2017年初升高英语构词法汇总及练习第二讲

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第二讲 2017初升高英语构词法汇总及练习

一. 概念

英语的构词法主要有:转化法,合成法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法。

二.相关知识点精讲

1.转化法 英语中,有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。 1)动词转化为名词

很多动词可以转化为名词,大多意思没有多大的变化(如下①);有时意思有一定变化(如下②);有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作(如下③)。例如:

① Let's go out for a walk. ______________________________ ②He is a man of strong build。______________________________ 2)名词转化为动词

很多表示物件(如下①)、身体部位(如下②)、某类人(如下③)的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,某些抽象名词(如下④)也可作动词。例如:

① Did you book a seat on the plane? _____________________________? ② Please hand me the book。____________________________________。

③ She nursed her husband back to health。______________________________。 ④We lunched together。__________________________________。 3)形容词转化为动词

有少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如:

We will try our best to better our life。___________________________________。 4)副词转化为动词

有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如: Murder will out。(谚语)恶事终必将败露。 5)形容词转化为名词

表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如下①);某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数(如下②)。例如: People should be dressed in black at the funeral。______________________________。 The old in our village are living a happy life。__________________________________。 2.派生法 在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。 1)前缀

除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词类,而不引起词义的变化。

(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如:

important重要的→___important appear出现→____appear消失

correct正确的→___correct不正确的 lead带领→___lead领错

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(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对;抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再;又), sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如:

__lone单独的 ___gas防毒气的 ____chart自动图表 cooperate合作 __joy使高兴 ___net互联网 ___way地铁 ___phone电话 ___use再用 2)后缀

英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。 (1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence,-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人),-ess (雌性),-ful (一……),-ian (精通……的人),-ist (专业人员),-ment (性质;状态),-ness (性质;状态),-tion(动作;过程)等。例如:

differ不同于→differ_____区别 write写→write___作家 Japan日本→Japan_____日本人 act表演→act____女演员

mouth口→mouth____一口 music音乐→music_____音乐家

(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后),-fy (使……化),-ize (使……成为)。例如:

wide→wide___加宽 beauty→beaut_____美化 real→real____意识到 organ→organ_____组织 (3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al,

-able (有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-en (多用于表示材料的名词后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less (表示否定),-like (像……的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y (表示天气)等。例如:

nature自然→natur___自然的 reason道理→reason____有道理的 gold金子→gold___金的 east东→east_____东方的 child孩子→child_____孩子气的 snow雪→snow___雪的

(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如:

angry生气的→angr_____生气地 to到→to______朝……,向…… (5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几),-ty (几十),-th (构成序数词)。例如:

six六→six____十六→six_______第十六 four四→f_____四十→f______第四十 3.合成法 1)合成名词 构成方式例词

名词+名词 ________周末 名词+动词daybreak黎明

名词+动名词hand_____ 书法 名词+及物动词+er/or pain-killer_______ 名词+介词+名词editor-in-chief总编辑 代词+名词she-wolf________

动词+名词typewriter打字机 动名词+名词reading-room_______ 现在分词+名词flying-fish飞鱼 形容词+名词gentleman_______ 副词+动词outbreak爆发 介词+名词 _______下午 2)合成形容词

名词+形容词snow-white_______ 名词+现在分词 ______________讲英语的 名词+to+名词face-to-face________ 名词+过去分词man-made__________

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数词+名词one-way单行的 数词+名词+形容词 ___________两岁的 数词+名词+ed five-storeyed______ 动词+副词see-through透明的

形容词+名词high-class______ 形容词+名词+ed noble-minded高尚的 形容词+形容词light-blue浅蓝色的 形容词+现在分词___________(相貌)好看的 副词+形容词ever-green常青的 副词+现在分词___________勤劳的

副词+过去分词well-known著名的 副词+名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的 介词+名词downhill下坡的 3)合成动词

名词+动词sleep-walk_____ 形容词+动词white-wash粉刷 副词+动词overthrow推翻 4)合成副词

形容词+名词hotfoot匆忙地 形容词+副词 _________到处 副词+副词 _________尽管如此 介词+名词beforehand事先 介词+副词 _________永远 5)合成代词

代词宾格+self herself她自己 物主代词+self myself我自己 形容词+名词 anything任何东西 6)合成介词

副词+名词 ________在……里面 介词+副词 within在……之内 副词+介词 into进入

4.截短法(缩略法) 截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。 1)截头

telephone→_________ aeroplane→________ omnibus→_______ 2)去尾

mathematics→______ examination→________

kilogram→______ laboratory→______ taxicab→_______ 3)截头去尾

influenza→flu ______ refrigerator→fridge __________

5.混合法(混成法) 混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。

news broadcast→newscast新闻广播 television broadcast→telecast电视播送 smoke and fog→_______烟雾 helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场 6.首尾字母缩略法 首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。

_______________________________→VIP (读字母音)要人;大人物

Testing of English as a Foreign Language→_______________托福

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练 习

A: 名词后加 “y”变成形容词并写出中文意思。

sun---_________( ) wind ---__________( ) cloud ---__________( ) rain ---__________( ) snow ---__________( ) fun---__________( ) health ---__________( ) noise ---__________( ) salt---__________( ) tourist ---__________( ) fur ---__________( )luck ---__________( ) sleep ---__________( ) sand ---__________( ) B: 名词后加 “-full” “-less”变成形容词并写出中文意思。 care ---__________( )__________( ) use---__________( )__________( ) colour---__________( ) __________( ) help---__________( ) __________( ) hope ---__________( )__________( ) harm ---__________( ) __________( )

success---__________( )wonder---__________( )

peace---__________( )play---__________( )sleep ---__________( home---__________( )

