专升本英语语法复习讲义

英语语法

一 非谓语动词

1. 非谓语动词，又称为非限定动词，有三种形式：不定式、v-ing 分词、v-ed 分词。它们有如下特点：

1. ） 不能作谓语或不能独立作谓语； 2. ） 没有人称和数的变化；

3. ） 仍然具有动词的一些特性，有时态，语态（没有语气），可以有自己的宾语、状语。 2. 非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般来说就是句子的主语。如果非谓语动词和它的逻辑主语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系时，就用v-ing分词，如果非谓语动词和它的逻辑主语之间有动宾关系时，我们就使用v-ed,

eg. ________(see) from the top of the mountain, you can have a good view of the whole city. ________(see) from the top of the mountain, the city looks very beautiful. 3 非谓语动词的否定式，not 总是放在最前面。 eg . not to know how to do it not knowing where he is

（一） 不定式 1． 构成

由to + 动词原形构成，有时也可以省去to. 否定式由 not + 不定式构成。 2 用法

（1） 作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。 eg. To make a plan for our future is very important.(主语) How to get enough capital is still a problem (主语) I like to go out for a walk in such warm sunshine.(宾语) She can?t decide what to do. (宾语)

Perhaps this would be a good chance to go to Hainan.（定语） Could you get me something to drink? (定语) Her wish is to marry an honest young man. (表语) His plan is to spend a few days in the mountain. (表语)

In 1918,he went to Japan to study medical science. (状语，表目的)

A few years later, she came home to find that her hometown had greatly changed. (状语，表结果) Would you like us to go with you? (宾补) Did you notice him leave the house? (宾补) He was asked to make a speech at the meeting (主补) They were made to work day and night. （主补）

（2） 作主语时，为了使句子保持平衡，往往有it 作形式主语，而把不定式放在谓语

动词后面。

eg. It is important for us to learn English well.

（3） 作 使役动词 let, make, have 以及感官动词 see, hear, watch, observe, notice, feel,

smell ,listen to, look at的宾语补足语时 动词不定式不带to

eg Mrs Brown made me stay in New York for two more weeks. She won?t let her son watch TV until he finishes his homework..

（4） 所有的疑问词后面都可以接带to的不定式构成不定式短语，（why not 后面接不

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带to 的不定式）。 如 where to go , what to do, which to choose from, how to get there, why not join us

（5） 下列常考动词只能接不定式作宾语

agree, attempt, claim, decide, demand, ask, hesitate, beg, fail, care,, promise, desire, hope, intend, learn, offer, plan, refuse, prepare, pretend, require, appear, arrange, expect, manage, tend, afford, wish, seem, swear, threaten, wait 等 eg, Tom pretended to have been studying

I have managed to run as fast as I could in race.

（6） 下列情况接不带to 的不定式

A. had better, would rather, would sooner, may/might as well, rather than, sooner than,

can?t help but(情不自禁)等

eg You?d better not go out alone at such a dark night.

B. 当but/except 前面有do 的某种形式时， 后接不带to的不定式，如

do nothing but/except ….do anything:; everything but/ except eg. I would sooner die than marry you.

He doesn?t want to do anything expect help me.

( 7) 不定式作定语时，它和它所修饰的名词之间要构成动宾关系，如果是不及物动

词则要加上适当的介词来构成动宾关系

eg Could you fend someone for me to play table tennis with? We have found a good place to live in.

(8) for + 名词（或者代词宾格）+动词不定式构成不定式的复合结构，在句中作 主语

宾语， 表语定语等

eg. It?s very important for you to study English well.

3 时态、语态构成（以do 为例） 时态 语态 一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式 主动 to do to have done to be doing to have been doing 被动 to be done to have been done 一般不用 一般不用 注意：

A 不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语动词所表示的动作或状态同时发

生或在其后发生。

eg. I have some good news to tell you.（发生在后） She was seen to enter the hall. （同时）

B 不定式的进行式所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生 eg. She seems to be waiting for you. He pretended to be sleeping

C. 不定式的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前 eg. I?m sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. She seems to have heard the news.

