写作教学大纲 内容

写 作 课 程 教 学 大 纲

Part One Manuscript Form

【Teaching Objectives】

Help students to realize the importance of the second year study; Help students to realize the importance of writing;

Help students to understand what is a good manuscript form. 【Teaching Points】

Arrangement; Capitalization; Word division; Punctuation. 【Teaching difficulties】

Capitalization

Ⅰ. Arrangement 1. Title

Write the title in the middle of the first line. 2. Margin 3. Indent Ⅱ. Capitalization

Capitals are used mainly at three places: the first words of sentences, key words in titles, and proper names. A sentence fragment treated as a sentence, should begin with a capital letter. The first word of quoted speech is capitalized.

Ⅲ. Word Division

The general principle is to divide a word according to its syllables and never put the hyphen at the beginning of a line.

Ⅳ . Punctuation

How to use different punctuation marks will be discussed in details in Part Ten. This part teaches us how to use period, comma, question mark, exclamation mark, quotation mark.

Ⅴ Handwriting

Write carefully so that your handwriting can be read easily. There are two common ways of writing the letters: one is to form loops and the other is to print.

Part Two Diction

【Teaching Objectives】

Help students to know the importance of diction in writing;

Help students to know how to vary the use of words according to specific context; Help students to use figures of speech in writing; Help students to use dictionary accordingly. 【Important Points】

Instruct the usage of diction;

Instruct the usage of figures of speech;

Instruct the usage of dictionary in writing.

【Difficult Points】

Deal with the choice of different words in different literary forms; Do exercises on figures of speech.

Ⅰ. Level of Words 1. Standard Words 1.1. Formal Words 1.2 Common Words 1.3 Informal Word 2. Substandard Words 2.1 Slangs 2.2 Taboos

2.2.1 Taboos in profanity: Jehovah, Jesus, Christ, God, Mose 2.2.2 Taboos in obscenity: fuck, tits, bitch, piss, shit

2.2.3 Taboos in calamity: die, death, doom, ill, sick, go, go to heaven, troubles be over,

be with God.

2.2.4 Taboos in discrimination: Negro, Nigger, Chinks, Polacks ,Kikes, Japs, Dagos. 2.3 Dialects

Ⅱ.The Meaning of Words 1. Denotative Meaning

A word’s denotation is what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary. 2. Connotative Meaning

The word’s connotation is the feeling or idea suggested by it. 3. Synonymous Words with Difference 3.1 Words Meaning Different in Stylistic Level 3.2Words Meaning Different in the Degree of Emphasis 3.3 Words Meaning Different in Emotional Coloring 3.4 Words Meaning different in Tone 3.5 Words Meaning different in Collocation Ⅲ. General and Specific Words 1. Main Features of General Words 2. Main Features of Specific Words Ⅵ. Idioms

1. The Definition of Idioms

An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meanings of the words that form it.

2. Common Types of Idioms 3. Main Features of Idioms Ⅴ. Figures of Speech

1. The Definition of Figures of Speech

Words used in their original meanings are used literally, while words used in extended meanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the reader’s or listener’s

mind are used figuratively.

2. Major Types of Figure of Speech 2.1 Simile

It is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word “as or like ”.

2.2 Metaphor

It is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality. It is also a comparison, but the comparison is implied, not expressed with the word as or like.

2.3 Personification

It is to treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or bad human qualities. In poetry, personification is very common.

2.4 Metonymy

It is substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated. 2.5 Synecdoche

When a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part, synecdoche is applied.

2.6 Euphemism

It is the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant one. 2.7 Irony

It is the use of words, which are clearly opposite to what is meant, in order to achieve a special effect.

2.8 Overstatement and Understatement

In overstatement the diction exaggerates the subject, and in understatement the words play down the magnitude or value of the subject.

2.9 Transferred Epithet

An epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase that serves to characterize somebody or something. A transferred epithet is one that is shifted from the noun it logically modifies to a word associated with noun.

