同一件事） 经发生） 意义不同 try to dotry doing（设法，努力去做，尽力）（试试去做，看有何结果） mean to domean doing （打算做，企图做） can’t help be considered to have done（意思是，意味着） can’t help doing（to）（忍不住要做） do（不能帮忙做） consider…to beconsider doing考虑做某事认为是 被认为已经做了

非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别 分 类 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例 句 ask, beg, expect, get, 不定式 order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系，强调动作将发生或已经完成 I asked to be sent to the countryside. I heard him call me several times. have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 现在分notice, see, watch, hear, 主谓关系，强调动作正在进行，尚未完I found her listening to the radio. 词 find, keep, have, feel 成 过去分词 动宾关系，动作已经完成，多强调状态 We found the village greatly changed. IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别 分 类 区 别 例 句

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与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进I have a lot of papers to type. 不定式 行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 I have a lot of papers to be typed. I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.(介词at不能丢) 动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的主谓关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool? 现在分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country 过去分词 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语the falling leaves/the fallen leaves 动作之前，现已经完成或只表示状态 注意：the bridge to be built 将建造的桥, the bridge being built 正在建造的桥,the bridge built已经建好的桥

八、情态动词

I.情态动情态动词基本用法 词 用 法 否定式 疑问式 简答式 can 能力（体力，智力，技能） 允许或许可（口语中常can not / cannot 用） /can’t do Yes,…can. could 可能性（表猜测，用于否Can…do…? No,…can’t. 定句或疑问句中） couldn’t do may 可以（问句中表示请求）May…do…? Yes,…may.可能，或许（表推测） may not do No,…mustn’t/can’t. might 祝愿（用于倒装句中） might not do Might…do…? Yes,…mightNo,…might not. 必须，应该（表主观要求） must 肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测） must not/mustn’t do Must…do…? to. Yes,…must.No,…needn’t/don’t have

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只好，不得不（客观的必have to 须，有时态和人称的变Yes,…do.化） don’t have to do Do…have to do…? No,…don’t. ought 应当（表示义务责任，口to 语中多用should） ought not Yes,…ought.用于一三人称征求对方to/oughtn’t to do Ought…to do…?No,…oughtn’t. shall 意见 用于二三人称表示许诺、shall not/shan’t do Shall…do…? Yes,…shall.命令、警告、威胁等 No,…shan’t. should 应当，应该（表义务责任） 本该（含有责备意味） should not/shouldn’t will 意愿，决心do Should…do…? will not/won’t dowould 请求，建议，用在问句中 would比较委婉 would not/wouldn’t Yes,…will.do Will/Would…do…? No,…won’t. dare 敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中） dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…? Yes,…dare.No,…daren’t. need 需要,必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中） need not/needn’t do Need…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t. used Yes,…used. used to 过去常常（现在已不再） not/usedn’t/usen’t to do Used…to do…? No,…use(d)n’t.didn’t use to do Did…use to do…? Yes,…did. No,…didn’t.

II.情态动词的重点知识 A computer_____think for itself; it must be told what to 表示能力的情态动词用can/could do. A.can’t B.mustn’t C.may not D.might not 表示“能力、许可”表示许可时用may/might ,can/could 都可以，但在问①—Could I call you by your first name? —Yes, 的can和句中用could…?或might…？ 以使口气委婉客气，其you____ A.will B.could C.may may 回答一定要用can或may，以使回答口气明确（mustD.might 表示一定，必须，mustn’t表示禁止，不许可）。 ②Johnny, you_____play with the knife, you_____hurt yourself. A.won’t/can’t B.mustn’t/may C.shouldn’t/must D.can’t/shouldn’t

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The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but 在肯定句中could不可以用来表示过去某一特定场everyone_____get out. 合的能力，而要用was/were able to。 A.had to B.would C.could D.was able to Peter______come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure 在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上must语yet. 气最肯定,may表示的是事实上的可能性。 A.must B.may C.can D.will 而can表示的是逻辑上的可能性： 表示“推Mary is in poor health. She can be ill at any times. 断、判断”在否定句中只能用can和may。所以can’t时用以代的can 替mustn’t，语气比may更肯定。中文可以翻译为不Michael______be a policeman, for he’s much too short. may, 可能。 A.needn’t B.can’t C.should D.may must He may be very busy now. 在疑问句只能用can，不能用may和must。 Can he be very busy now? He must be very busy now. Can he be very busy now? need need作为情态动词只有一种形式，只用于否定句和疑问句。 dare作为情态动词用时有两种形式：dare和daredIf he dare come,I will kick him out. I don’t know dare 两个词形，除了可以用于否定句和疑问句外，还可whether he dare say. 以用于条件从句或表示怀疑的句子中。 注意:He doesn’t dare(to)answer the question.（否定句） Does she dare(to)enter the dark room?（疑问句） 用于第一人称：征求对方的意见。 What shall we do this evening? shall You shall fail if you don’t work harder. 警告 用于第二、三人称：警告、命令、允诺、威胁等。 He shall have the book when I finish reading.允诺 He shall be punished.威胁 should 劝告、建议、命令、应该做、道义上的责任。 You should(ought to) go to class right away. I should(ought to) help him because he is in trouble. 请求、建议，would比will委婉客气。 Would you pass me the book? will/ 表示意志、愿望和决心。 I will never do that again. would They asked us if we would do that again would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。 During the vacation he would visit me every week The wound would not heal.（伤口老是不能愈合）