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D 当不定式的逻辑主语和不定式之间有逻辑上的动宾关系时，就用不定式的被动形式 eg. She wanted the letter to be mailed at once.

It?s an honor for me to have been asked to speak here. Exercises

Fill in the blanks with the given verbs in their proper infinitive forms.

1. More and more young people are learning -________( drive) cars 2. The doctor will advise you which medicine ________(take) first. 3. He doesn?t like _________( praise)

4. We were having breakfast when I heard the telephone_______(ring) 5. The weather is too cold for them __________(go) out. 6. It?s a great honor _________(invite) to your company.

7. She asked __________(send) __________(work) on a farm after she finished her study

at the college.

8. My idea is to let Mrs. Black ________(take) over my work. 9. She seemed __________( hear) about it already.

10. The text is too long for her _________( learn) by heart.

（二） v+ing 分词

v-ing 分词包括传统的动名词和现在分词。由于在某些结构中，v-ing 被有些人认为是现在分词，有些人认为是动名词，因此，为了方便起见，把它们合并统称为v-ing分词。 1. 构成 v-ing 由动词原形加 –ing 构成，具体方法省略

2. 用法： V-ing 在句子中除了不能作谓语之外，能作各种句子成分 A 作主语。

Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language. Talking mends no holes ( 空谈无济于事) It is no use asking her advice.

It is no good selling all your products at reduced prices. B 宾语

下列动词只能接v-ing 作宾语

为了便于记忆，分别按字母顺序排列

A. admit appreciate avoid acknowledge appreciate B. bear

C. consider can?t help , complete D. delay deny , dislike E. enjoy ,escape , excuse F. finish favor ,fancy

I. include imagine involve K. keep

M. mind miss mention

P, practice postpone prohibit permit Q. quit

R risk resent resist S stand , suggest

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eg Do you mind my/me turning on the radio while you are studying? She suggested spending another day in the mountain area. 下列句型/结构后接v-ing

A. It is no good/ use/ help doing… B. have difficulty(in) doing sth C. have a hard time doing D. have trouble (in) doing

E. have no business (in) doing 无权作某事

eg You have no business being here. 你无权呆在这里。 C. 定语。

eg. drinking water 饮用水 a waiting room 候车、候机室 boiling water 开水 a flying bird 飞鸟 D. 状语 表示原因，方式，结果，条件，时间，伴随等等 Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. （表示时间） The child fell down, striking his head against the door and cutting it. 孩子跌倒了，头在门上碰破了 （表示结果）

The students went out of the school, laughing and talking. (表示伴随)

为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时候在分词前面加上when, while, if等连词 eg When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with Jane. E. 表语

The news is exciting.

The story of his life sounds interesting. F. 宾补和主补

Do you hear someone knocking at the door?

When I entered the room, I found him reading something aloud.

当谓语变为被动语态时，原主动语态中的宾补就变成了主语补足语了。 We were kept waiting for more than three hours. 2． 分词的时态和语态 （以动词 write为例） 一般式 完成式 主动式 writing having written 被动式 being written having been writing 分词的一般式表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生 Be careful when crossing the street.

分词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前 Having done his homework, the boy began to watch TV. Not having done it right, he tried again. 被动语态表示动作的被动

Being surrounded, the enemy were forced to put down their guns.

一般式表示被包围的动作和被迫放下武器的动作几乎同时发生。

Having been told that some guests were coming, she shopped all morning in that super market.

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被动语态的完成式表示该动作发生在谓语动作所表示的动作之前

Exercises.

1. It was a very small house_______________( stand) in a beautiful garden with the green

mountain __________( rise) up behind it.

2. They often went _________(ride) or _________( shoot) 3. He spent most of his time __________( play) football.

4. Carbon is found in all _________(live) things ,both plant and animal. 5. They watched the satellites __________( move) slowly in the sky.

