高考英语语法必考点与常考点归纳 - 图文

2016高考英语语法必考点与常考点归纳

一、冠词

冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法 1 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of 2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 3 表示“每一”相当于every，one 4 表示“相同”相当于the same A plane is a machine that can fly. A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。 We study eight hours a day. We are nearly of an age. — Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith? —Sorry, wrong number. There isn't______ Mr. 5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 Smith here. A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one That boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷锋） 6 用于固定词组中 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time This room is rather a big one. She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. success(抽象名词)→a success(具体化) 成功的人或事 a failure 失败的人或事 9 用于抽象名词具体化的名词前 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事 a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的事 a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识 II. 定冠词的用法

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7 8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 In many places in China, ___ bicycle is still ___ 1 表示某一类人或物 popular means of transportation. A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the 2 3 4 5 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 用于演奏乐器 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean Would you mind opening the door? play the violin, play the guitar the reach, the living, the wounded —Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please? 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”（对比上文的不定冠—Sorry, we don’t have ____ Johnson here in 词用法5） the village. A. the; the B. the; a C. /; the D. the; / 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 He is the taller of the two children. the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French The compass was invented in China. in the 1990’s(二十世纪九十年代) I hired the car by the hour. He patted me on the shoulder. 8 9 10 11 用于表示度量单位的名词前 12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词 III. 不用冠词（又名零冠词）的用法 1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 2 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is each, every等限制 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 this? March, Sunday, National Day, spring 3 2

4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 5 表示球类，棋类等运动的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America. He likes playing football/chess. We went right round to the west coast by ______ 6 与by连用表示交通方式的名词前 sea instead of driving across ______ continent. A. the; the 不填；不填 B.不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 8 表示泛指的复数名词前 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night Horses are useful animals. 二、名词和主谓一致

I. 名词的种类

专有名词 国名地名人名，团体机构名称 可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 普通名词 不可数名词 物质名词 特别注意:名词类别的相互转换

个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换

例 句 ①She held some flowers in her hand. ②The trees are now in flower ①Youth is beautiful. ②He is a youth of twenty ①They have achieved remarkable success in their work. ②—How about the Christmas evening party? 3

意 义 花儿 开花 青春 年轻人 成功 名词性质 个体名词 抽象名词 抽象名词 个体名词 抽象名词 成功的事 个体名词 —I should say it was a success. 物质名词与个体名词的相互转换

例 句 ①Iron is a kind of metal. ②Please lend me your iron. ①He broke a piece of glass. ②He broke a glass. ①I bought a chicken this morning ②Please help yourself to some chicken 抽象名词与个体名词的转换

①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please. —Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be 具有动作意义的抽象helpful 名词加用与某些动词A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a （如：have等）连 ②They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽用，表示某一次短暂象名词） 的动作 A.a B.an C./ D.the ③Could we have word before you go to the meeting? 话（个体名词） 意 义 铁 熨斗 玻璃 玻璃杯 小鸡 鸡肉 名词性质 物质名词 个体名词 物质名词 个体名词 个体名词 物质名词 4

A.a B.an C./ D.the 类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发)/make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声) /give a try ①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today. A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况) 表示知识和时间的抽give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识) 象名词转换为普通名have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识) 词时可以用来表示 ②If there were no examination, we should have______at school. 其中的一部分 A.the happiest time B.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time ③ is money. A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times 抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象①Oh, John. _____you gave me! A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise ②She looked up when I shouted. 5

或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰 A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise 其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise ③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it. A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusual II. 名词的数

规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表 III. 主谓一致

规 则 man-men, 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 3 只有复数形式 compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）5 也可以作复数（成员） public, enemy, party committee, government, population, crew, team, 例 词 woman-women, foot-feet, 6

customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), 6 复数形式表示特别含义 papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, 加-s Swedes, Europeans 表示“某7 国人” 以-man或-woman结尾的Englishmen, Frenchwomen 改为-men,-women sons-in-law, 将主体名词变为复数 story-tellers, boy friends 8 合成名词 无主体名词时将最后一部grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 分变为复数 将两部分变为复数 规则 语 以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名 词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词 用复数形式。 His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 情 况 举 例 women singers, men servants lookers-on, passers-by, 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 7

法 一 致 由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主 语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物 由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。 what I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful for you. Lucy and Lily are twins The writer and artist has come. Every student and every teach is in the classroom. Many a boy and many a girl likes it. 时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and No boy and no girl likes it. 原 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, Each of us has a new book. each, every 或more than a Is everyone here today? Somebody is speaking in class.

