毕业设计论文外文文献及译文

机械类塔机外文文献

本科毕业设计

（本科毕业论文）

文献、资料题目： Tower Crane

文献、资料来源：期刊（著作、网络等）

文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2000.3.25

院 （部）： 机电工程学院

专 业： 机械工程及自动化

班 级：

姓 名：

学 号：

指导教师：

翻译日期： 2011-4-19

机械类塔机外文文献

外文文献： Tower Crane Boom mounted on the upper part of the rotation of the tall tower crane. Operating a large space, mainly used for housing construction materials in the vertical and horizontal transportation and installation of building components. From the metal structure, working bodies and the electrical system consists of three parts. Metal structure including the tower moving arms and base and so on. The work of organizations including lifting,luffing, slewing and walking four parts. Electrical systems including motors, controllers, power distribution cabinets, connection lines, signals and lighting devices.

Short tower crane tower crane, also known as tower crane, originated in Western Europe. According to records, the first tower crane used in construction related to the patent granted in 1900. Emerged in 1905 with a fixed jib tower crane, and in 1923 produced the prototype of modern tower crane, in the same year the first relatively complete modern tower crane. 1930, when Germany began mass production of tower cranes, and used for building construction. In 1941, the tower crane industry standard DIN8770 published in Germany. The standard provides for crane set (t) and amplitude (m) of the product (tm) together to re-torque, said the tower crane lifting capacity.

China tower crane industry in the 20th century, 50 years started, as opposed to the Western European countries due to weakness in the construction industry caused by the tower crane industry in recession, Shanghai Poch Drive System Co., Ltd. tower crane industry in China is in a rapid period of development .

From the tower crane in terms of technological development, while an endless stream of new products, new products in the production efficiency, easy operation, and maintenance easier and more reliable operation in the increase in the tower crane, but there is no fundamental change in the technology. The tower crane research is towards modular development. The so-called modular, that is, to the tower structure as the core, according to structural and functional characteristics of the shaft broken down into several parts, and on the basis of seriation and general requirements, follow the modulus of the various parts of the system theory and then pided into a number of modules. According to parameters required, choose the appropriate

机械类塔机外文文献

modules were grouped with different performance characteristics of the tower crane technology to meet the specific needs of the construction. The implementation of modular tower crane tower crane production capacity will help to speed up the development progress of Lu, save product development costs, and better for customer service.

Slewing tower crane be pided into upper and lower rotary tower crane tower crane two broad categories. In which the carrying capacity of the former than the latter, in many we have seen the construction site is on a rotary festival add up on top of a high tower crane access. According to whether the move is further pided into: walking a line, and fixed. Fixed the fixed tower crane tower do not switch installed in the concrete block foundation, or installed in the form of X-shaped concrete foundation. In the housing construction generally use a fixed style. Device characteristics and safety devices

Tower crane boom and struts form of sub-horizontal type two kinds. For the horizontal boom, the load car runs along the level luffing boom, luffing movement balance, its long boom, but the greater weight boom. Boom for the strut-type when the tractor boom luffing mechanism Pitch amplitude, amplitude motion than horizontal steady, but its relatively small weight.

In order to ensure the safety of tower crane has a good safety device, such as starting weight, range, height and load torque constraints such devices, as well as the travel limit switches, tower lights, wind instrument, wind clip-rail device, Ladders and athletic supporter circle, walkways and railings. Driver's cab demand for comfort, easy operation, good vision and good communications equipment.

Production points of the inspection of tower cranes

1) Check the structural condition of metal, especially high-strength bolts, which connect the surface to be cleared of dust, paint, no trace, and rust, and the use of hand or special torque wrench, according to assembly requirements tightened.

2) Check the transmission of various agencies, including the work of transmission suitability of the bearing clearance, the gear mesh is not good and the brake is sensitive.

3) Check the wear of steel wire rope and pulleys, fixed is reliable.

4) Check the electrical components are good contact points of the closure were the extent of follow-correct and reliable.