6. _________(lie) under the apple tree, Newton was thinking and thinking. 7. I played under a big tree, with my father ___________(work) in the field 8. He saw me and came ________(run) towards me. 9. His mother is busy _________(get) ready for work

10. __________(hear) the noise, they immediately left the house.

（三）。V-ed 分词 1 构成

规则动词的v-ed 分词直接加 –ed, 不规则动词的 v-ed 分词单独记忆。 2. 用法。

及物动词的v-ed分词表示被动，不及物动词的v-ed 分词表示动作的完成。 A. 做定语

developed countries 发达国家 burned skin 烧伤的皮肤 B. 作状语

Given better attention, the trees could grow better.

如果管理的好些，这些树可以长得好一些 （表条件） C. 作表语

She looked disappointed. The door remained locked. D. 宾补或主补

He found the hall thoroughly cleaned and everything arranged in good order. She saw the old man struck by a car. The news was made known at once. Exercises

1. He always wants everything ________(do) in a hurry. 2. The rat was placed in a ______(close) cage.(笼子) 3. What is the language ________(speak) in Australia?

4. The object ________(place) in the box is a fan _________(make) of feather(羽毛) 5. Because of my poor English, I?m afraid I can?t make myself ___________(understand) 6. You may try some of the techniques __________( outline) above.

7. Traditionally, all the members of an ________( extend) family lived in the same area.

8. Hongkong _______(return) to China in 1997 is one of the most important commercial and

financial centers in Asia.

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42. _________ warmly for his work , he was too excited ________ asleep/

A. Praising … to fall B. To praised … to fall C. Praised … falling D. Praised … to fall 43. Mary is always pleased ________ at the party.

A. to invite to sing B. to invite singing C. to be invited to sing D. to be invited singing 44._________ at the station, we found the train _________.

A. Arrived …gone B. Arriving … go C. To arrive … gone D. Arriving … gone 45. It is no use _________ a lot without _________ anything .

A. talking … doing B. to talk … do C. to talk …doing D. to come … being asked 46. Excuse me for _______ in without __________.

A. coming …asking B. coming being asked C. to come … asking D. to come …being asked 47. _________ the library, we were taken __________ the school- run factory.

A. Having been shown …to see B. Shown … seen C. Showing seeing D. To show to see 48. The ______ girl sat in the corner , _________.

A. frightened crying B. frightening …cried C. frightening…crying D. frightened … cried 49. There seemed to be nothing ________ to do but ________ for the doctor.

A. leave … send B. left … to send C. left … send D. leaving … send 50. The novel is not worthy of _______.

A. translating B. being translated C. translation D. to be translated 51. His suggestion is worthy _________.

A. considering B. being considering C. to consider D. to be considered 52. It is worth while _______ the question .

A. discussing B. discussed C. being discussed D. to be discussed 53. It isn?t worth (your) while ________ there now .

A. going B. to go C. gone D. went 54. Mr. Black gave up ________ only a few weeks ago.

A. teach B. to teach C. taught D. teaching 55. If I can stop them _______ there ,I?ll do it.

A. go B. to go C. gone D. going 56. As my English is poor , I was afraid ________ myself ________. A. to make ..misunderstood B. to make …misunderstand C. making …misunderstand D. making …misunderstand 57.The cleaning is ______ by mid-day.

A. to finish B. to be finished C. finishing D. being finished 58.There is nothing to prevent him____ the money.

A. take B. to take C. taken D. taking 59. I?m looking forward ________ you at Christmas.

A, seeing B. to see C. to seeing D. seen 60.After we had finished ______ , he proposed to set out immediately. A. eating B. to eat C. eaten D. eat 61. Most of them objected _to_______ in such a hurry.

A. leave B. leaving C. left D. to left 62. Is there any good _____ ?

A . to try to explain B. to try explaining C. trying to explain D. trying explained 63.Why not _______ doing it some other day?

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A. try B. to try C. trying D. tried 64. I regret _________ you that I won?t be able to go with you.