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would表示估计或猜想。 It would be about ten when he left home. What would she be doing there? could+have done：本可以做而实际上未能做。 You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best. cannot+ have done测。 ：表示对现在或过去行为的否定推He cannot have been to that town. can+肯定（用在疑问句中）主语+ have done：表示对过去行为的怀疑或不。 Can he have got the book? might(may)+ have doneHe may not have finished the work. 的推测。 ：对过去发生的行为不太肯定If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier. 情态动词must+ have done+have 其否定式为：cannot have done：对过去发生的行为肯定的推测。。 You must have seen the film. You cannot have seen the film. done用法 的You needn’t have watered the flowers,for it is going to needn’t+了。 have done：本来不必要做的而实际上又做rain. 注意：didn’t need to(have to)do： 没有必要做而实际上也没有做 I didn’t need to clean the windows.My sister dhours ago. id it 2 should(ought to)+ have done：本来应该做而实际上又You should have started earlier, but you didn’t.She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape, 没有做。其否定形式表示某中行为不该发生却发生了。 for I worked to use it. 注意：He should have finished the work by now.（表推测） 虚拟语气 类 别 用 法 例 句 与现在事实从句动词：过去式（be用were） 相反 主句动词：should/would/could/might+do If he were here, he would help us. 与过去事实从句动词：had+done If引导的 相反 主句动词：If I had been free,I would have visited you. 条件从句 should/would/could/might+have+done 从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形与将来事实/were+to do If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go 相反 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动camping. 词原形

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省略if的虚拟条件将虚拟条件从句中的were，had,should放到主语之前，构①Should he come ,tell him to ring me up. 句 成主谓倒装 ②Were I you,I would not do it. ③Had I been free,I would have visited you. ①If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now. 不同时间的虚拟：各遵守各的规则 ②If he had told me yesterday,I should know what to do now. 混合虚拟③If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday 条件句 party. ①He could have passed the exam,but he wasn’t 虚拟与陈述的混合：各遵守各的规则 careful enough. ②You should have come earlier.The bus left a moment ago. ---But for your timely warning,we ______ into great trouble. but for+名词表示虚拟条件 ---You know we’re friends. A. would get B. must have got C. would have got D. can’t have got without+名词表示虚拟条件 Without the air to hold some of the sun's heat, the earth at night would be freezing cold. 含蓄虚拟 动词不定式表示虚拟条件 句子或主句中的谓语动It would be only partly right to follow in this way.如词的形式视具体情况而果用这种方式，仅仅对了一半。 条件句 现在分词表示虚拟条件 定。这是考查考生应变Having known in time ,we might have prevented 能力的最佳试题。 the accident. 过去分词表示虚拟条件 Given more attention, the tree could have grown better. 副词otherwise表示虚拟条件 I was too busy at that time.Otherwise,I would have called you. 连词but连接的句子表示虚拟He _____fatter but he eats too little . 条件 A. would become B. would have become C. must become D. must have become

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as if/as though引导的状语从句中动词用did或had＋done①与现在事实相反 或would／could／might＋do。 He talks as if he knew where she was． 注意：as if/as though引导的状语从句中也可以用陈述语②与过去事实相反 气： He talks about Rome as if he had been there 其它 当说话者认为所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的before. 状语从句 事实时： ③与将来事实相反 It sounds as if it is raining．听起来像是在下雨。 He opened his mouth as if he would say He talks as if he is drunk．从他谈话的样子看他是醉了。 something. in order that/so that引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/ might/ would等+do Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly. demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为He suggested that we not change our mind. 宾语从句 should+do wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和I wish I could be a pop singer. should/would+do表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反 I wish I would have gone to Shanghai last month. 在It is necessary / important / strange that… 主语从句 It is suggested / demanded/ ordered / requested that…等从It is strange that such a person should be our 句中， friends. 谓语动词用should+do It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+do It’s high time that we left/should leave. 其它 would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式 I would rather you stayed at home now. 句型中 If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望 If only our dream had come true!