(an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, Everything around us is matter every 或no+单数名词和由some, any 若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。 None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America. 则 no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。. 8

Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard. 在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which He is one of my friends who are working 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先hard. 行词的数一致。 He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard. It is I who am going to the cinema tonight. 在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致 It is we who are going to the cinema tonight. The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field. His family has moved to the south .(他的一如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语家) 动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成His family are watching TV.（他的家人） 员，其谓语动词用复数形式 Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生） 由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ There are a lot of people in the classroom. heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 9

成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。 50 percent of the students in our class are girls. 此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。 A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples. The number of pages in this book is three hundred. There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主Such is the result. 语一致 Such are the facts. Between the two hills stands a monument. 逻 辑 What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词 可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思Which is your bag? Which are your bags? Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen? All can be done has been done. All is going well. All have been taken out. 意 来决定。 义 10

一 表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数 作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这致 是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整 体。 原 若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的则 复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。 All have gone to Beijing. Thirty minutes is enough for the work.. Twenty pounds is too dear. 如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式 Forty kilos of water are used every day. The United States is smaller than China. “The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book. 表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及The paper works was built in 1990.这家造news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的纸厂建于1990年。 名词， 实际意义为单数名词， I don’t think physics is easy to study. 它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, My glasses are broken. scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等The pair of shoes under the bed is his. One and a half apples is left on the table. 11

量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of 修饰）谓语动词用单数。 “定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。 Either the teacher or the students are our 当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not friends. only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语Neither he nor they are wholly right. The old are taken good care of there. The beautiful gives pleasure to all. 动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。 Neither they nor he is wholly right. 就 近 there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决/于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接Is neither he nor they wholly right? There are two chairs and a desk in the room. There is a desk and two chairs in the room. 远 的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一 一致，即就近一致。 致 主语后面跟有with, together with, 原 except, but, like, as well as, no less 则 than, rather than, more than, besides, Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. A woman with a baby was on the bus. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the along with, including, in addition to 等引playground. 起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即She, like you and Tom, is very tall. 就远一致。 The girls as well as the boy have learned to 12

speak Japanese. No one except my teachers knows anything about it. 三、代词

I. 代词可以分为以下八大类

主格 宾格 人称代1 词 主代词 名词性物主mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, 2 反身代词 yourselves, themselves 13

I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 形容词性物my, your, his, her, its, our, their 3 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, 4 疑问代词 whatever 5 关系代词/连接代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ 6 不定代词 little/ a few/ a little other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either 7

相互代词 each other,one another II. 不定代词用法注意点 类 别 区 别 例 句 ①We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found ___ we like yet. A.one B.ones one, one可以泛指人或者事some， （东西），其复数为ones any和it phones do. A.one B.ones C.it D.those fact far more serious _______ than mobile ②Cars do cause us some health problems — in C.it D.them 14

some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等 —Your coffee smells great! —It’s from Mexico．Would you like ________? A.it B.some C.this D.1ittle ①I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个 ②—Which of the three ways shall I take to the village? —________way as you please. A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Either one指同类中的一个，it指代同一种类的东西。此外it还可以作形式主语、形式宾语和用于强调句型中。 —There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ? —No, I’d rather buy in the bookstore. A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;it ①There’s ________cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get some多用于肯定句，any________. 多用于疑问句和否定句 A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any C.a little,some D.a little,any 15

②We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for ________. A.none B.either C.any D.each ③He doesn’t have _________ furniture in his room --just an old desk. A. any B. many C. some D. much each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，each和而every强调整体，所指every 的数必须是三个或三个以上 no等于not any，作定语。①There is no water in the bottle. none作主语或宾语，代替none和不可数名词，谓语用单数，no 代替可数名词，谓语单复difficulties. 数皆可以 ③None of the students are (is) afraid of ②How much water is there in the bottle? None. ②Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. a dictionary. ①Each student has a pocket dictionary. Each (of us) has a dictionary. = We each have 16

other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他 ①Both sides have accused of 词连用，如：the other day, breaking the contract. every other A. another B. the other C. neither D. week, someother each reason, no other ②Two students in our class failed, but all the way, others passed the exam. other和another the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others ①We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of another指“又一个，另一个”无所指， 复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或 事” fun，so let’s have ______ one this month． A．the other B．some C．another D．other ②The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. ③Some like football, while others like basketball. ①—Do you want tea or coffee? — ______, I 前者意思为：两者都（两either和者中任何一方都）；后neither 者意思为：两者都 all ②It was hard for him to learn English in a family, A. none B. neither C. either D. really don't mind. 17

in which _____ of the parents spoke the language. A. none B. neither C. both D. each 四、形容词和副词 I. 形容词

