英国兴衰的论文

On the Rise and Fall of Great Britain

ID: 2010211926

Name: Sherry / 张旸

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Class: 5

摘要：英国的兴衰史犹如抛弧线一般，从一个不起眼的岛国逐渐发展到崛起到

达到顶峰最后又逐渐衰落并回到欧洲，回到开始的地方——大西洋上的岛国。在这起起伏伏的历程中，风云变化，一切都不可预测，万物瞬息变化。到底是什么导致了它的起伏，是日益聚集的国家意识，是集中统一的王权，是暴力的革命，是生产力的大解放，还是战争？也许这一切都是，又或许它们只是冰山一角。 本文将从三个方面来论述英国兴衰的过程并探究其中的因果关系：英国的崛起，顶峰，到回到欧洲。最后从文化中的创新和保守对制度的行与废产生的影响出发，总结全篇。

在英国的崛起过程中，本文强调国家意识的形成和统一国家在这个过程中的作用。毫无疑问的是，英国的封建统治在一定程度上确实为其资本主义的发展创造了条件，起到了铺垫的作用。其中，对商业贸易和海外殖民的扩张政策的鼓励尤为突出。当然，因为本身的民族特点，它在崛起中始终保持着中立与欧洲内陆的外交政策。这些在崛起到到达顶峰的转折过程中都不同程度上发挥着不可替代的作用。

在英国的顶峰时期，本文侧重于两个表现：“日不落帝国”和“世界工厂”。“日不落帝国”是其殖民统治发展到顶峰的表现，也是它在政治上走出欧洲，站立世界的表现，当然也为后文介绍它的衰落做了一个铺垫。“世界工厂”，毫无疑问，点明了它在经济上取得的巨大成就。借此本文进一步探究了英国生产力发展的原因——资产阶级革命和工业革命。

在英国回到欧洲的现状里，本文侧重讲解由于帝国的衰落，殖民地的丧失以及固有文化的保守性而导致英国的衰落。而它衰落的过程又无一不体现在两次世界大战中，之后英国便沦为二流国家。这一切归因于文化中的创新与保守在制度行与废上作用。

Abstract：

Britain's prosperity and decline history is just like throws the arc to some

extent-----develops gradually from a commonplace island country to the crest,and then gradually declines, finally returns to Europe, returns to the place - - Atlantic's island country,from which it starts. In this fluctuation's course, the wind and cloud changes, all may not predict that myriad things twinkling change.What has caused its fluctuation, is national consciousness which gathers day by day, or is the centralism unified royal power, or is the violence revolution, or is emancipation of productivity , or is it a war? Perhaps they all played a role, or perhaps they were only the tips of the iceberg.

This article will elaborate the British prosperity and decline process from three aspects : Britain's rising, the crest, returning to Europe. Simultaneously, it will find out its deep causes behind the surface . At length , it will make a summary on the basis of the influence of its cultural conservatism and creativeness which affected whether the policy was applied or not .

On the growth of Great Britain , the article emphasizes the fundamental function of the national consciousness and the unified country . Undoubtedly , Britain's feudal rule, to a certain extent,has created the condition for its capitalism's development and played an upholstery role. Among them, promotion of the development of trade and industry and the encouragement of overseas expansion are outstanding because of their great influence . Of course, foreign policy of preserving the balance of power in Europe is maintaining throughout of the growth owing to its national and cultural characteristics . All of those could not be replaced in the history due to their tremendous benefits on the development of Great Britain.

On the prosperity, it attaches great importance to the two aspects :\Sun-Never-Setting Empire\and \of the world \The former one indicated its top colonial rule in the world , as the same time , it showed that Britain had walked out of Europe and stood out in the world. Surely , it also foreshadowed the decline of Britain because of its empire . \world \over its causes :The English Bourgeois Revolution and The Industrial Revolution.

On the Europe's present situation , this article stresses the explanation as a result of the empire decline, colony forfeit as well as the inherent cultural conservative nature on Britain's decline. But its decline manifests in two world wars, afterward Britain then degenerates into the second-class country. All in all , the cultural creativeness and conservatism plays great role in the application and the abandonment of policy .

Key words: growth--prosperity--back to Europe creativeness--conservatism Content

I Growth of England

1.1The English Nation Awareness

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is made up of Great Britain , Northern Ireland , and a number of smaller islands around them . That is to say , U.K is a island country in the Atlantic ocean , with a population of about 56 million and a total area of some 240000 square kilometres . It is a very small country in the sense of its area and population. But just as this island country , it first stood in the forest of nations , leaving us a trail of questions to evaluate and think about the reason .

As far as I am concerned , in the light of community and peoples , nation awareness takes the priority over other reasons and becomes one of its foundation of strong nation . It is the nation awareness that makes people unite as a whole and fight as an one , which , undoubtedly , will be of great benefit for nation power and country prosperity . I will explain it in the following parts .

Dating back to ancient times , it was more like a history of being invaded and plundered. For instance, the Roman army, commanded by Julius Caesar , invades England in the first century B.C.. In the first century A.D., the Roman army invaded it for the second time. After that , invaders from Ireland and Scotland began to plunder and kill the weak and defenseless Britons in England . Finally came to Anglo-Saxons , who helped English fight against its enemy ,but refused to go and settled down finally . It was not an end of invasion . There came a new wave of invasion and colonization which produced lasting influence on parts of Britain . It was an invasion by the Danes from North Europe. What should be emphasized is that those invaded Britain not at the same time . They came stringing along for more than one hundred

and fifty years, a few boatloads at a time . Each batch of invaders had a chieftain or king, so England at that time was divided into many kingdoms . Though warring and fighting , the number of kingdoms was gradually reduced and finally all England was united under one king .

The reduction of kingdoms takes a very small part of wakening nation awareness . It was the Hundred Years' War between England and France that made a big difference of nation awareness . Briefly speaking , because of the appearance of Parliament , the England gradually developed into a strong nation and the bourgeoisie had gained more say on state affairs. Since trade was still the main source of wealth for the new-born bourgeoisie , it certainly desired to expand markets while the nobility was covetous of rich land on the Continent . During about the same time , France had also become a strong state. It also wanted t enlarge its spheres of influence. Hence the conflict between these two countries along with the English king's desire to regain lost territory led to the Hundred Years' War.

The result of the war deprived the English king of his possessions on the continent . But it wakened the nation awareness in the English people's mind . After losing their territory on the continent, the ruling Normans began to regard England as their home and think of themselves as belonging to the English nation.

From then on , the English people did not take \of geography for granted , they knew they were different from those states in the continent . They were civilians of the same country . That meant a lot . That is to say , they were not separated as thousand but united as an one , no matter what they were going to pursue or what they were to confront with , they would be bound up together for their common interests and the future of their generations . As the saying of President Lincoln \as we fall .\

1.2 Concentration of State Power

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