十、名词性从句 种类 关联词 例 句 说 明 主 That he will come and help you is certain. that 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。 that在引导主语从句时不可省去 语 连 主语从句中只能用whether不可用if。 词 Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting 从 whether question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。

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句 连接who what What he wants to tell us is not clear他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 . 主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重，因此代词 which whatever Who will win the match is still unknown. 一般 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 连接when It is known to us how he became a writer. 把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词“it”来where 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 作形式主语。 副词 why Where the English evening will be held has not yet how been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 陈述 I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的。 that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正意义 that We must never think(that) we are good in everything 式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句 while others are good in nothing. 时,第二个分句前的that不可省。 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。 I wonder whether he will come or not. whether常与or not连用，不能用if代替。 我想知道他来还是不来。 作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。 Everything depends on whether we have enough 从句是否定句时一般用if引导。 疑问money. 意义 if whether 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I don’t know if(whether) it is interesting.我不知道它是否有意思。 He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.宾 否好。 他不在乎天气是语 从 who, Please tell me what you want.请告诉我你需要什句 whom, 么？ which,whose, She always thinks of 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 how she can work well. 特殊疑问what, when, She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。 宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾意义where, why, 语。 how,whoever, whatever, whichever 如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式We must make it clear that anyone who 注1 breaks the law will be punished. 宾语，将从句后置。 我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。

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think,believe,imagine,suppose注2 句，要将从句中的否定形式，移到主句中。等动词引出的宾语从 We don’t think you are 对。 right. 我们认为你不I don’t believe he will do so. 这样做的。 我相信他不会连词 that The problem is(that) they can’t get here early whether enough. as if 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。 It looks as if it’s going to rain.看起来天要下雨。 在非正式的文体中that可以省去 表 语 连接who That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 从 代词 what The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker 句 which . 问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。 连接when where This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 表语从句位于主句系动词之后 副词 why how That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 The news that he had landed on the moon spread all 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容，over the world. 他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世常用的名词如：fact, news, idea, hope, 界。同 由连词that引I have no idea when he will come back home. thought,question, order, fear, doubt, word, proof， belief, story等。 位 导，不担任成分，我不知道他什么时候回来。 语 也可有when, 从 how, where等引The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 句 导。 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。 特别注意what的双重功能： ①What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality．

(what为“所……的事”，相当于“the thing that…；all that…；everything that…”)

②After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．（M ET'93） A.what B.when C.that D.which (what相当于“the time that”，表示“……时间”)

③He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？ (what表示“……的人”，相当于“the person that…”)

④What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world．

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(what表示“……的地方”，相当于“the place that…”) ⑤Our income is now double what it was ten years ago

(what表示“……的数目”，相当于“the amount ／number that…”)

十一、状语从句 种 类 从属连词 例 句 说 明 When I came into the room, he was writing a letter.当我进屋when指的是“某一具体的时间” When 时，他正在写信。 whenever指的是“在任何时间” whenever We shall go there whenever we are free.我们什么时间有空，时 我们就去那里。 间 I was walking along the street when suddenly someone when意为“这时”或“在那个时候”,状 when patted me on the shoulder from behind.我正在街上走着，这可以看作是并列句,这种用法的when从 时忽然有人从后面拍我的肩膀。 分句一般位于句末。 While it was raining, they went out.天下雨的时候，他们出去while指“在某一段时间里”，“在?期while 了。 间”，while引导的动作必须是持续性I stayed while he was away.他不在的时候我在。 的

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as He hurried home, looking behind as he went. as引导持续性动作，强调主句和从句他赶快回家，不时地一边走一边向后看。 的动作同时发生 before Be a pupil before you become a teacher.先做学生，再做先 生。 after He arrived after the game started.比赛开始后，他到了。 till We waited till (until)he came back .我们一直等到他回来。 如主句动词是持续性动作，常用肯定式，表示“直到?为止” She didn’t stop working until eleven o’clock .她到11点钟才如主句动词是瞬间动词，常用否定式，until 停止工作。 表示“直?才”“在?以前不”,从句Until he had passed out of sight, she stood there. 放在句首表示强调，一般用until 她站在那里看着，直到看不见他的身影。 since Great changes have taken place in China since 1978. 状语从句在主句之前时一般用逗号与 自从1978年以来中国发生了巨大的变化。 主句分开，如从句在主句之后则不必as soon as As soon as I arrive in Shanghai, I’ll write to you.我一到上海就用标点符号。 给你写信。 I had hardly got home when it began to rain. hardly?when和no sooner?than的意我刚一到家，就下雨了。=Hardly had I got home when it 义相当于as soon as,但只表示过去发hardly?when began to rain. 生的事情，主句为过去完成时，从句 No sooner had we got to the station than the train left. 为过去时，如hardly或no sooner位于no sooner?than 我们刚到车站，火车就走了。 句首时语气强，而且主句的谓语要用Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.我们刚开始部分倒装 就被叫停。 Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick.我每次乘船都晕在时间状语从句中，不能用将来时或船。 过去将来时，而要用现在时或过去时every time, by the The moment I heard the song, I felt cheerful. 代替将来时 time, the moment等 我一听到这首歌，就感到很愉快。 Next time you come ,you’ll see him.下次你来的时候，就会见到他。 地 where Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。 where与wherever意义基本相同，但点 Where there is water there is life.哪里有水，哪里就有生命。 后者语气较强，多用于书面语 状 wherever You are free to go wherever you like.你可以随意到你喜欢的