1.形容词的位置：形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况下后置

修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one1 等构成的复合不定代词时 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或2 only修饰的名词之后 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等作定语时3 后置 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 5 成对的形容词可以后置 6 形容词短语一般后置 a bridge 50 meters long a huge room simple and beautiful a man difficult to get on with ______to take his adventure course will certainly enough修饰名词时可以前置也可以后置，但修7 饰形容词或副词时要后置 A.Brave enough students B.Enough breave students C.Students brave enough 18

nobody absent, everything possible the best book available, the only solution possible the only person awake learn a lot of useful skills.(NMET2000) D.Students enough brave 注意：多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序

熟记口诀就可以顺利解题：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。

规则：限定语（The、A）+ 描绘性形容词 + size（小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年

龄、时间）+ color（颜色）+ origin（国籍、来源）+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词。

▲This ________ girl is Linda’s cousin. (05北京卷)

A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish 2.复合形容词的构成 1 2 3 形容词+名词+ed 形容词+形容词 形容词+现在分词 kind-hearted dark-blue ordinary-lookin8 g 4 5 副词+现在分词 副词+过去分词 hard-working newly-built 9 10 数词+名词+ed 数词+名词 three-egged twenty-year 6 7 名词+形容词 名词+现在分词 名词+过去分词 world-famous peace-loving snow-covered 3.形容词（短语）作伴随状语

As he looked at the goat, it rolled over, dead. 当他看着山羊的时候，山羊翻了个身，死了。 Afraid of difficulties, they prefer to take the easy road.由于害怕困难，他们宁愿走好走的路。

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II.副词的分类：

时间1 副词 地点2 副词 方式3 副词 程度4 副词 fairly, quite, rather excitedly, really almost, nearly, very, 8 关系副词 when, where, why upwards, above hard, well, fast, slowly, 7 连接副词 whether, however, meanwhile how, when, where, why, once, recently here, nearby, outside, 6 疑问副词 how, where, when, why soon, now, early, finally, 5 频度副词 seldom, never always, often, frequently, III. 形容词和副词的比较等级

形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。

项 目 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as… 双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级 （+ than）” 的结构表示。要注意题干中将比较的另一方阴藏起来的情况。 表示一方不及另一方时，用“less + 原级 This room is less beautiful than that one. + than”的结构表示 例 句 She is as tall as her mother. I am not as/ so good a player as you are. This picture is more beautiful than that one. I have never seen such a more interesting film (than this one). 20

表示一方随另一方变化时用“the The harder you work, the more progress you will more…the more…”句型 make I have never spent a more worrying day. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思 我从来没有度过这样令人烦恼的一天。 （意为：我度过了最为令人烦恼的一天。） 表达法一：A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B. The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one. 这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高）/这座新楼比那座旧楼大（高）三倍。 表达法二：A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B. Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亚洲是欧洲的四倍大/亚洲比欧洲大三倍。 表达法三：A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B. Your school is three times bigger than ours. 你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。 用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double. 倍数的表达 注意：1. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal；

2. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect，superior,junior等。

五、动词和短语动词

知识网络 行为动词（实义动词） 动词的分类 ①及物动词（带宾语）：study, develop; ②不及物动词（不带宾语）work, swim, go, come 21

③状态动词（相对静止）contain, exist, own, prefer, belong ④动作动词：延续性（work, stay）；非延续性（marry, go, come） 连系动词（汉语中没有这种词类） 助动词（与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语） be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall 情态动词 can(could),may(might),must,shall(should) 动词+副词所构成的短语动词分及物的和不及物的两类 Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。（及物） Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left. 晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。（不及物） 短语动词常见的构成方式及注意： 其注意点 ①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开 She turned off all the lights which had been left on. 她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。 ②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间 She gave them away.她送掉了它们。 ③同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异 ring back回电话 ring off挂断电话 ring up打电话 22

put away放好 put on穿，上演 put up挂起，举起。 ④不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上有很大的差异 break out发生，爆炸 carry out 进行，开展 go out 熄灭 hand out 分发 let out 放出 look out 当心 sell out 卖完 set out 出发, take out 取出 work out 算出 动词+介词(及物) I'm looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。 注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。 ②同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异。 look after照料，look at看，look for寻找 动词+副词+介词 I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。 注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。 考点聚焦及解题点拨 (单个动词)同义词近义词辨从三个方面考虑：词的恰切含义、搭配（与介词、名词或非谓23