A. tell B. to tell C. telling D. told 65. They regretted __________ these books from abroad.

A. order B. to order C. ordering D. ordered 66. He is beginning _________ his mistakes.

A. see B. to see C. seeing D. seen 67. I can?t stand __________ nothing _________ all day. A. to have …do B. having …doing C. to have …doing D. having …to do 68. All the rooms in the house require __________.

A. clean B. to clean C. cleaning D. cleaned 69. The matter requires ________.

A. to think over B. to be thought over C. being thinking over D. being thought over 70. They required me ________ it a secret.

A. to keep B. keeping C. to be kept D. kept 71. We must try to avoid ________ the same mistake.

A. repeat B. to repeat C. repeating D. repaired 72. Your coat wants _________.

A. washing B. to wash C. washed D. being washed 73．These plants want __________.

A. to water B. watered C. to be watered D. being watered 74. She was still fast asleep, with her head ________ deep into her arms. A. bury B. to bury C. buying D. buried 75. The mother warned his son against ________ with other boys.

A. fight B. to fight C. fighting D. fought 76. The doctor warned me not _________ any more.

A. smoke B. to smoke C. smoking D. smoked 77. The microscope is rather difficult ___________.

A. to repair B. to be repaired C. repairing D. being repaired

78. __________ a child _________ in the water, he kicked off his shoes and jumped into the river. A. Seen …struggling B. Seen …struggled C. Seeing …struggling D. Seeing …struggled 79. What he had said made me _________.

A. to surprise B. surprising C. surprised D. surprise 80. The enemy could do nothing but _____.

A. to surrender B. surrender C. surrendering D. surrendered 81. The object ___________ in the box is a fan ________ of feather. A. placed …made B. pacing …making C. placed …making D. placing …made 82. ________ is easier than _________.

A. Talking …to do B. To talk …doing C. Talking …doing D. Talking …done

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83. Don?t leave your feet _______, have yourself _______ well. A. exposing …covering B. exposing …covered C. exposed …covering D. exposed …covered 84. That evening he set about __________ the report.

A. write B. to write C. writing D. written 85. The doctor did everything he could _______ the patient.

A. save B. to save C. saving D. saved 86. What about _________ a film this evening?

A. see B. to see C. seeing D. seen 87. She had no choice except __________ to sleep.

A. go B. to go C. going D. gone 88. He stayed at home and did everything except ________ clothes.

A. wash B. to wash C. washing D. washed 89. It?s was clear that she longed _______ her mother.

A. see B. to see C. seeing D. seen 90. I had a lot of difficulties __________.

A. overcome B. to overcome C. overcoming D. to be overcome 91. They have no difficulty ________ their task.

A. to finish B. finished C. in finishing D. for finishing 92. He has the right _________ payment.

A. demand B. to demand C. demanding D. demanded 93. I don?t feel like _______ to the movies.

A. go B. to go C. going D. gone 94. We got _________ and succeed in __________ our model plane. A. to work …to make B. working …making C. to work …making D. working …to make 95. He raised his hand ________ the taxi ___________.

A. to have … to stop B. to have … stop C. having … stopped D. having … stop 96.You have a lot of topics from which __________.

A. to choose B. choosing C. chose D. being chosen 97. He hesitated about _________ next.

A. to do B. what to do C. doing D. what doing 98. Weather _________. We will start at six tomorrow morning.

A. permit B. to permit C. permitting D. permitted 99. This book is used in English ________ countries.

A. speak B. spoken C. to speak D. speaking 100. __________ everywhere, the wolves had no where _______ themselves. A. Hunting …hiding B. To hunt …to hide C. Hunted …hiding D. Hunted …to hide 101．It is difficult _____ a horse _____.

A. to train.. jumping B. training…for jumping C. to train.. jump D. to train.. to jump 102. _____ this cake, you?ll need 2 eggs, 175g sugar, and 175g flour.

A. Having made B. To make C. Making D. Make

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103. They _____ the manager soon.

A. expect seeing B. expect to see C. will expect see D. are expect to see 104.There isn?t any difference between the two. I really don?t know _____.