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从 任何地方去。 Wherever you go, you must obey the law.无论你去哪都要遵守法律。 because I came back late yesterday because I was on duty.昨天我回来because用来回答why 的问题，语气晚了，因为我值班。 最强 since Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.既然大家都since表示既然或全已知的理由,稍加分到了，我们开始开会。 析即可表明的原因,多放句首 原 As he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in 从句常放在句首，说明原因，主句说因 as the dictionary . 明结果，常用于口语中。 状 由于他英语懂得不多，他在字典中查阅这个单词。 从 Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our seeing (that), now that 和since, as 意now that, seeing journey. 义相似，他们都有“鉴于某个事实”that 鉴于天气已经晴朗，我们可以启程了。 的意思，that可以省去 Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent for the doctor. 鉴于他病情严重，我们派人去请医生去了。 I shall write down your telephone number that I may not 目的状语从句中常用情态动词may forget. (might) can (could) ,should 等放在动that 我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。 词之前，从句往往放在主句之后，主目 We’ll tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself. 从句之间不用任何标点符号 的 so that 我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。 状 They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish 从 in order that the work ahead of time .他们比往常更加努力工作，为了能 提前完成工作。 lest = for fear that Put on more clothes lest (= for fear that ) you should catch cold. 多穿点衣服，以免感冒。 结 so that We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news. so that前有逗号为结果状语从句 果 我们把收音机的音量放大，大家都听到了新闻。 so?that的so后面跟形容词或副词 状 so?that He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word. 他十分激动，以致一句话都说不出来。

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从 He gave such important reasons that he was excused. such?that的such后面跟名词，如果他说出了这么重要的理由，得到大家的谅解。 名词是单数就要用such a /an?that还such?that It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it. 可以转换用so?that，语气较强 It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it. 这是一本十分有趣的书，大家都想看。 Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them. unless从句的谓语只能用肯定式。如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么了。 unless和if?not同义，unless是书面条 if We shall go there tomorrow unless it rains.除非下雨，我们明语，if?not是口语，通常二者可以换 天就去那里。 用 件 unless = We shall go there tomorrow if it doesn’t rain. 条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态一状 So/As long as you work hard, you will succeed. 般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来从 as/so long as 只要你努力工作，你就一定能成功。 时或过去将来时 in case In case I forget, please remind me about it .万一我忘了，请提so far as 醒我一下。 So far as I know, the book will be published next month. 据我所知，那本书下月出版。 as Draw a cat as I taught you .按照我教你的画一只猫。 此处as译为：按照或正如 方 Do as you are told.按照人家告诉你做的去做。 as if或as though的意义和用法基本一式 as if? She looks as if she is ill.看上去她好象是生病了。 样。从句中可以用现在时表示可能符状 as though He acted as if (though) nothing had happened.他的行动就好合事实，也可以用虚拟语气 从 象什么也没有发生。 They treat the black boy as if (though) he were an animal. 他们对待这黑孩子仿佛他是一头牲口。 Although (Though) he was over sixty, (yet) he began to learn 在句子中一般用了“虽然”就不能再让 although French. 用“但是”（but）但可以与yet或still步 though 虽然他六十多岁了，但仍开始学习法语 。 连用。though / although意义相同，用状 We were not tired though (although) we had worked all day. 法基本一样，前者通俗，口语化，后从 虽然我们干了一天活，但并不累。 者正式多放主句的前面 I’ll go even if (though) it rains tomorrow.即使明天下雨，我也even if 和even though的意思为“即even if,even though 要去。 使”“纵使”有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中