析 语动词的搭配）和用法（是及物动词还是不及物动词） 状态系动词be 持续系动词keep,remain,stay,continue,lie,stand,rest 表象系动词seem,appear 感官/感觉系动词look,smell,taste,sound,feel 系动词的用法 变化系动词become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come 终止系动词prove,turn out 解答这类试题的关键首先是弄清题意，然后是分析句子结构，由此可判断出该动词是否用作系动词，最后确定所要填入的答案。特别关注：go hungry,come true,turn writer give sb. sth=give sth.to sb buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb 接双宾语的动词 但是我们只能说：suggest sth. to sb. explain sth.to sb. read sth. to sb. 短语动词的辨析 熟记常考的短语动词的意义 sell, write, wash, wear等词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义 容易被我们忽视的知识点 happen, occur,take place, break out, come out, belong to等无被动形式

六、动词的时态和语态

1. 常用常考的动词时态和用法：（以do为例）

名称 构成 24

用法 1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。 2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。 I’ll go there after I finish my work. do/does,( 连系动一般现在时 词is/am/are ) 3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。 There goes the bell.铃响了。 There comes the bus.汽车来了。 Here she comes.她来了。 did,( 连系动词一般过去时 was/were) 去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。 1.表示正在进行的动作。 2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。 She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。 He is working as a teacher tomorrow. 现在进行时 is/am/are doing 从明天起他要做老师。 My father is coming to see me this Saturday. 这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。 3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。 表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there. 25

The Changjiang River is flowing into the east. 长江江水滚滚向东流。 The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。 1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示） He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行 过去进行时 was/were doing They were still working when I left. 3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生 I was writing while he was watching TV. 4.表示过去将来动作 He said she was arriving the next day. 26

1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已 完成的动作。 I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room. 2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往 和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段时间状语连用。 He has learned English for six years. They have worked here since they left college. 3.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been 现在完成时 has/have done to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。 —Where is Li Hua? －He has gone to the reading-room. —She knows a lot about Shanghai. －She has been there. 4.短暂动词（即瞬间动词）， join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态 中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说：He has joined the army for three years. 27

要翻译“他已参军已经三年了。”可采用 ①“ago法” He joined the army three years ago. ②“延续法” He has been in the army for three years. ③“since法” It is/has been three years since he joined the army. 1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。 He had shut the door before the dog came up. Everything had been all right up till this morning. 2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到 另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。 过去完成时 had done At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的 过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。 28

We had expected that you would be able to win the match. 用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短 will/shall have 将来完成时 done We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term. 用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继现在完成进行时 has/have been doing 续下 去）的动作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00. 过去完成进had been doing 行时 will/shall do is/am/are going to 一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况 一般将来时 do （详见下面2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较） is/am/are（about）to do 过去将来时 would/should do 1.相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的29

语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。 表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，还将继续下去。 was/were going to 状态 do He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北was/were（about）京。 to do I was told that he was going to return home. 有人告诉我他准备回家。 2. would do(表示过去的习惯)总是,总会,常常 He would sit silent for hours. 他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。 2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较 将来时 用 法 例 句 He is moving to the be + doing 进行时1 表将来 可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 Are they leaving for Europe? I was about to leave be about to + 动2 词原形 作，后面一般不跟时间状语 The meeting is about to close. We’re to meet at the 3 be to + 动词原形 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 school gate at noon. 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动when the bell rang. go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词south. 30

The meeting starts at five 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，4 一般现在时表将来 可用一般现在时表示将来 The plane leaves at ten this evening.

3.容易混淆的时态比较

项 目 区 别 例 句 We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her? A. was happening B. happens C. has happened

现在完成时强调过D. happened 去动作对现在产生说明：说话者强调Jane 目前的状况. 的影响或造成的结一般过去时与现在完成时的比较 works (只说明他过去当过木匠不涉及到现在) 果 Mr. Lee, who ________ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country. A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. o’clock. Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ 一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态 here? A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you 31

C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been 说明：didn’t know 强调见面前不知道 I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住) 着重表示动作的结I have read that book.我读过那本书了。（知道那本书的内果时，用现在完成容） 时 现在完成时与现在完成进着重表示动作一直行时的比较 在进行，即动作的A. painted B. had painted 延续性时，则用现C. have been painting D. have painted 在完成进行时 说明：强调动作从过去到现在的延续 I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. 现在进行时表示现在某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作 现在进行时与过去进行时的比较 A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come 说明：指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时。 — Hey, look where you are going! 过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作 — Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. 说明：对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情. —I am tired. I _______ the living room all day. —Hi, Tracy, you look tired. 32