机械类塔机外文文献

5) Check whether the running wheel and rail access to good, clip-rail clamp is reliable. The installation of attachment devices, within the climbing device, the connecting bolts and the clip block is solid and reliable.

Used tower crane

The following specific description in several aspects of the tower crane used room Jianzhong.

(A), the tower crane metal structure

The metal structure is composed of tower crane boom, tower, turret, bearings, balance arm, chassis, composed of apex.

Construction boom level luffing jib type of car, and then have a single hanging point down the minutes, double-hanging point and the lifting arm and balance arm fused hammerhead-type level luffing jib car. Single hanging point is statically determinate structure, twin-lift point is statically indeterminate structure. Hammerhead-type trolley level luffing jib installed at the tower top Zhuangruo hammer, shaft, such as hammer handle, no spire, it is also known as flat head style. Flat-style of making structure simpler and more conducive to the force, to reduce weight and simplify construction and so on. Most used car luffing jib equilateral triangle cross-section.

Tower structure, also known as the tower is the main body of the tower crane structure. Now adopt a square cross-section of tower crane, application of a broader cross-section dimensions are:

1.2m × 1.2m, 1.4m × 1.4m, 1.6m × 1.6m, 2.0m × 2.0m; tower section used the standard size is 2.5m and the 3m. Tower sections used in the standard connection method is to cover the most widely used set of stud bolt connection and connection, followed by the pin connection and flashboard pin socket connection. Standards Section has the overall standards of style tower-type tower sections and assembled the standard sections, the latter high precision machining, production difficult, but the stacking area is small, less freight. Ladder tower section must be set so that driver and mechanic from top to bottom. Ladder width of not less than 500mm, ladder step spacing of not more than 300mm, set up a guard ring for each 500mm. When the ladder height of more than 10m, the ladder should be sub-switching, the switching office to install a closed platform.

Spire function is to bear arm and balance arm Cord Cord coming from the upper load, and through rotating tower, turret, bearings and other structural components-style passing directly

机械类塔机外文文献

through the turret to the tower structure. Since l have truncated conical tower column, forward or backward truncated cone column, Renzi Jia style and bracing Shelf.

Any slewing tower cranes are required to set up a balance weight, its function is to balance the weight bearing, which constitute the design required by the role of torque in the opposite direction and lifting the balance of torque. In addition to balance the weight, but also often installed in its rear lifting mechanism. Lifting bodies are placed, together with the balance weight arm in balancing the tail end of a re-allocation of the Department can play a role, two rope reel and the spire increase the distance between the guide wheel to facilitate the rope around and avoid the occurrence of emission the phenomenon of chaos rope. Balance the weight and balance amount is inversely proportional to the relationship between the length of the arm, while the balance of arm length and boom there is a certain percentage of the length of the relationship in between. Balance the considerable amount of heavy, light tower crane usually at least 3 ~ 4t, heavy to almost 30t. Balance weight can be made of cast iron or reinforced concrete: the high cost of the former process, but the small size wind; the latter were large in size to the stability of the windward big negative, but the simple economy, it is generally use this. The usual practice is to balance the emphasis on pre-pided into 2 ~ 3 kinds of specifications, width, thickness of the same, but the height should be adjusted to match the use of different arm lengths.

(B), the tower crane spare parts

Each tower crane must be used in many kinds of lifting parts, of which the largest number of technical requirements are strict and complicated rope specifications. Tower crane wire rope used in accordance with different functions are: lifting wire rope, rope luffing, jib ropes, balance the arm ropes, trolleys and other traction rope. Steel wire rope is characterized by: the entire root, high strength, but also the whole root sections, the size of the same intensity, light weight, able to withstand shock loads, flexible enough to winding into a disk, can be balanced at high speed movement, and no noise, wear and tear After the skin will produce a number of glitches, easy to detect and facilitate the timely disposal. Steel wire rope is usually a Unit diameter 0.3 ~ 0.4mm thin twisted wire strand, and then twisted into rope by the Unit. Tower crane is used in interactive twist, is characterized by loose and difficult to reverse. On the strand cross-sectional shapes, the high-rise building construction with the tower crane to adopt the multi-strand rope is not reversed, the most appropriate, such a wire rope consists of two layers composed of the same strand, two