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Child as he is , he knows a lot .虽然他是一个孩子，但他懂得as引出的状语从句多用于书面语，它很多。 比用 as Cold as it is, (= Though it is cold,)the children play outdoors. though或although引导的从句，语气虽然天气冷，但孩子们仍在户外玩。 强，更有表现力，从句常放在句首，语序部分倒装。 Do it no matter what others say.不管别人怎么说,尽管干。 no matter??与 who-ever引导的让no matter (who, No matter how busy he was, he studied English every day. 步状语从句意义基本一 样，no what when, where 不管他多忙，他都每天坚持学习英语。 matter??引导的从句可是以位于主which, how?) No matter who takes up the matter for me ,I shall be very 句前或主句后 grateful. 不管谁为我处理这件事，我都将非常感激。 wh+ever (whatever Whatever happens / may happen , we shall not lose heart. whoever ,whenever 无论发生什么，我们都不要失去信心。 whichever ,however) Whoever comes, he will be welcome.无论谁来，都会受到欢迎。 Mary is as old as my sister.玛利和我姐姐一样大。 连词表示同程度级的比较，肯定句用as?as , He doesn’t run so (as) fast as Jack (does).他不如杰克跑得那as?as否定句可用not as?as 或not not so/as?as 样快。 so?as 比 the same?as His book is the same as mine.他的书和我的一样。 较 such?as Henry is not such a good worker as Peter .享利这个工人不如状 彼得那样好。 从 She has made greater progress this year than she did last …than… year. 她今年比去年进步更大。 He bought fewer books than I (did).他买的书比我买的少。

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The more you read, the better you understand.你看的书越the more?the more 意思为越?多，你懂得的就越多。 越?，通常的语序为从句在前主句在The more tickets you sell, the more money you will get. 后，这两个the都是表示程度的副词，the more 你卖的票越多，你的收入也越多。 用在比较级的形容词或副词前面 …the more… The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 你工作越努力，你取得的进步就越大。 The sooner, the better.越快越好。The warmer, the better.越暖和越好。

十二、定语从句 关系词 先行词 从句成分 例 句 备 注 who 人 主语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom 人 宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.. I like those books whose topics are about history. whom, which和that在从句中关whose 人或物 定语 The boy whose father works abroad is my 做宾语时，常可以省略，但介系deskmate. 词提前时后面关系代词不能代 A plane is a machine that can fly. 省略，也不可以用that 词 that 人或物 主语，宾语 She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. which 物 主语，宾The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. 语 The picture which was about the accident was terrible. as 人或物 主语，宾He is such a person as is respected by all of us. 语 This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略 关when 时间 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用on which

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系where 地点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 可用in which 副 hy he turned down 词 why 原因 原因状语 I can’t imagine the reason wmy offer. 可用for which II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别 情 况 用法说明 例 句 1.先行词为all, everything, anything, 1.He told me everything that he knows. nothing, little, much,等不定代词时 2.先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, 2.All the books that you offered has been given out. 只用that的情no, some, few等修饰时 况 3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 3.This is the best film that I have ever read. 4.先行词既指人又指物时 4.We talked about the persons and things that we 5.先行词被the only, the very修饰时 remembered. 6.句中已经有who或which时，为了避免5.He is the only man that I want to see. 重复时 6.Who is the man that is making a speech? 1.在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指 代物，用who/whom指人 1.He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. 只用which, 2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 who, whom的中，只能用which指物，whom指人。 2.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. 情况 3.先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。 3.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.

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III. as、which和that的区别 从句 区 别 例 句 限制性 名词前有such和the same修饰时，关He is not such a fool as he looks. 定语从句中 系代词用as,不能用which Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。非限制性 如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放They won the game, as we had expected. 定语从句中 在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. 并无“正如”的意思。 the same... asThat’s the same tool as I used last week.（同类工具，不是同和 the same... as指同类事物 一把） the same ...that the same ...that 指原物 That’s the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用过的工具。 注意：the way 做先行词时，定语从句可由that, in which 引导或不用引导词。

IV.定语从句与其它从句（句型）的区别 类 别 区 别 例 句 定语从句 定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：①Mr Li has three daughters，none of _____ is an engineer． 与 并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词②Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _____ is a dancer． 并列句 或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填whom； 再用引导定语从句的关系词了。 ②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them。 定语从句 This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 与 定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place） 状语从句 状语从句没有先行词。 Let’s go where we can find a better job. 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）