Tom________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed 一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态 C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 说明：slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人一般过去时与过去进行时的比较 过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作 注意）。 .He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. A.wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 说明：正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it.推断，他去年一直在写。 II. 动词的被动语态 常用被动语态 1 2 3 4 5 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 构 成 am/is/are done was/were done shall/will be done 6 7 8 9 10 常用被动语态 过去进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时 将来完成时 含有情态动词的 构 成 was/were being done have/has been done had been done will/would have been done can/must/may be done 过去将来时 should/would be done 现在进行时 am/is/are being done 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to,have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 33

注 意 事 项 被动语态的句型 1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）：He was scolded by the English teacher. 2.主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults. 使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者” 3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。 She lent me a bike.?被动：①I was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was lent to me(by her). 4.情态动词＋be＋过去分词：This problem must be worked out in half an hour. 5.双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分 These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. The murderer was ordered to be shot. 下面主动形式常表示被动意义 1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。 This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。 These books sell well.这些书好卖。 The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。 Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。 The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。 2.一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。 常见动词有look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。 The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful. The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft. 不可变为被动语态的几种情况 1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。 2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。 3.He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him. 因为象lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。 4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her. 因为象take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。 含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢 Much attention must be paid to your handwriting. 特别注意以下句子的结构：Every minute must be made full use of to study Englsih. 34

下面词或短语没有被动态： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等 七、非谓语动词 非谓语动词的语法功能 所能充当的成分 现在分词 V-ing形式 动名词 不定式（to do） 过去分词(done) △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ △ 主语 表语 △ 宾语 宾语补足语 △ 定语 △ 状语 △ 注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分

generally speaking一般说来；frankly speaking坦白地说；judging from/by...根据……来判断；considering.../taking...into consideration考虑到……；

to tell you the truth说实话；seeing...考虑到……；supposing假设，如果；providing如果；given考虑到，鉴于；provided that如果 非谓语动词的形式变化 构成 非谓语 形式 时态 一般式 进行式 不定式 完成式 完成 进行式 一般式 语态 主动 to do to have done to be doing to have been doing doing 被动 to be done to have been done / / being done sb.或sb’s doing 作主语要用 sb’s doing for sb. to do sth. 在“to”前加not 或 或never of sb. to do sth. 复合结构 否定式 动名词 完成式 having done having been done 在前加not 特别注意复合结构的否定式： sb’s not doing sb’s not having done 现在分词 与动名词变化形式相同 在前加not 常见的非谓语动词形式

1.To do 表示将要发生的动作

2.To be done 表示将要发上的被动动作 3.To have done 表示已经完成的动作

4.To have been done 表示已经完成的被动动作

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5.To be doing 表示正在发生的动作 6.Doing 表主动进行

7.Being done 表示正在发生的被动动作

8.Having done 表示done这个分词的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前

9.Having been done 表示been done 这个被动动作发生在主句谓语动词之前 10.V-ed过去分词表被动完成

在解非谓语习题时同学们遇到最大的困难有两个：一是如何判别是谓语动词还是非谓语动词；二是如何选用哪一种非谓语动词及其恰当的形式。 一、谓语与非谓语的比较

非谓语动词是汉语中没有的语言现象。汉语中几个谓语动词连用而动词不用作任何形式的变化。如：他明天来拜访你。翻译成英语不是He will come visit you，而是He will come to visit you.这里就用了不定式to visit。因此同学们要特别注意弄清句子的结构。

例：Tom sat under a tree and seeing his friend, up in no time.

A. to stand B. standing C. stood D. would stand 分析：stood是与sat并列的谓语。

非谓语语法功能的比较

做宾语的非谓语动词比较 情况 只接不定式 做宾语的动词 常用动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为） 意义基本相同 need, want, require（主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式） stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生） remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生） 意义不同 try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力） try doing（试试去做，看有何结果） can’t help （to） do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做） go on to do（接着做另外一件事） go on doing（接着做同一件事） 只接动名词 做宾语的动词或短语 两者都可以 意义相反 mean to do（打算做，企图做） mean doing （意思是，意味着） be considered to have done被认为已经做了 consider…to be认为是 consider doing考虑做某事 非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别 分 类 不定式 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例 句 I asked to be sent to the countryside. ask, beg, expect, get, 主谓关系，强调动作将发生或已order, tell, want, wish, 经完成 encourage 36

have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 现在分词 过去分词 I heard him call me several times. notice, see, watch, 主谓关系，强调动作正在进行，I found her listening to the radio. hear, find, keep, have, 尚未完成 feel 动宾关系，动作已经完成，多强We found the village greatly 调状态 changed.

IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别 分 类 区 别 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 例 句 I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed. I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.(介词at不能丢) the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves/the fallen leaves 不定式 动名词 现在分词 过去分词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的主谓关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool? 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成或只表示状态 注意： the bridge to be built 将建造的桥, the bridge being built 正在建造的桥,the bridge built已经建好的桥

八、情态动词和虚拟语气

情态动词

I.情态动词基本用法 情态动用 法 否定式 疑问式 词 能力（体力，智力，技能） can not / cannot can 允许或许可（口语中常/can’t do 用） Can…do…? could 可能性（表猜测，用于否couldn’t do 定句或疑问句中） May…do…? may 可以（问句中表示请求） may not do 可能，或许（表推测） might 祝愿（用于倒装句中） might not do Might…do…? must have to 简答式 Yes,…can. No,…can’t. Yes,…may. No,…mustn’t/can’t. Yes,…might No,…might not. 必须，应该（表主观要求） Yes,…must. Must…do…? 肯定，想必（肯定句中表must not/mustn’t do No,…needn’t/don’t to. 推测） have don’t have to do Do…have do…? to Yes,…do. No,…don’t. Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t. Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t. Yes,…will. No,…won’t. 只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态和人称的变化） ought 应当（表示义务责任，口to 语中多用should） 用于一三人称征求对方意见 shall 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等 应当，应该（表义务责任） should 本该（含有责备意味） will 意愿，决心，请求，建议，would 用在问句中would比较委Ought not Ought…to to/oughtn’t to do do…? shall not/shan’t do should not/shouldn’t do will not/won’t do Shall…do…? Should…do…? Will/Would…dowould not/wouldn’t …? 37

婉 dare 敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中） 需要,必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中） do dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…? Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t. Yes,…must. need need not/needn’t do Need…do…? No,…needn’t. Yes,…used. usednot/usedn’t/usUsed…to do…? used No,…use(d)n’t. 过去常常（现在已不再） en’t to do Did…use to to Yes,…did. didn’t use to do do…? No,…didn’t. II.情态动词的重点知识 A computer_____think for itself; it must be told what to do. A.can’t B.mustn’t C.may not D.might not 表示能力的情态动词用can/could ①—Could I call you by your first name?

表示许可时用may/might ,can/could 表示—Yes, you______ 都可以，但在问句中用could…?或“能力、A.will B.could C.may D.might might…？ 以使口气委婉客气，其回许可”②Johnny, you_____play with the knife, 答一定要用can或may，以使回答口的canyou_____hurt yourself. 气明确（must表示一定，必须，和may A.won’t/can’t B.mustn’t/may mustn’t表示禁止，不许可）。 C.shouldn’t/must D.can’t/shouldn’t 在肯定句中could不可以用来表示过去某一特定场合的能力，而要用was/were able to。 The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_____get out. A.had to B.would C.could D.was able to Peter______come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet. A.must B.may C.can D.will 而can表示的是逻辑上的可能性： Mary is in poor health. She can be ill at any times. Michael______be a policeman, for he’s much too short. A.needn’t B.can’t C.should D.may He may be very busy now. Can he be very busy now? He must be very busy now. Can he be very busy now? 表示“推断、判断”的can may,must 在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上must语气最肯定,may表示的是事实上的可能性。 在否定句中只能用can和may。所以can’t时用以代替mustn’t，语气比may更肯定。中文可以翻译为不可能。 在疑问句只能用can，不能用may和must。 need作为情态动词只有一种形式，只用于否定句和疑问句。 need dare If he dare come,I will kick him out. dare作为情态动词用时有两种形式：I don’t know whether he dare say. dare和dared两个词形，除了可以用注意:He doesn’t dare(to)answer the question.（否于否定句和疑问句外，还可以用于条定句） 件从句或表示怀疑的句子中。 Does she dare(to)enter the dark room?（疑问句） 用于第一人称：征求对方的意见。 What shall we do this evening? shall 38

