exercises

1. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar for it is mostly B. A.prescriptive B.descriptive C. subjective D. Latin-based 2. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as C.

A. abnormal B. something to be feared C.natural D. unnatural 3. Which of the following sounds is a voiced consonant? A A. [d] B.[t] C.[p] D.[t]

4. There are C morphemes in the word “disabled” A. one B. two C. three D. four 5. In English, “dis-“ is called D A. a free morpheme B. a suffix C. an infix D. a prefix

6.Black English is probably the most widespread and most familiar B variety of the English language.

A. regional B. ethnic C. social D. lower class 7.The pair of words “alive” and “dead” are B. A. gradable antonyms B. complementary antonyms C. relational opposites D. co-hyponyms

8.D belong(s) to the Indo-European language family.

A. English B. German C. French D. All of them 9.The sentence “Kids like apples” is a A A. two-place predication B. three-place predication C. no-place predication D. one-place predication

10.What is the construction of the sentence: “The baby smiled”? C A. subordinate B. coordinate C. exocentric D. endocentric

11. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 12. The linguistic study of meaning in the context of use is called pragmatics. 13. The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.

14. According to the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure, parole refers to the realization of language in actual use.

15. The three branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively.

16. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

17. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. 18. The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning. 19. Sociolinguistics is the subdiscipline of linguistics that studies language in social contexts. 20. Variation in language use associated with the sex of individual speakers is called gender varieties.

21. Competence and performance mean, to N. Chomsky, much the same thing. F

22. The basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that in the pronunciation of the former it is characterized by the absence of obstruction of the airstream and it does not have a place of articulation in the same sense as a consonant. T

23. In English, nouns, verbs, prepositions and adverbs are open classes since we can regularly add new words to these classes. F 24. Sentences are strings of words put together in a random order. F 25. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning. They are two

related but different aspects of meaning. T

26. “It is raining hard” is a one-place predication sentence. F 27. Idiolect is the stylistic variation in a person’s speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite. F 28. Bilingualism describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each with a distinct range of social function and appropriate for certain situations. F 29. Commissive, a type of illocutionary speech acts by Searle, means bringing about immediate changes by saying something. F 30. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; the former is concrete and context-dependent and the latter is abstract and de-contextualized. T

1.F. de Saussure is a(n) _________ linguist.

A. American B. Swiss C. British D. Russian 2. Which of the following sounds is a voiced bilabial stop A. [p] B. [m] C. [b] D. [t]

3. Of the “words” listed below, __________ is not an English word. A. [spin] B. [lkbi] C.[strikt] D. [desk]

4. The affixes which manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-ing,-est” are called __________.

A. derivational affixes B. free morphemes C. inflectional affixes D. roots 5. The sentence containing two clauses joined by a linking word is called a ____________ sentence.

A. coordinate B. simple C. subordinate D. embedded

6. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called _________ in semantic theory. A. mentalism B. contextualism C. conceptualism D. naming theory 7. The semantic relationship between flower and rose is _______.

A.hyponyms B. hyponymy C. co-hyponyms D. superordinate 8. The words such as handbook and highway are ___________. A. formed by blending B. coined by back-formation C. compound words D. derivations 9. X-bar theory is __________________.

A. highly specific and concrete, therefore only useful to solve concrete problems B. capable of reducing the redundancies of individual phrasal structure rules C. so highly abstract that it can explain all the properties of all phrasal categories D. inefficient in coping with the language structures other than those of English 10. The words “railway” and “railroad” are __________. A. synonyms differing in emotive meaning B. synonyms differing in styles C. dialectal synonyms

D. synonyms differing in register

11. A person who studies linguistics is called a l____________.

12.M_________ is the linguistic study of how morphemes are combined to form words. 13. In modern linguistics, s__________ is considered primary over writing.

14. There are two ways to classify consonants: by place of articulation and by m___________ of articulation.

15. S_________ is the linguistic study of meaning in abstraction.

16. H___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.

17. The study of language with reference to the workings of the mind is called p________. 18. Vowels can be classified by the position of the tongue, openness of the mouth and l_________ of the sound.

19. The notion of linguistic determinism and linguistic relativism is called the S_________ hypothesis.

20. An e___________ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh or unpleasant.

21. English language is a tone language.

22. A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from general use such as obscene, profane and swear words.

23. Chinese is thought to be the first language by most linguists.

24. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language.

25. Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social and stylistic variation.

26. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the periods of old English and modern English.

27. A locutionary act of Speech Act Theory is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.

28. According to predication analysis, in the sentence “The man beat the dog.”, the word “beat” is called predicate, and the words “man” and “dog” are called arguments.