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定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说间吗？（定语从句） 明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主It was already five o’clock when the class was over. 句的前面。 =When the class was over, it was already five o’clock. 当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句） When, where和why在引导定语从句This is the factory in which (where) his father once worked. 时可以用“介词＋which”的结构来替这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句） 换，在引导状语从句时却不行。 Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。（状语从句） 定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分的如此有趣的书。 不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词（as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句） 在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 的成分仍然完整。 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。 （that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句） The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very 定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，happy. 对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴。（同位语从句） 定语从句 与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam 与 作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam. 同位语从句 补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词The news that he told us interested all of us. 的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句） 系。 The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句不能改写为：The news is that he told us. 强调句的结构为“It is／was＋被强调①It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met Liang Wei at the 部分＋that＋从句”。被强调部分可以airport． 定语从句 是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调②It is the factory _____ Mr Wang works． 与 部分是人时，还可用who代替that。从结构上看： 强调句 这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部①小题是强调句，故填 that。 分是表时间或地点的词就用when或②小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个where代替 that。 介词in，故填 where。

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十三、强调句 强调的类别 说 明 例 句 原始句：Last night I saw a film in the Youth Palace. 为了强调句子的某一成分强调主语：It was I that (or: who) saw a film in the Youth Palace （通常是主语、宾语或状last night. 语），常用强调结构： 强调宾语：It was a fiml that I saw in the Youth Palace last night. It is (was) +被强调部分强调地点状语：It was in the Youth Palace that I saw a film last +that(who)… night. It is (was) +被强调部分表示强调的it在这种结构强调时间状语：It was last night that I saw a film in the Youth 的 Palace. +that(who)… 句子中作主句的主语。 一般讲，原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来各种时态，用It is…that (who)…；如果原句谓语动词是过去各种时态，则用It was… that(who)…。 ①在强调主语时，that后的谓语动词要与被强调者保持人称和数的 注意点 It is I who am a teacher. ②即使被强调的主语是复数，主句中的谓语动词也用单数 It is they who often help me with my lessons.

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③在强调时间、地点、原因、或方式状语时，不要用when,where,why 或 how ，而用that It was because her mother was ill that she didn't go with us. ④在强调not … until 结构中由 until 短语（或从句）表示的时间状语时， 要用固定的强调句型 It is(was) not until ...that...。that 从句中的谓语动词用肯定式。 My father didn't come home until 12 o'clock last night. It was not until 12 o'clock last night that my father came home. ⑤在强调一般疑问句中的某一成分时，主句要用一般疑问句的语序： 把is/ was提到it前面。 Did this happen in Beijing? Was it in Beijing that this happened? ⑥特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以强调，其强调结构是“被强调部分（通 常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/was + it + that/ who + 其它部分?\Where were you born? Where was it that you were born?

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⑦not …until…句型的强调句[来源:学|科|网Z|X|X|K] 句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分 原始句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back. 强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed. 此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通 用；因为句型中It is/ was not … 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句 要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。 Do sit down. 务必请坐。 It is/ was … that …结构不He did write to you last week.上周他确实给你写了信。 谓语动词的强调 能强调谓语，如果需要强Do be careful when you cross the street. 调谓语时，用助动词do/ 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！ does或did。 此种强调只用do/does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。

十四、省略句

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类别 具体内容 例句 词 名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以 省略 These are John's books and those are Mary's (books). ①如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出这些是约翰的书，那些是玛丽的书。 现，则可以省略。 at the doctor's 在诊所 at Mr. Green's 在格林先 ②名词所有格后修饰的名词如果是指商生家 店、住宅等地点时，这些名词也常常省略。 to my uncle's 到我叔叔家 at the barber's 在理发店 ①The lightning flashed and thunder crashed.电闪雷鸣。 法 冠词的省略 （thunder前省略了定冠词the） ①为了避免重复 ②She sings best in the class.她在班上唱歌唱得最好。 ②在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省③Our teacher came in, book in hand. 略。 ③在某些独立主格结构中。 (=Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.) 我们的老师手里拿着一本书进来了。 ④在as引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语④Child as he is, he knows a lot. 的单数名词提前时，不定冠词要省略。 虽然他还是一个孩子，却懂得很多 上 ①Both (of) the films were interesting. 这两部电影都很 介词的省略 有趣。 ①both 后常跟of短语，其后可以接名词复She invited both of us to her birthday party. 数形式，也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接她邀请我们俩去参加她的生日派对。 复数名词时，介词of可以省略，但接代词②These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a 宾格时，of不能省略。 的 ②在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中，long time. 一段时间前的介词for可以省略。 这双鞋穿破了，已经穿了很长一段时间了。 ③和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词，③Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed consideraway. (from)doing..., ... (as)..., prevent / stop... 树能阻止泥土被冲走。 have trouble / difficulty... (in) Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river? 省 doing...,spend... (in / on) doing... 等中的介你能阻止他下河洗澡吗？ 词可以省略。 I have some difficulty (in) answering the question. 回答这个问题我有点困难。