机械类塔机外文文献

strand twisting in the opposite direction, using the principle of rotating torque balance twist crafted by force does not occur when the free end of the reverse. Hoisting Tower Crane luffing rope and wire rope safety factor usually taken to be 5 ~ 6, car towing rope, and boom Cord of the safety factor of 3, tower crane lifts Lifting Sheng An all-coefficient of not less than 10. Steel wire rope safety factor is indispensable for security reserve factor, by virtue of this security must not be arbitrarily raised the rope reserves face the maximum allowable safe load. Because of the importance of steel wire rope, we must strengthen the comprehensive inspection of wire rope on a regular basis, stored in dry closed surface, there are wooden floors or asphalt concrete warehouse floor to prevent corrosion, loading and unloading not to damage the surface of the pile when placed erect. Systematic lubrication of the rope can increase the service life.

Luffing jib tower crane trolley is the level of essential parts. Change car set by the frame structure, steel wire rope, pulleys, line wheels, guide wheels, steel wire rope supporting the wheel, steel wire rope anti-roll off, car towing rope tensioning device and the broken rope composed of insurance, etc.. For the talent level of boom (more than 50m in length) in amplitude with the car at the side of an overhaul hanging baskets may contain members of the maintenance and repair of all maintenance points to the repair and maintenance. Job finished, the roots boom car driven across the border to make baskets with luffing car separated from the structure fixed to the boom supports the dedicated office.

Other parts are wheels, slewing ring, hook and brakes and so on.

(C), the tower crane working body

The tower crane working body there are five: hoisting mechanism, varying from agencies, car towing agencies, institutions and carts Traveling rotary body (walking style tower crane).

(D), the tower crane electrical equipment

The main tower crane electrical equipment including:

* Cable Reels - Central collector ring;

* Motor;

* Operation of electrical motors, such as: controller, master controller, contactors and relays. Protection of electrical appliances, such as: automatic fuses, overcurrent relays and limit switches.

* Vice-loop in the main control switch electrical appliances, such as: buttons, switches and meters.

机械类塔机外文文献

There are auxiliary electrical equipment: lights, lights, bells and so on.

(E), tower crane's hydraulic system

Tower crane hydraulic system's main components are hydraulic pumps, hydraulic cylinders, control components, tubing and fittings, fuel tank and hydraulic oil filters and so on.

Hydraulic pump and hydraulic motor is a hydraulic system of the most complex part of the oil suction pump through the pipeline to the hydraulic cylinders or hydraulic motors, hydraulic cylinder or motor so that normal operation can be carried out. Hydraulic and hydraulic pump can be seen as the heart, is the hydraulic energy source. Our tower crane hydraulic jacking system, hydraulic pumps are mostly used in CB-G-type gear pump, CB does not gear code, Hagglunds G for a fixed axial gap, the working pressure of 12. 5 ~ 16MPa.

Hydraulic cylinder is a hydraulic system of the implementation of the components. From the functional point of view, hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors of the same pressure of working oil flow can be transformed into mechanical energy conversion device. The difference is that hydraulic motor is used for rotary movement, while the hydraulic pressure is used for linear motion.

Then a high hydraulic jacking the whole process is:

* Mobile balance weight, so that the tower is not unbalanced moment, lifting arm in place, towards the same direction with the introduction of the track and be locked, lifting a standard tower section placed in a small car ferry;

* Jacking; * Pin in place and locked, when you mention piston rod, in the set of planes in the formation of the introduction of space;

* The introduction of standard knots;

* Standard section brought the introduction of car ferry;

the standard section in place, install the bolts;

* Slightly upward jacking, pull out the lock position to make the transition Festival and has received high tower together into one solid.