用于第二、三人称：警告、命令、允诺、威胁等。 劝告、建议、命令、应该做、道义上should 的责任。 You shall fail if you don’t work harder. 警告 He shall have the book when I finish reading.允诺 He shall be punished.威胁 You should(ought to) go to class right away. I should(ought to) help him because he is in trouble. I will never do that again. They asked us if we would do that again During the vacation he would visit me every week The wound would not heal.（伤口老是不能愈合） It would be about ten when he left home. What would she be doing there? You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best. He cannot have been to that town. Can he have got the book? He may not have finished the work. If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier. You must have seen the film. You cannot have seen the film. 请求、建议，would比will委婉客气。 Would you pass me the book? 表示意志、愿望和决心。 will/would would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。 would表示估计或猜想。 could+have done：本可以做而实际上未能做。 cannot+ have done：表示对现在或过去行为的否定推测。 can+主语+ have done：表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定（用在疑问句中）。 might(may)+ have done：对过去发生的行为不太肯定的推测。 情态动must+ have done：对过去发生的行词为肯定的推测。 +have 其否定式为：cannot have done。 done的用法 You needn’t have watered the flowers,for it is going to rain. needn’t+ have done：本来不必要做注意：didn’t need to(have to)do： 的而实际上又做了。 没有必要做而实际上也没有做 I didn’t need to clean the windows.My sister did it 2 hours ago. You should have started earlier, but you didn’t. She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring should(ought to)+ have done：本来tape, 应该做而实际上又没有做。其否定形for I worked to use it. 式表示某中行为不该发生却发生了。 注意：He should have finished the work by now.（表推测） 虚拟语气 类 别 If引导的 条件从句 与现在事实相反 与过去事实相反 用 法 从句动词：过去式（be用were） 主句动词：should/would/could/might+do 例 句 If he were here, he would help us. 从句动词：had+done If I had been free,I would have 主句动词：visited you. should/would/could/might+have+done 39

与将来事实相反 从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/were+to do 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping. ①Should he come ,tell him to ring me up. ②Were I you,I would not do it. ③Had I been free,I would have visited you. ①If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now. ②If he had told me yesterday,I should know what to do now. ③If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party. ①He could have passed the exam,but he wasn’t careful enough. ②You should have come earlier.The bus left a moment ago. ---But for your timely warning,we ______ into great trouble. ---You know we’re friends. A. would get B. must have got C. would have got D. can’t have got Without the air to hold some of the sun's heat, the earth at night would be freezing cold. 省略if将虚拟条件从句中的were，had,should放到主语之的虚拟前，构成主谓倒装 条件句 不同时间的虚拟：各遵守各的规则 混合虚拟条件句 虚拟与陈述的混合：各遵守各的规则 but for+名词表示虚拟条件 without+名词表示虚拟条件 It would be only partly right to follow 句子或主句中的谓语in this way. 含蓄虚动词不定式表示虚拟条件 动词的形式视具体情如果用这种方式，仅仅对了一半。 拟 况而定。这是考查考生条件句 Having known in time ,we might 应变能力的最佳试题。 have prevented the accident.要是及现在分词表示虚拟条件 时得知的话，我们也许能阻止这场事故。 Given more attention, the tree could have grown better. 如果多留心的话，这树本来可以长的更好。 I was too busy at that time.Otherwise,I would have called you.我当时太忙，否则我就给你打电话了。 过去分词表示虚拟条件 副词otherwise表示虚拟条件 40

连词but连接的句子表示虚拟条件 He _____fatter but he eats too little . A. would become B. would have become C. must become D. must have become ①与现在事实相反 He talks as if he knew where she was． ②与过去事实相反 He talks about Rome as if he had been there before. ③与将来事实相反 He opened his mouth as if he would say something. Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly. He suggested that we not change our mind. I wish I could be a pop singer. I wish I would have gone to Shanghai last month. 其它 状语从句 as if/as though引导的状语从句中动词用did或had＋done或would／could／might＋do。 注意：as if/as though引导的状语从句中也可以用陈述语气： 当说话者认为所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时： It sounds as if it is raining．听起来像是在下雨。 He talks as if he is drunk．从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了。 in order that/so that引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/ might/ would等+do demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+do wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+do表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反 宾语从句 主语从句 在It is necessary / important / strange that… It is suggested / demanded/ ordered / requested It is strange that such a person that…等从句中， should be our friends. 谓语动词用should+do It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+do It’s high time that we left/should leave. I would rather you stayed at home now. If only our dream had come true! 其它 would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去句型中 完成式 If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望 九、句子的种类