C: 名词后加 “-ern”变成形容词并写出中文意思。

east---__________( )west ---__________( )south---__________( north---__________( )

D: 名词后加 “-al”变成形容词并写出中文意思。

person---__________( )education---__________( ) tradition---__________( ) medicine---__________( ) music ---__________( )

E: 名词后加 “-ed”变成形容词并写出中文意思。

talent---___________( ) balance---___________( ) F:名词后加 “-ly”变成形容词并写出中文意思。

friend---___________( ) love---___________( ) G: 名词后加 “--ous”变成形容词并写出中文意思。

danger---___________( ) mystery---___________( ) H: 名词后加 “-en”变成形容词

wool---___________( ) wood---___________( ) I: 名词转化为形容词的不规则变化并写出中文意思。

energy---___________( ) athlete---___________( ) hunger---___________( ) pride---___________( ) death---___________( ) science---___________( ) knowledge---___________( ) anger---___________( ) Africa---___________( ) America---___________( ) Asia---___________( ) Australia---___________( ) Brazil---___________( ) Canada---___________( ) China---___________( ) England---___________( ) France---___________( ) India---___________( ) Italy---___________( ) Japan---___________( )

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) )

Russia---___________( ) Swede---___________( ) 动词变名词

work---___________(工作者) sing---___________(歌手) teach---___________(教师drive---___________(司机) write---___________(作家) dance---___________(舞蹈家) win---___________(获胜者) run---___________(赛跑者) swim---___________(游泳者) act---___________(演员) collect---___________(收藏家) direct---___________(主管)

visit---___________(参观者) invent---___________(发明家) translate---___________(翻译家) educate---___________(教育) describe---___________(描述) predit---___________(预言) collect---___________(收藏) invent---___________(发明) build---___________(建筑物) mean---___________(意思) meet---___________(会议) cross---___________(路口) turn---___________(转弯处) decide---___________(决定) die---___________(死亡) fly---___________(飞行) know---___________(知识) please---___________(高兴) pronounce---___________(发音) mix---___________(混合物) please---___________(令人高兴的)---___________(感到高兴的) surprise---___________(令人惊讶的的) ---___________(感到惊讶的) excite---___________(令人兴奋的) ---___________(感到兴奋的) interest---___________(令人感兴趣的)---___________( 感兴趣的) worry---___________(令人担忧的) ---___________(感到担忧的)

amaze, annoy, bore, disappoint, embarrass, frustrate, relax, terrify, thrill, tire等

形容词的变化。

A: 形容词变副词并写出中文意思。

quick---____________( ) strong---____________( heavy---____________( ) angry---____________( happy---____________( ) lucky---____________( healthy---____________( ) noisy---____________( usual---____________( ) careful---____________( real---____________( ) successful---____________( terrible---____________( ) possible---____________( ) B: 形容词变名词并写出中文意思。

kind---____________( ) happy---____________( ) ill---____________( ) safe---____________( )

confident---____________( ) important---____________( ) different---____________( ) true---____________( ) high---____________( )

)

) ) ) ) ) )

一.选择题(共5小题)

1.The population of Liupanshui is over 3million.( ) A.less than B.almost C.nearly D.more than 2.﹣﹣﹣I'm a little __________ now.

﹣﹣﹣Oh,it's lunch time.Let's go to the nearest restaurant to get something to eat.( )

A.thirsty B.worried C.hungry D.bored 3.﹣Why does Mary want to go to the concert?

﹣Because she is a big fan of TF BOYS.She is dying to go to this concert.( )

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A.plans to B.really wants to C.remembers to

4.I don′t want to go shopping,because it′s too crowded in the shopping center.( )

A.there are too many people B.the service is bad C.it′s too noisy

D.there are some other stores

5.Books are the apple of her eyes.She reads them every day.( ) A.her favorite B.her fruit C.her pity D.her hope 二.填空题(共24小题)

6.Larry has put on too much weight because of his diet.(healthy) 7.It is important for us to protect nature (wise).

8.It's (terrible) cold today.You should put on more clothes.

9.Paper cutting is a Chinese skill with a history of thousands of years.(tradition)

10.Tuition,rooms,books and care are all free in public schools in Canada.(medicine)

11.People around are happy to make friends with Mike because of his .(honest)

12.When it's raining outside,the streets usually become much busier.(heavy)

13.The great held a big painting exhibition in Shanghai last August.(art) 14.He is a very shy boy and it is for him to be so active in class today.(usual) 15.Sandy enjoys reading books and she believes it can her whole life.(rich) 16.If you are so ,why don't you change schools?(happy)

17.Have you ever heard of the new rules about school bus (safe)?

18.Father warns me that people always find excuses for their mistakes.(honest)

19.He was quite in how to draw funny cartoon faces.(interest) 20.My sister is on the left and I‘m the one on the right.(ten) 21.Look!The in front of all other actresses is my sister.(dance)

22.Because of the heavy traffic jam,I missed the of the exciting film.(begin)

23.﹣﹣When did he finish (write) his report?﹣﹣Last night.

24.It is (polite) to push in before others while you are waiting for a bus. 25.I live near Zhenjiang Railway Station and I feel very _(noise) every day. 26.His effort made the two companies reach an (agree) in the end. 27.You need to press the button to turn off the radio.(five) 28.Mandela's death is not only a great (lose) for the South Africa,but also for other parts of the world.

29.Nobody believes what he said because he is a (honest) boy!

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