(F), tower crane safety devices

Safety device is essential for the tower crane, one of the key equipment, can be pided into: limit switch (stopper); overload Insurance devices (overload power plant); buffer only block

机械类塔机外文文献

devices; steel wire rope anti-off device; anemometer ; emergency safety switch; security audio signal.

Limit switches according to the functions are: hook travel limit switch, rotary limit switches, trolley travel limit switch, carts travel limit switch.

(G), the provisions of the tower crane anti-tipping

Non-overloading operation; not oblique pull heavy loads; not allowed to suddenly emergency braking; prohibit running wind lifting operations; working class, must be clip-rail clamping device to prevent the wind blowing the tower crane slipped out of orbit.

(H), since the l-type tower crane attachment anchor

When the self-climbing tower crane in achieving a high degree of their freedom to continue to pick up high-jacking, in order to enhance its stability factor to keep lifting capacity, they must anchor attached to the building structure. Attachment level, the total construction and construction-layer height, tower crane and tower structures, freedom tower height. In general, set the two anchor dwell already meet their needs. Attachment points on the building options to note: two fixed-point distance between the reinforcement attachment appropriate; fixed point should be set at the T-walls and wall corners; right frame structure, attachment points for appropriate column in close proximity to the roots of cloth; arranged near the floor for the benefit and installation of power transmission.

To ensure the safe use of tower crane and access to a long life, it must be lubricated, troubleshooting, regular maintenance and repair parts.

The tower crane industry in the development of

The early 50s, my tower crane from the imitation started, in 1954 East German architects generic type Ⅰ tower crane; 60 years designed and manufactured 25tm, 40tm, 60tm several models, and many more moving the main arm; 70 years With the increase in high-rise buildings, the construction machinery made new demands, so, 160tm attachment style, 45tm in climbing, 120tm jack-up tower crane have been brought forth and so on; 80 years since the last century, since the tower crane industry in China to be rapid development, especially in recent years, the tower crane sales continued to climb in 2001, industry statistics sales of 9738 units in 2002 to become the world's first tower crane annual output of 10,000 units a breakthrough state. In 2004, due to the role of macroeconomic regulation and control as well as the crane industry, the

机械类塔机外文文献

restructuring of production and sales of tower crane has dropped slightly, 2005,2006, in the strong economic growth driven by China's resumption of the tower crane production and sales growth in 2006, sales have been more than 20,000 units.

Because the industry statistics which only a couple dozen manufacturers sales, certainly far more than industry-wide sales figures. Needless to say, China has become the world's civilian power production of the tower crane, tower crane is the world's major demand markets. According to preliminary statistics, China to obtain production licenses tower crane production plant more than 400, but 80 years less than 100.

中文译文：

塔式起重机

起重臂安装在高高塔身上部的旋转起重机。工作空间大，主要用于房屋建设材料的垂直和水平运输和建筑部件的安装。它包括了金属结构、工作机构和电气系统三部分组成。金属结构包括塔机动臂和底座等。工作部分包括起升、变幅、回转和行走四部分。电气系统包括电动机、控制器、配电柜、连接线、信号及照明设备等。

塔式起重机也叫做塔机，发源于西欧。据记录，第一项在建筑中使用的塔机专利授予于1900年。固定的动臂起重机起重机出现在1905年，并且在1923年生产出了现代塔机的雏形，在同一年生产出第一台相对完备的现代化塔式起重机。1930年当德国已开始大量生产塔机，并且用于建筑施工。在1941年，塔机的行业标准DIN8770在德国公布。这个标准规定以载重(t)和振幅(m)的乘积(tm)一起以重力矩来衡量塔机的起重能力。

我国的塔机行业起步于20世纪50年代,相对于西欧国家由于建筑业衰退造成的塔机业的不景气, 上海波赫驱动系统有限公司我国的塔机业正处于一个快速的发展时期。

从塔机的技术发展方面来看，虽然不断地生产出新的产品，并且新产品在生产效率、简易操作、维护更容易和操作的可靠性方面都有提高，但是在塔机的技术上并没有根本改变。塔式起重机的研究趋向于模块式发展。之所以称为模块式，因为以塔身结构为核心，根据结构和功能特点，将塔身分成若干部分，并根据系列化和总体要求，遵循各部分的模量理论再划分成若干模块。根据参数要求，选择适当模块组成具有不

