定语从句中关系代词的用法

关系代词的用法

定语从句又被称为形容词性从句，它依附于先行词存在，对先行词进行修饰和限定。定 语从句通常由关系代词和关系副词等引导，本单元主要介绍关系代词引导限制性定语从句的 用法。定语从句是历年高考必考的知识点，考点主要集中在从句引导词的选择、引导词的省 略、从句谓语的数等等。其中引导词的选择是重中之重，而解此类题目的关键在于确定引导 词的指代作用以及引导词在从句中所作的成分。 一 、引导定语从句的关系代词 1.定语从句的先行词

先行词是定语从句修饰和限定的成分，从构成上而言，它可以是名词、代词、名词性的短 语和整个主句；从句子成分上而言，它可以是主句的主语、宾语、表语、补语和整个主句。 下面，我们从两个具体实例来看下定语从句及其相关成分的分布：

先行词，主句的主语

The people whom you met on the campus yesterday are from England. 定语从句，修饰先行词，引导词在从句中作宾语 先行词，主句的宾语

He is reading a story which is written by Lu Xun. 定语从句，修饰先行词，引导词在从句中作主语 2.关系代词的用法

which：引导从句，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语；先行词指事物 that：引导从句，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语；先行词指人或事物

who：引导从句，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语；先行词指人

关系代词 whom：引导从句，在从句中作宾语；先行词指人 whose：引导从句，在从句中作定语，先行词指人

as：引导从句，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语；通常用于such…as…结构

He is a man who/that means what he says.他是一个说话算话的人。(先行词指人，关系 代词who/that引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语)

Is there anyone in your department whose father is a teacher?你们系有个父亲是老 师的人吗？（先行词之人，关系代词whose引导定语从句，并在定语从句中作定语） To be frank, I don’t like the movie which/that you recommend to me yesterday. 说实话，你昨天推见给我的那部影片我不喜欢。（先行词指物，关系代词which/that引导 定语从句，并在从句中作宾语）

【用法点津】对于定语从句，难点主要集中在关系词的选择上。选择关系词，要从先行词入 手，确定先行词指的是事物还是人，这样就可以对引导词进行最初的筛选，指人时，可用 who, whom，whose和that，指事物时可用which, that和whose；第二步要考虑引导词在 从句中所作的成分，明确which, that, who, whom, whose本身的语法功能，据此可对引 导词进行第二次筛选，进而确定引导词。 【真题回顾】

1.（2010〃北京） Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.

A. what B. whose C. which D. that [答案及解析]B 分析句子结构可知，children后接了两个定语从句who are not active 和 diet is high in fat;what不用于引导定语从句，可排除；先行词指人，排除C；关系代词在从句中作定语，排除D，故本题选B。 2.（2010〃湖南）I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school I meet in the English speech contest last year.

A. who B. where C. when D. which [答案及解析] A 考查定语从句的引导词。先行词指人，且在定语从句中作宾语，故仅有A项正确。 3.As a child, Jack studied in a village school is named after his grandfather. A. which B. where C. what D. when [答案及解析] Ａ 考查定语从句。what不用于引导定语从句，可排除；先行词为a village school, 指物，且在从句中主语，故仅有A项切题。 二、 关系代词用that不用which的常见情况

当先行词是all, much, anything, nothing, little, none等不定代词时（something, everything, anything等作先行词时，关系代词间或可以用which） 先行词既有人又有物时

先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰时

先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时

先行词为the last, the only, the very等或被这些词修饰时

主句为who引出的特殊疑问句，先行词虽指人，但关系代词一般用that That’s all that I could do at that time.那是我当时所能做的。

She was the first woman who had been admitted to this club.她是第一个被该俱乐部吸收的女会员。

This is the best TV set that is made in China.这是中国生产的最好的电视机。

She was the only person who had survived the accident.她是那起事故中唯一的幸存者。【典型例题】The best things we spare no efforts to run after don’t always make the things us best.

A. that; which B. which; which C. what; that D. that; what

[答案及解析]Ａ 句意：我们不遗余力地追求的最好的东西并不总是最适合我们的东西。 we spare no efforts to run after为定语从句，引导词在从句中作run after的宾语，且先行词被形容词最高级修饰，故引导词用that；排除B、C两项； us best为定语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，故第二空可用which/that，所以A项切题。 三、 定语从句的省略 1.关系代词的省略

关系代词在从句中作宾语时，通常可以省略。如：

The man (whom/who) you saw just now is our manager.你刚才见到的那个人是我们的经理。

Is there anything (that) I can do for you?有什么我能为你效劳的吗？

Who was the woman (that) you were talking with?刚才同你谈话的那为女士是谁？ 2.关系代词及be动词的省略

定语从句的结构为＂关系代词+be动词+现在分词短语/过去分词短语/不定式短语/介宾短语＂时， 通常可将关系代词和be动词一同省去，也就是说定语从句有时可简化为现在分词短语/过去分词短语/不定式短语/介宾短语。如：

We can see the flowers (which are ) dancing gently in the wind.我们可以看到花儿在风中摇曳。

He was invited to a meeting (which was) to be held the next day.他被邀请出席第二天举行的会议。 【典型例题】１. The Science Museum we visited during a recent trip to Britain is one of London’s tourist attractions.

A. whom B. what C. / D. where

[答案及解析]Ｃ we visited during a recent trip to Britain为定语从句，先行 词为the Science Museum，表示物，排除A；引导词在从句中作宾语，故引导词可用which/that， 且引导词可省略，故本题选C。

２.Mrs. White showed her students some old maps from the library. A. which borrowed B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. which was borrowing

[答案及解析] Ｃ 考查定语从句的省略形式。过去分词短语borrowed from the library 在此作后置定语，相当于定语从句which/that had been borrowed from the library，引 导词和be动词均已省去。

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