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①I consider him (to be) lazy.我认为他懒。 His mother found him (to be) a clever boy. 他母亲发觉他是一个很聪明的孩子。 略 ①有些动词，believe, find, think, feel, ②They made the boy go to bed early.他们强迫这个男consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结孩早睡。 构。 The boy was made to go to bed early. 这个男孩被迫to be + n. / adj.中的to be可以省略。 早睡。 ②感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等注：help后作宾补的动词不定式中的to可以省略也以及使役动词let, make, have后作宾补的可保留。 动词不定式， 其中的不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动③We have nothing to do now but wait. 结构时，to必须保留。 我们现在除了等没有别的事可做。 ③在can not but, can not choose but, can I can not but admire his courage. 我不能不钦佩他的not help but之后的动词不定式一般不带勇敢。 to；but之前有实 He has no choice but to accept the fact. 义动词do的某个形式do, does, did, done 除了接受这个事实他别无选择。 时，也不带to, 否则要带to。 ④I'm really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知道该怎么想，怎么说才好。 ④在并列结构中为了避免重复。 但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，则后一个to 不能省。 I came not to scold but to praise you. 我来不是责备你，而是赞美你。 ⑤Why talk so much about it?为什么大谈这个事呢？ ⑤在why, why not 引导的特殊问句中后跟Why not try it again? 为什么不再试一试呢？ 省略to的动词不定式。 ⑥They may go if they wish to(go). ⑥动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略，如果他们想去，他们就可以去。 主要看句子前面是否已出现过同样的动Don't go till I tell you to.直到我告诉你去，你才可以词。如果句子前面出现过同样的动词，为去。 了避免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略动在一些动词afford, agree, expect, forget, mean, 词原形，而保留不定式符号to。 pretend, remember, want, refuse, hope, wish, would like (love), try等后跟动词不定式作宾语，不定式中 的to可以承前（后)省略。 —Will you go to the cinema with me? 你愿和我一起去看电影吗？ —Well, I'd like to (go with you). 我愿意。 I would do it for you, but I don't know how to (do it for you). 我想为你做这事，但我又不知如何做。 在某些形容词，afraid, glad, willing, happy, eager等后 承前省 略动词原形，只保留不定式符号to。 - 36 -

句 ①What a hot day (it is)!多热的天啊！ 简单句中的省略 How wonderful!多妙啊！ ①感叹句中常省略主语和谓语。 ②—（Will you）Have a smoke?你抽烟吗？ ②在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分。 —No.Thanks.不，谢谢了。 （Is there）Anything else to say?还有别的要说吗？ 并列句中的省略 ①John must have been playing football and Mary (must 法 ①如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分have been) doing her homework. 相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的那部分。 约翰一定在踢球，而玛丽一定在做作业。 ②主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都②His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions 可以省略。 made) Mary angry. ③主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主他的建议使约翰高兴，却使玛丽很生气。 语。 ③Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) ④在并列复合句中，如果that从句soon returned to his old ways. 上 从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟，可很快又抽上了。 语等其它一些成分与第一个并列句相同④Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't 时，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同（sing at the party）. 的部分。 杰克将在晚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在晚会上唱歌。

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复合句中的省略 复合句中的省略 ▲名词性从句中的省略 ▲名词性从句中的省略 ①作宾语的what从句中的谓语动词与主①Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who (has 的 句的相同，则what从句可以省略谓语，甚used it). 至主语 有人用了我的自行车，但我不知道是谁。 He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone). 他走了，但没人知道他去哪儿了。 ②有时候也可以根据说话的情景来省略主②（I'm）Sorry I've kept you waiting so long. 句中的一些成分。 对不起，让你久等了。 ③在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从③It's important that we (should) speak to the old 省 句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句谓语politely. 动词中的助动词should可以省略。 我们对老人说话要有礼貌，这很重要。 ▲定语从句中的省略 ①在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代▲定语从句中的省略 词that, which, who (whom)常可以省略。 ①The man(who/whom)I saw is called Smith. 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。 Where is the book (which) I bought this morning? 略 ②关系副词when, where, why以及that在今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿？ the time(day, morning, afternoon, evening, ②I shall never forget the day (when) we first met. night, week, 我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。 month, year等) when, the place(desk, table, The reason (why) he came so early is his own affair. room, spot, house, town, country, school他来这么早是他自己的事。 等)where, the reason why, the way that结构The way (that) you answered the questions was 中引导限制性定语从句时，在非正式场合admirable. 下，可以省略关系副词when, where, why, 你回答这些问题的方式令人钦佩。 that。 ▲状语从句中的省略 ▲状语从句中的省略 当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致， 或状语从句中的主语是it，并且又含有be 动词时，常可以省略从句中的主语和be动 词。 ①While（I was）waiting, I was reading some magazines. ①在as, before, till, once, when, while等引我一边看杂志，一边等。 导的时间状语从句中。 ②Though (they were) tired, they went on working. ②在though, although,等引导的让步状语虽然他们累了，但他们仍继续工作。 从句中。 ③You shouldn't come to his party unless (you were) ③在if, unless(=if... not)等引导的条件状语invited. - 38 -