机械类塔机外文文献

同技术性能特点的塔机，来适应特殊施工的需求。模块式的塔机的实施有利于加快塔机产品开发速度，节省塔机开发费用，并能更好的为客户服务。

回转塔机分为上回转塔机和下回转塔机两大类。在承载能力方面前者要高于后者，在建筑场地我们见到的大多数就是上回转式加顶升的塔机。根据否移动细分为：行走式和固定式。固定式塔机塔身固定不动，基础安装在整块混凝土，或安装在X形式的混凝土基础上。在房屋的建设中通常采用的就是固定式的塔机。

设备特点和安全装置

塔式起重机的起重臂分为水平式和压杆式两种。起重臂为水平式时，小车机构沿着水平起重臂运动变幅，变幅运动平衡，其动臂长，但动臂重量较大。起重臂为压杆式时，变幅机构使动臂仰俯变幅，变幅运动不如水平式动臂稳定，但其自重相对较小。 为了确保安全，塔式起重机配备有很好的安全装置，如起重量、变幅度、高度和载荷力矩等限制装置，还有运动限制开关、塔灯、风速计、防风夹轨装置、爬梯保护圈、走道栅栏等，操作室要求舒适、操作方便、视野好和有良好的通讯设备。

塔式起重机的生产检查重点

1) 检查金属结构情况特别是那些连接表面应清除灰尘、油漆、没有痕迹和生锈，并且使用扳手或专用扳手，根据装配要求固定的高强度的螺栓。

2) 检查各种传动机构，包括这些传动机构的轴承间隙，检查齿轮啮合是否良好以及制动器是否灵敏。

3) 检查钢丝绳的磨损情况，固定是否可靠。

4) 检查电气元件之间接触点的闭合程度，接点连续的正确和可靠。

5) 检查工作轮与轨道接触是否良好，夹轨器是否可靠。装配附属装置、攀爬装置时，检查连接螺栓及夹块是否牢固及可靠。

常用的塔式起重机

下面分几个方面来介绍房屋建设中常用的塔式起重机。

(一)、塔式起重机的金属结构

塔机的金属结构由起重臂、塔身、转台、轴承、平衡臂、底架、塔帽等组成。 起重臂结构为小车水平变幅臂架，再往下分又有单个悬挂点、双悬挂点和起重臂与平衡臂混合组成的锤头样式小车水平变幅臂架。单悬挂点是静定结构，双悬挂点是超静定结构。锤头样式小车水平变幅臂架，安装在塔顶部，形状像锤头，塔身像锤子手柄，

机械类塔机外文文献

没有加塔尖，又被称为平头样式。平头样式的使结构更加简单，更有益操作，减轻重量，简化结构等。大多数小车变幅臂架采用正三角形的横截面。

塔身结构也称塔架，是塔机结构的主要部分。现在塔机都采用正方形横截面，截面尺寸用的较广的有：1.2m×1.2m、1.4m×1.4m、1.6m×1.6m、2.0m×2.0m;塔身截面尺寸标准是2.5m和3m。塔身采用的标准联接有用的最广双头螺栓联接和套柱螺栓联接，接着是销钉联接和插塞式联接。标准截面有全面的塔身标准截面和组合式塔身标准截面，后者加工精度高，制作困难，但是堆放空间小，运费少。爬梯必须装配，司机和技术工人可以上下。爬梯宽度不少于500mm，爬梯台阶不大于300mm，每隔500mm设置一个防护圈。当爬梯高度超过10m时，爬梯应该分段安装连接，在联接处设置平台。