A. what to choose B. which to choose C. to choose what D. to choose which 105. He said he would rather not _____ it right now.

A. doing B. to do C. do D. to be doing 106. He said , “Time is running short, You _______ now.”

A. have better leave B. better leave C. had better leave D had better to leave 107. Did you notice him ________the road”

A. crossed t B. across C. having crossed D. cross 108. Little Ruth found __________.

A. with no one to play B. no one with to play C. no one to play D. no one to play with 109. Would you be ______ to step this way ?

A. too kind B. so kind C. so kind as D. as kind as 110. They appear _____ in the accident.

A. was injured B. to be injuring C. being injured D. to have been injured 111. The elephant ought _____ hours ago by the keepers.

A. to be fed B. to feed C. to being fed D. to have been fed 112. He kept me ______ for many hours

A. to wait B. wait C. waiting D. waited 113. Because of my poor English, I?m afraid I can?t make myself ________.

A. understand B. to understand C. understanding D. understood 114. What?s the language _______ in Italy?

A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 115. _______, she ran out of the room.

A. Having tears in her eyes and turned suddenly B. Turning suddenly , with tears in her eyes C. With sudden turn tearful eyes

D. With tears in her eyes and a sudden turn 116. ________, on the road, the car was stopped.

A. Having seen a bomb B. Seeing a bomb C. The driver seeing a bomb D. After seeing a bomb 117. It is no use ______ to come now. He is busy.

A. asking him B. asked him C. ask him D. that you ask him 118. We can?t understand why he avoided _____ to us.

A. to speak B. speech C. having spoken D. speaking 119. I very much look forward _______ you.

A. to see B to be seeing C. to have seen D. to seeing 120. “If you can?t come tonight, how about ______ tomorrow now?”

A .to come B you come C. come D. coming 121.Ann was angry at ______ at her.

A. his laughing B him laugh C. him laughed D. him being laughed 122. Do you remember ______ those books to the library?

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A. I returning B. me to return C. me returning D. me being returned 123. Everybody dislikes _______.

A. at being laughed B. being laughed at C. being laughed D. being at laughed 124. I object to ______ like this.

A. be treating B . being treated C. be treated D. treating 125. I bitterly regret ______ him the story yesterday.

A. to tell B. told C. to have told D. having told 126.” Let?s ________ about our examination results.”

A. to stop to worry B. stop to worry C. stop worry D. stop worrying 127. My radio isn?t working. It _________.

A. need repairing B. needs repairing C. need to be repaired D. needs to repair 128. Tired of the noise, _________.

A. the door was shut B. the door was being shut C. he had shut the door D. he shut the door 129. Excuse me , but it is time to have your temperature________..

A. taking B to take C. take D. taken 130. This case is ______ heavy for me to carry.

A. too B. more C. such a D. enough 131. She is known to ________ on this problem for many years.

A. be working B. work C. have been working D. has working 132. He pretended _________ attentively.

A. to work B. to be working C. worked D. to works 133. I am sorry ______ you so much trouble.

A. to have given B. to had given C. giving D. gave 134. He is looking for a room____

A. to live B. live in C. living D. to live in 135. There is nothing ______.

A. to worry about B. to worry C. worrying D. worry 二．虚拟语气

一）概念： 虚拟语气表示说话人把不可能实现的想法、愿望作为条件去思考、设想问题。

Eg. 1.We propose that somebody neutral should take the chairman. 2. He ordered that the books be sent at once. 二）用法

为方便学习，我们把虚拟语气归纳为三类 A: be 型 虚拟语气

I ) 下列动词的宾语从句中用should + 动词原形 ，should 常常省略，即动词原形 suggest , propose, advise, order, demand, command, desire , require, request, insist,

recommend, decide, direct,

eg :1. The judge insisted that the accused man _________( appear) in person. 2. The doctor demanded the patient ___________(operate) on at once. 3. Congress has decided that the present laws _________(maintain).

Ⅱ) 以上动词的形容词，名词，v-ing 分词，v-ed 分词，在主语从句，表语从句，同

位语从句中都用虚拟语气。

Eg.1. It is advisable that she _________(not go) to the party yesterday.