2.10 Oxymoron

In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce a special effect.

2.11 Alliteration

It refers to the appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two or more words, such as “proud as a peacock” and “blind as a bat”.

Ⅵ.Dictionaries 1. Using dictionaries 2. Some Good Dictionaries

Part Three The Sentence

【Teaching Objectives】

Through the study of this part, students should have a clear idea of what are complete sentences and sentence fragments, the types of sentences, and the effective sentences. They should

understand the difference between the complete sentences and the sentence fragments. They should know how to write the declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences. And they should master the five features of the effective sentences. 【Important Points】

Simple, compound, complex, and complex sentences Loose, periodic, complex, and compound-complex sentences 【Difficult Points】

Effective sentences: unity, coherence, conciseness, emphasis, variety

ⅠComplete Sentences and Sentence Fragments

A grammatically complete sentence is one that contains at least a subject and a predicate verb.

ⅡTypes of Sentence

1.1 Declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences

A declarative sentence makes an assertion or a statement. An interrogative sentence asks a question. An imperative sentence expresses a command or a request. An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong or emotion, such as surprise, pain and joy. 1. Simple, compound, complex, and complex sentences

A simple sentence has only one subject and one predicate-verb, but it may contain more than one object, attribute or adverbial. A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses related to each other in meaning, and linked by a coordinating conjunction or by a semicolon without a conjunction. A complex sentence contains one main clause and one or more dependent clauses, with a connective word denoting the relation between the two parts. A compound-complex sentence contains at least two main clauses and at least one dependent clause-a combination of a compound and a complex sentence. 3. Loose, periodic, complex, and compound-complex sentences

A loose sentence puts the main idea before of view, sentences are loose, periodic, or balanced. Periodic sentences are more complex, emphatic, formal, or literary. Balanced sentences are impressive because of the contrast, and pleasing to hear because of rhythm. 4. Short and Long Sentences Ⅲ. Effective Sentences 1. Unity

Unity is the first quality of an effective sentence. 2. Coherence

Coherence means clear and reasonable connection between parts. 3. Conciseness

A sentence should contain no necessary words. Conciseness can sometimes be

achieved by changing the sentence structure. 4. Emphasis

(1) Emphatic sentences (2) Emphasis within the sentence 5. Varity

Varity is essential to good writing.

Part Four The paragraph

【Teaching Objectives】

Help students to know how to make the writing more systematic and logical ;

Help students to know how to write the topic sentence, arrange the writing form, use good transitions and conclude the composition;

Help students to plan the writing ahead; Help students to develop a paragraph. 【Important Points】

Instruct the ways to planning ahead in writing ;

Instruct the ways to writing good compositions in a logical manner; Instruct the ways to developing a paragraph. 【Difficult Points】

Deal with the criteria of an effective paragraph; Deal with the arrangement of an effective paragraph.

Ⅰ. Criteria of an Effective Paragraph 1．Unity

Unity of a paragraph is concerned with its content. If all the sentences in the paragraph lead to one central theme, the paragraph is unified. The central theme is usually summarized in what is called the topic sentence. If often appears at the beginning of the paragraph; however, it may also be found in the middle or at the end of a paragraph.

2. Coherence

Coherence of a Paragraph is concerned with its form, or its organization. The sentences in a paragraph should be arranged in a clear, logical order, and the transitions should be smooth and natural. As a result, the reader finds it easy to follow the writer’s train of thought and understand what he is talking about.

3. Transition

Coherence may not be perfect even if the writer arranges his sentences in a clear, logical order. He has to use good transitions so that one sentence runs smoothly to another.

Ⅱ. Steps in Writing a Paragraph Paragraphs need to be planned:

Step 1 Think of the topic or theme or main idea, and express it in a complete sentence( topic sentence).

Step 2 Think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea.

Step 3 Work out an outline to arrange the details or examples or facts in logical order. With the outline, the paragraph is almost half-done.

Ⅲ. Ways of Developing Paragraphs 1. Development by Time

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