塔尖的功能是承受起重臂架和平衡臂架拉绳带来的上部荷载，然后通过回转塔架、转台、各种轴承等的其他结构零部件直接通过转台传递给塔身结构。自升式塔顶有平头圆锥式、前倾或后倾截锥柱式、人字架式和斜撑架式。

任何一个回转塔机都需要一个配重，它的功能是平衡载重，用来符合设计上所要求与重力矩方向相反的平衡力矩。另外除了平衡重外，还经常常在其尾部安装起升机构。起升机构同平衡重一起安装在平衡臂尾端，总的来说也可以作为配重，还可以增大导向轮和塔尖导轮间的距离，可以避免钢丝绳混乱现象。平衡重的量与平衡臂的长度成反比关系，而平衡臂长度和起重臂长度间存在比例关系。平衡重的用量是必须考虑的，轻型塔机通常至少要3～4t，重型塔机的几乎要30t。平衡重可用铸铁或钢筋混凝土制成：前者费用高但迎风面积小;后者尺寸较大大迎风面大不利于稳定，但花费少，所以一般都采用后者。常用的方法是将平衡重分成2～3种规格，宽度、相同厚度，但高度必须匹配不同长度臂架来使用。

(二)、塔式起重机的零部件

每台塔机都会用到许多起重零部件，其中数量最大，技术要求最严密复杂是钢丝绳。塔机用的钢丝绳按不同功能分为：起升钢丝绳，变幅钢丝绳，动臂架钢丝绳，平衡臂钢丝绳，小车及其他钢丝绳等。钢丝绳的具有的特征：一整根的时候高强度，而且整根断面尺寸强度一致，自重轻，能承受冲击荷载，柔韧性大，能够卷成一盘，能在高速下平衡运动，没有噪音，外表皮磨损后会产生许多毛刺，容易发现并便于及时处理。钢丝绳通常由一股股直径为0.3～0.4mm细钢丝搓成一股，再拧成绳。塔机用的是交互式拧绳，它具有的特征是不易松散和扭转。从绳截面形状来说，用于高层建

机械类塔机外文文献

筑施工的塔机采用多股不扭转钢丝绳最恰当，这样的钢丝绳由两层绳股组成，两层绳股缠绕方向相反，采用旋转力矩平衡的原理缠绕而成，当受力时自由端不发生扭转。塔机起升钢丝绳及变幅钢丝绳的安全系数一般取为5～6,小车钢丝绳和动臂架钢丝绳的安全系数取为3,塔机电梯升降绳安全系数不少于10。钢丝绳的安全系数是安全储备系数不可缺少的，不能武断的凭借这种安全储备提高钢丝绳的最大允许安全荷载。由于钢丝绳的重要性，我们必须加强对钢丝绳定期的全面检查，存储在干燥封闭的、有木地板或沥青混凝土地面的仓库内，去避免腐蚀，装卸时对表面的损坏，要竖立堆放。定期对钢丝绳进行润滑可以提高使用寿命。

变幅小车是水平臂架塔机必不可少的零部件。整套变幅小车由小车框架、钢丝绳、滑轮、行轮、导向轮、钢丝绳支撑轮、钢丝绳防滚轮、小车钢丝绳张紧器及断绳保险器等组成。对于特别长的水平臂架(长度在50m以上)，在变幅小车一侧随挂一个检修吊篮，可载维修有员往各检修点进行维修和保养。作业完后，小车驶回臂架根部，使吊篮与变幅小车脱钩，固定在臂架结构上的专设支座处。

其它的零部件还有滑轮，回转支承，吊钩和制动器等。

(三)、塔机的工作机构

塔机的工作机构有五种：起升机构、变幅机构、小车牵引机构、回转机构和大车走行机构(行走式的塔机)。

(四)、塔机的电气设备

塔机的主要电气设备包括：

·电缆卷筒-中央集电环;

·电动机;