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2 His suggestion is that the sports meet _________(put) off till next week because of the bad weather.

3. We were faced with the demand that this tax _________(abolish)(废除) B. were 型虚拟语气

I）只有下列助动词用于这类虚拟语气

could 能够 would 可能会 might 也许会 should 应该 II）：

时间 与现在事实相反的假设 与将来事实相反的假设 与过去事实相反的假设 混合型 条件状语从句中动词形式 动词一律用过去式 be 一律用 were should + 动词原形 or: were to + 动词原形 had + p.p (过去分词) 主句中动词形式 助动词 + 动词原形 助动词 + 动词原形 助动词 + have + p.p (过去分词) 由于条件从句和主句的时间不一致，所以应该根据各自对应的相应时间， 采用相对应的动词形式 Exercises : Put the following Chines sentences into English: 1. 如果我是你，我就会接受她的邀请。

2. 如果我有足够的钱，我就把整个北京城买下。 3. 明天要是星期天的话，我就去看我的朋友。

4. 我要是登广告招聘梦游的人做实验的话，不一定会有很多人应聘。 5. 你要是早来几分钟就可能见到她。

6. 他要是系上安全带，就不会在事故中丧身。 7. 这房子要是去年不维修，现在肯定在漏水。 8. 如果昨天晚上下了雨的话，现在地面就是湿的。

备注：如果虚拟语气的条件从句中省略 if , 则，条件从句用倒装（即疑问句语序） eg If I should advertise for sleepwalkers for an expeiment,….. If I were you,…..

If I had enough money…..

If you had come here a few minutes earlier,

C. 下列句型中用虚拟语气

I） 下列句型中时态往后倒退（推）一个，即

一般现在时，一般将来时 倒退为 一般过去时 一般过去时 倒退为 过去完成时

1. wish + 从句 从句中用虚拟语气 (要是……就好了)

eg I wish I _______(take) your advice before.

I often hear old people wish they ________(be) young again. 2. if only 要是……就好了

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If only I _____(have) wings, I _______(fly) home without any traffic jams. If only I ______(take) your advice at that time.

3.would sooner + 从句 从句中用虚拟语气 （宁愿） 4.would rahter + 从句 从句中用虚拟语气 （ 宁愿）

eg I would sooner/rather you ______(go ) with her tomorrow.

She would rather she ______(go) to the party yesterday, but she had not been invited. She would sooner you _________(not see) her any more in the future. II)下列句型从句中用虚拟语气，动词形式根据实际情况而定

5. were it not for (= if it were not for) 要不是因为…(与现在事实相反)..

Were it not for their help, we ____________(not overcome) the difficulties. if it had not been for…… （过去要不是因为………）从句中用 had +pp（与过去事实相反） If it had not been for the traffic jams , they would have arrived here on time. .6. it is (high) time + 从句，从句中动词用过去形式 （是干……的时候了） eg It is time that you __________(learn) English and computer well. 7. as if (though) (似乎，好像) 如果与事实不符合，用虚拟语气 It sounds as if he had been to America. She speaks as if she were American.

8. it is + adj ( necessayr, important, impossible, essential, imperative, natural, strange+从句

从句中用 should + 动词原形

It is strange that he should not come to the party.

9. but for + 名词 but that + 从句（要不是因为…）后面的从句用虚拟语气。动词形式视

情况而定

But for the storm, they would have fulfilled the task ahead of time.

10 for fear that, lest 从句中用should +动词原形 （唯恐，以免…..发生）

eg. The driver checked the car carefully lest it should break down on the way home. Exercises:

1. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _______.

A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken 2. You didn?t let drive. If we _____ in turn, you ________ so tired.

A. drove, didn?t get B. drove, wouldn?t get

C. were driving, wouldn?t get D. had driven, wouldn?t have got 3. If only he _____ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now. A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lie 4. How I wish every family ______ a large house with a beautiful garden!