十五、倒装句 类 型 情 况 例 句 句首状语为否定词或半否定词的句子。 Not a word did I say to him. 这类词或短语主要有never, neither, Never have I found him so happy. 部分倒装 nor, Little does he care about what I said. （部分倒装little,seldom,rarely,hardly,scarcely,no I can’t swim. Neither can he. 是把be动sooner, not only,in no way,at no No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep. 词、情态动time,few, not,no等 Hardly/Scarcely had he gone to bed when he fell asleep. 词、助动词Only by this means is it possible to explain it. (介词短语) 放到主语之Only then did I realize the importance of math. (副词) 前。如果句Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily 子中没有这only+状语放在句首,要部分倒装 back to work. (从句) 些词,要在注意:如果only后面不是状语,则不用倒装。 主语之前加OnlyWang Ling knows this. 助动词I saw the film, so did she. do/does so或so引导的短语放在句首,要部分So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could /did等,而把倒装 hear him. 原来的谓语“Not only+分句,but also+分句”句型中动词变成原的前一分句要部分倒装“Not only + Not only does John love Chinese, he is also good at speaking it. 形放在主语分句,but also + 分句”句型中的前一但not only...but also...连接主语时,不倒装。 之后。） 分句要部分倒装 Not only the mother but also the children are sick. Not until放在句首,从句不倒装,主句Not until last week did they find the lost bike. (简单句) 倒装 Not until my son had entered the university did he realize the importance of time. (复合句)

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Proud as these nobles are, he’s afraid to see me. Tired as he was, he kept on running. as/though引导的让步状语从句 Tired though he was, he kept on running. =Though he was tired,he kept on running Child as he is,he knows a lot.(注意：child前没有冠词a) 在以often, well, many a time, now and again Many a time has John given me good advice. 等方式或频度副词(短语)开头的句子Often have we made that test. 中,要用部分倒装结构 在虚拟结构中，条件从句的谓语含有were, Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you. had 和should这三个词是，可省去if，Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad. 将 Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 这些词移至主语之前。 用于某些表示祝愿的句子里 May you succeed! There be结构。另外,在此结构中可以用来代替be动词的动词有:exist, There stood a dog before him. seem, happen, appear,live, rise, standThere exist different opinions on this question. 等 Here comes the old lady! “Here,There, Now, Then + come (或beThen came the hour we had been looking forward to. 完全倒装 等) + 主语” 结构 There comes the bus. 说明:本句型中there是副词,应重读,Now comes your turn. 强调地点。而前一句型中的there是除了then引导的句子用过去式以外,其余的均用一般现在时,表引导词,本身没意义 示一种生动的描述。其次,如果主语是人称代词,就不用倒装。 Here you are. There she comes. 表示方向的副词out, in, up, down等In came Mr White. 置于句首,要用全部倒装。 Up went the arrow into the air. Away went the boy.

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表示地点的介词短语 (如on the wall, under the tree, in front of the house,in On the top of the hill stands a pine tree. the middle of the room等)放在句首In front of the classroom is a playground. 时,要全部倒装 They arrived at a house, in front of which sat an old man. Present at the meeting was Mr. Green, a headmaster.（形容词短语） Such was the story he told me.（代词） 其它形式的完全倒装 East of the city lies a new railway. (副词短语) First to be completed was the seven-storey teaching building. (不定式短语) Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay. (过去分词) Lying on the floor was a boy aged 15. (现在分词短语) 用于某些表示祝愿的句子里 Long live the People’s Republic of China!

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表示地点的介词短语 (如on the wall, under the tree, in front of the house,in On the top of the hill stands a pine tree. the middle of the room等)放在句首In front of the classroom is a playground. 时,要全部倒装 They arrived at a house, in front of which sat an old man. Present at the meeting was Mr. Green, a headmaster.（形容词短语） Such was the story he told me.（代词） 其它形式的完全倒装 East of the city lies a new railway. (副词短语) First to be completed was the seven-storey teaching building. (不定式短语) Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay. (过去分词) Lying on the floor was a boy aged 15. (现在分词短语) 用于某些表示祝愿的句子里 Long live the People’s Republic of China!

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