·操作电动机用的电器，如：控制器、主令控制器、接触器和继电器。

保护电器，如：自动熔断器，过电流继电器和限位开关等。

·主副回路中的控制、切换电器，如：按钮、开关和仪表等。

属于辅助电气设备的有：照明灯、信号灯、电铃等。

(五)、塔式起重机的液压系统

塔机液压系统中的主要部件是液压泵、液压缸、控制元件、油管及其接头、油缸和液压油滤清器等。

液压泵和液压马达是液压系统中最为复杂的部分，液压泵把油吸入并通过管道输送给液压缸或液压马达，从而使液压缸或马达得以进行正常运作。液压泵可以看成是

机械类塔机外文文献

液压和心脏，是液压的能量来源。我国的塔机液压顶升系统采用的液压泵大都是CB-G型齿轮泵，CB不齿轮的代号， 赫格隆G为固定的轴向间隙，工作压力为12。5~16MPa。

液压缸是液压系统的执行元件。从功能上来看，液压缸与液压马达同是所工作油流的压力能转变为机械能的转换装置。不同的是液压马达是用于旋转运动，而液压是用于直线运动。

一个液压起重机接高的全过程是：

·移动配重，使塔身平衡，起重臂放好位置，指向与导轨方向相同并锁定，吊运一个塔身标准节放在小车上;

·顶升;

·定位销放好位置位并锁定，当你提起活塞杆，在套架中形成引进区域;

·引进标准节;

·提起标准节，推出小车;

·使标准节放好位置，安装好联接螺栓;

·轻轻的向上提升，拔出定位销使过渡节与已接高的塔身联结成一个整体。

(六)、塔式起重机的安全装置

安全装置是塔式起重机一个必不可少的设备，可以被分为：限位开关(限位器);超载保险器(超载断电);缓冲装置;钢丝绳防脱装置;风速计;紧急安全开关;安全声音信号。

限位开关根据功能分：吊钩运行限位开关，回转限位开关，小车行走限位开关，大车行走限位开关。

(七)、塔式起重机的防倾翻规定

不能超载运行;不能斜着载重;不允许紧急突然制动;禁止在风中运行载重作业;操作结束后，必须把夹轨器夹紧来防止风将塔机吹动出轨道。

(八)、自升式塔式起重机的附着固定

当自升式塔机在达到其自由高度继续向上顶升接高时，为了确保其稳定系数保持起重能力，必须用锚固定于建筑结构上。附着水平和建筑结构层次、塔机和塔身结构、塔身自由高度有关。总而言之，设置两个锚固定点可以符合需要。在建筑物上的附着点的选择注意事项：两附着固定点之间的距离要适当;固定点应设置在丁字墙和墙转角的地方;正确的框架结构，附着点应该尽可能设置在靠近园柱的底部;附着点设置在

机械类塔机外文文献

靠近平板处便于动力传输和安装。

为了保证塔式起重机的使用安全和较长的使用寿命，必须对塔式起重机进行润滑、检修、有规律的保养与零部件的修理。

我国塔式起重机行业的发展

50 年代初，我国塔机由仿制开始起步，1954年仿制东德建筑师Ⅰ型塔机；60 年代自行设计制造了25tm、40tm、60tm 几种机型，多以动臂式为主；70 年代，随着高层建筑的增多，对施工机械提出了新的要求，于是，160tm 附着式、45tm内爬式、120tm自升式等塔机相继问世；自上世纪80年代以来，我国塔机行业得到快速发展，尤其近几年，塔机销量持续攀高，2001年行业统计销量9738台，2002年成为世界上首个塔机年产量突破10000台的国家。2004年，由于宏观调控作用以及起重机行业的结构调整，塔机的产销量有所回落，2005、2006年，在经济高速增长的强力拉动下，我国塔机的产销恢复高速增长，2006年销量已超过2万台。

由于行业统计只统计了十几家制造厂家的销售额当然，整个行业销售额肯定远超过这个数字。用不着说，我国已成为世界民用塔机的生产大国，也是世界塔机主要需求市场。按照初步统计，目前我国取得生产营业执照的塔机生产厂达400余家，而80年代还不到100家。

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