A has B. had C. will have D . had had 5. -----I stayed at a hotel while in New York

----- Oh, did you? You ______ with Barbara.

A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D.must have stayed 6. I didn't see your sister at the meeting. If she _____, she would have met my brother. A. has come B. did come C. come D. had come 7. ______ it rain tomorrow, I would put offf the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.

A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will 8. _______ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the film so often.

A If it is not B. Were it not C. Had it not been D. If they were not

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9. He insists that he ________ innocent.

A. is B. be C. would be D. were

10. The teacher commanded that all her students _______ their compositions after school A. would hand in B. should hand in C. handed in D might hand in 11. If you had followed the doctor?s advice, you ______ all right now.

A. are B. were C. would have been D would be 12. It is necessary that we ________ a foreign language.

A. must master B. ought to master C. master D. would master 13. It is high time we _______ some actions to prevent pollution.

A. take B. taking C. took D. is taking 14. _______ to the doctor right away, he might be alive today.

A. If he went B. Had he gone C. Were he gone D. Should he have gone 15. Without your help, we ______ so much.

A. will not achieve B. don?t achieve C. didn?t achieve D. would not have achieved 16. I?d rather you _____ tomorrow.

A. would not come B. didn?t come C. hadn?t come D. won?t come 17. -----What can he do?

----- They _______ that he follow their advice.

A. suggest B. believe C. wish D. hope 18. The city council ordered spitting ______ on the street.

A. was prohibited B. should prohibit C. be prohibited D. should be prohibiting 19.It is important that she _______ up her classmates.

A. would catch B. should catch C. might catch D. caught 20.If Mary had told me in advance, I _______ you at the airport.

A. would meet B. would have meet C. would had met D. would have met 21. ______ before we depart tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.

A. Had they arrived B. Were they arriving C.Would they arrive D.Were they to arrive 22. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I ________ your advice.

A.follow B. had followed C. would follow D. have followed

23. If the whole operation ____ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. A.was not planned B. has not been planned C. had not been planned D. were not planned 24. Had he worked hard, he _______ the exam.

A. must have got throuth B. would have got through C. would get through D. could get through

25. _______ for your laziness, you could have finished the assighnment by now. A. Had it not been B.It were not C. Weren?t it D. Had not it been

26. Idiomatic expressions of whatever length should be learned as a whole, as though each

expression _______ a word in a vocabulary.

A. is B. would be B. should be D. were 27. We didn?t know his telephone number, otherwise we ________ him.

A.would have telephoned B.must have telephone C.would telephone D.had telephoned

28. It is vital that enough money _______ to the job since he has no experience.

A. be collected B. must be collected C. is collectec D. can be collected

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29. Jean doesn?t want to work right away because she thinks that if she _____ a job she probably

wouldn?t be able to see her friends very often.

A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got

30. A holistic view of human development requires that both the social and environmental costs

of economic activities ________.

A are taken into account B. will be taken into account C. be taken into account D. must be taken into account

31. The millions of calculations involved , had they been done by hand, ______all practical value

by the time they were finished.

A. had lost B. would lose C. would have lost D. should have lost 32. Jack wishes that he ________business instead of history when he was in university. A. had studied B. studied C. study D. had been studying

33. He burned all the important documents ______that they should fall into the enemy?s hands. A. unless B. so C. lest D. for fear that 34. Frankly speaking, I?d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being. A. have done B. haven?t done C. don?t do D. didn?t do

35. The report ______ released last January if new developments ______ it necessary ot revise

all conclusions drawn from the first series of experiments.

A. would be… wasn?t make B. would have been…… had not made C. would be….. didn?t make B. would have been ….. didn?t make

36. “You ?re very selfish. It?s high time you _____that you are not the most important person in

the world”, Edgar said to his boss angrily.

A. have realized B. should realize C. realize D. realized 37. My family, if my father had been ill a few more weeks, _____.

A. will be starved B. would be starved C.would have been starved D. would have starved 38. Emphasis is said on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained ______ before starting

a new project.