29.[f] is a dental consonant.

30. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called broad transcription.

1. The study of language development at some point in time is generally termed as ___________ linguistics.

A. comparative B. applied C. synchronic D. diachronic 2. N. Chomsky is a famous _____________ linguist.

A. American B. British C. Greek D. Swiss 3. In the following sounds ___________ is a voiceless consonant.. A. [d] B.[g] C. [t] D. [b] 4. In English, “pill” and “bill” are ___________.

A. a phonemic contrast B. complementary distribution C. assimilation D a minimal pair 5. The word “unhappiness” has ____________ morpheme(s) A. one B. two C. three D. four

6. In English the letter combination “care” in the word “carelessness” is called ___________. A. suffix B. prefix C. infix D. free morpheme 7. A word with several meaning is called _________.

A. a synonymous word B. a polysemous word C. an abnormal word D. none of the above

8. We call the relation between “animal” and “tiger” as ___________.

A. polysemy B. synonymy C. hyponymy D. homophony 9. The pair of words “let’ and “rent” is called ___________. A. relational opposites B. gradable antonyms C. complementary antonyms D. co-hyponyms

10. Which description of the meaning components of the word “mother” is right. A. [+human, +adult, +male] B. [-human, +adult, +male] C. [+human, +adult, -male] D. [+human, -adult,-male] 11. P________ is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language. 12. M________is the study of the way in which words are formed.

13. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d__________.

14. The description of a language as it changes through time is a d_________ study.

15. Similar to Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole is the distinction between c________ and performance by the linguist N. Chomsky.

16. Language is p________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its uses.

17. The English sounds [m],[n] and [N] are called n_______ consonants.

18. The morphemes such as “-en”, “dis-” and “–ism” are called b_______ morphemes.

19. The words of a sentence are produced one after another in a sequence is the l____________ structure of a sentence.

20. Jane Austin’s Speech Act Theory includes locutionary act, illocutionary act and p_______ act. 21. Our mother tongue Chinese is a tone language.

22. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, so the details of any language system are genetically transmitted, and not to be taught and learned.

23. The English sounds [ai],[au][Ci][iE] and [tF] are called diphthongs. 24. The morphemes “dog”, “able” and “quick” are free morphemes.

25. The contextualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to but they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.

26. The British English word “autumn” and the American English word “fall” are called stylistic synonyms.

27. The relation between the words “male” and “female” is gradable antonyms.

28. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning, it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a specific context.

29. The maxim of manner by CP is to say what you believe to be true.

30. Black English is the widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language.

1.The word “language” is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language called _________.

A. colloquial language B. scientific language C. standard language D. idiolect 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. bang B. photo C. typewriter D. rumble

3.Which of the following sounds is a diphthong?

A. [ai] B. [t] C[d] D. [a:]

4.“hot dog” with the first element stressed means________.

A. a dog which is hot B. a barking dog C. a kind of food D. a dead dog 5.There are _________morphemes in the word” frightening”. A. one B. two C. three D. four 6. In English, “-ate” and “dis-“ are called _________.

A. Prefixes B. suffixes C. infixes D. affixes

7.The phrase “boys and girls” belongs to the ______ construction. A. complex B. coordinate C. embedded D. subordinate 8. The illocutionary act of the utterance “ I promise to come.” is a _______.

A. representative B. expressive C. declaration D. commissive 9.Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity ?

A. hot/cold B. doctor/patient C. single/married D. husband /wife 10. Which part of the brain is generally considered to control language and speech.

A. left hemisphere B. right hemisphere C. front hemisphere D. back hemisphere

11. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal s________ used for human communication. 12. A linguistic study is p___________ if it tries to lay down rules for “correct” behaviour. 13. Generally speaking, we can divide p______ into at least three branches: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.

14. The speech sounds can be divided into two broad categories: v_________ and consonants. 15. M___________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

16. S___________ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. 17. Semantics can be simply defined as the study of m______. 18. The term a__________ is used for oppositeness of meaning. 19. A predication usually consists of a________ and predicate.

20. The Cooperative Principle includes four maxims: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner. 21. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in isolation.

22. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken language.

23. According to the Swiss linguist Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 24. The English sound[m] is a bilabial nasal.

25. The phrase “green house” with the first element stressed means “ a house which is green in colour.”

26. The morphemes such as “room” and “help” are free morphemes.

27. The meanings of compound words generally can not be worked out by looking at the meanings of the constituent words.

28. The words of a sentence are only structured in the linear order.

29. The word “man” is analyzed as comprising the semantic features of [+human,+adult,+male]. 30. In general, the right hemisphere of brain controls the right side of the body, the left hemisphere of the brain controls the left side of the body.

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