A. take into consideration B. be taken into consideration C. took into consideration D. should take into consideration

39. It was Moart who suggested to his son that he ______ a number of violin concertsos(协奏曲) A． write B. writes C. wrote D. has written 40. We ran as fast as possible ______ we should be too late.

A. in order that B. so that C. lest D. for all 41. I?m sure he is up to the job ______ he would give his mind to it. A. if only B. in case C. until D. unless

42. I don?t think it advisable that Tim ______ to the job since he has no experience. A. is assigned B. will be assigned C. be assigned D. has been assigned 43. Wouldn?t you rather your child _____ to bed early?

A. go B. would go C. went D. goes 44. Mike?s uncle insists ______ in this hotel

A. staying not B. not to stay C. that he would not stay D. that he not stay 45.Sometimes I wish I _____in a different time and a different place.

A.be living .B. were living C. would live D. would have lived 46.It is essential that these application forms _____ back as early as possible

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A. must be sent B. are sent C. will be sent D. be sent

47. All science students, ______, should have a good foundation in mathematics. A.whether they are future physicist and chemists B. they are future physicists and chemists

C. they should be future physicists and chemists D. be they future physicists and chemists

48. You _____ him so closely;, you should have kept your distance. A.shouldn?t have been following B. mustn?t follow C. couldn?t have been following D. shouldn?t follow

49. What a heavy rain it is！If I _______ the rain coat, I couldn?t ______ in the rain.

A put on, walk B. had put on, be walking C. put on, be walking D. should put on, walk 50. You _____ her in her office last Friday, she has been out of town for two weeks. A.needn?t have seen B. must have seen C. might have seen D.cannot have seen 51. I wish I _____ you were arriving today, I would have met you at the station if I had. A. had known B. knew C. know D has known 52. That tree looked as if it ______for a long time.

A. hasn?t watered B. didn?t water C. hadn?t been watered D. wasn?t watered

53. If the United States had built more homes for poor people in 1955, the housing problems now

in some parts of this country ____ so serious.

A. wouldn?t be B. will not have been C. wouldn?t have been D. would have not been 54. ______the English examination, I would have gone to the party last night. A. In spite of B. But for C Because of D. As for 55. He must have had an accident, or he _______ then.

A.would have been here B. had to be here C. should be here D. would be here

56. If the weather had been more favorable, the apple trees ______ still better.

A.would have grown B. would grow C. would be growing D. should grow 57. Five mimutes earlier, ______we could have caught the last train.

A. and B. but C. or D. so

58. We disire that the tour leader ______ us immediately of any change in plans

A. inform B. informs C. informed D. has informed 59. We _____ to start our own business, but we never had enough nomey.

A. have hoped B. hope C. had hoped D. should hope 60. The manager of the hotel requests that their guests ______loud music after 11:00pm A.not to play B. shouldn?t play C. don?t play D. couldn?t play 61. I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.

A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept

62. It is recommended that the project ________ until all the preparations have been made. A. is not started B. will not be started C. not be started D. is not to be started 63. If you ______ tomorrow, you would find the manager in the office.

A. comes B. will come C. should come D. come 64. It was a hard job, but divided into groups, we ______it easily.

A. had completed B. might completed C.completed D. might have completed 65. The traffic was very heavy, otherwise I ______ here 50 minutes sooner.

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A.would be B. should be C. had been D. would have been

66. I?m sorry Andy didn?t want to go to the conference. ______ willing to go we would have paid

all his expenses

A. Being B. Was he C. Had he been D. He had been 67. The young driver looked over the engine carefully lest it _____ on the way. A.should go wrong B.would go wrong C. went wrong D.goes wrong 68. It is highly desirable that a new president ______ to this college.

A. appointed B. be appointed C. was appointed D. has been appointed

69. Remember, science requires your whole life, and even if you __ two lives, they ____enough. A. had, woul be B. have , is C. have isn?t D. had, wouldn?t be 70. But that he saw it, he _______ it.

A.could not believe B. did not believe C. could not have believed D. can?t believe

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