按用途分 种 类 陈述句 类 型 肯定句 否定句 例 句 We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。 They don’t go to work on Sundays. 他们星期日不上班。 Are you a worker? 你是个工人吗？ 一般疑问句 Haven’t you seen the film? 你没看过这部电影吗？ 疑问句 41

Who is the man? 这人是谁？ 特殊疑问句 When do you watch TV? 你什么时间看电视？ What are they doing now? 他们现在正在干什么？ Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶选择疑问句 水还是要咖啡？哪种都行。 Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French. 他学日语还是学法语？他学法语。 They are going to the airport, aren’t they? 他们反意疑问句 要去机场，是吗？ You haven’t finished your homework, have you? 你没做完作业，是吗？ 祈使句 肯定句 否定句 Be sure to get there at eight. 务必八点钟到那儿。 Don’t worry. I’ll help you out. 别担心，我会帮助你的。 What great changes we have had these years! what + 名词 这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊! What a fine day it is! 多好的天气呀! 感叹句 how + 形容词或副词 how +句子 a(an)+adj.+n 按结构分 种类 类型 主+谓 主+谓+宾 简单句 主+谓+间宾+直接宾 主+谓+宾+宾补 例句 They disappeared. 他们消失了。 He likes swimming.他喜欢游泳。 We help each other. 我们互相帮助。 I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。 They sent us a telegram. 他们给我们拍了电报。 They named the boy Jack. 他们给孩子起名叫杰克。 I want everything ready by eight o’clock. 我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。 主+系+表 She is a university student. 她是一名大学生。 He has become a pilot. 他已成为一名飞行员。 42

How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀! How hard they are working! 他们工作多努力呀！ How time flies! 时间过得多么快呀! 多好的孩子啊! How + adj. + a (an) + n.=What How nice a boy (he is) !=What a nice boy (he is)! 并列关系and, not only…but also, neither …nor, both…and, not…but, 转并列折关系but,while（而，尽管） nevertheless(然Either you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it. 要么你来做，要么我请其他人来做。 Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework. 汤姆和杰克都没有完成作业。 Not couldn’t they complete the task, but the task was too tough. 不是他们完不成任务，而是任务太重了。 John likes playing basketball, but he didn’t play it yesterday. 约翰喜欢打篮球，但他昨天没打。 句 而；不过) 选择关系or, otherwise or else, either…or 因果关系for, so, thus, therefore, and so 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的复合句 从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。

十、名词性从句

种类 主 连 语 词 从 句 连接例 句 说 明 That he will come and help you is that在引导主语从句时不可省去 that certain. 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。 Whether there is life on the moon is an 主语从句中只能用whether不可用whether interesting question. if。 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 who What he wants to tell us is not clear. 主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨what 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 43

We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train. 我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。 Either you come to my place or I go to yours. 或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。 We had better stay at home, for it was raining. 我们最好呆在家里，因为天正在下雨。 He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination. 他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。 从句有：名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句） 状语从句 定语从句 （详细请看以下各节罗列的内容） 关联词 宾 语 从 句 表 语 从 句 代which Who will win the match is still unknown. 重，因此一般 词 whatever 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 It is known to us how he became a 把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词连when writer. “it”来作形式主语。 接where 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 副why Where the English evening will be held 词 how has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是that在句中不担任任何成分，在口忠诚的。 语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但陈 We must never think(that) we are good 如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前述that in everything while others are good in 的that不可省。 意 nothing. 义 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。 I wonder whether he will come or not. whether常与or not连用，不能用我想知道他来还是不来。 if代替。 Everything depends on whether we 作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。 疑have enough money. 从句是否定句时一般用if引导。 问if 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 意whether I don’t know if(whether) it is interesting. 义 我不知道它是否有意思。 He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.他不在乎天气是否好。 who, Please tell me what you want.请告诉我whom, 你需要什么？ which,wShe always thinks of how she can hose, work well. 特what, 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 殊when, She will give whoever needs help a 疑where, warm support. 宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介问why, 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支词的宾语。 意how,who持。 义 ever, whatever, whichever We must make it clear that 如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用itanyone who breaks the law will be 注1 作形式宾语，将从句后置。 punished. 我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。 think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引We don’t think you are right. 我们出的宾语从句，要将从句中的否定形式，认为你不对。 注2 移到主句中。 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做的。 The problem is(that) they can’t get here 在非正式的文体中that可以省去 that 连early enough. whether 词 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。 as if It looks as if it’s going to rain.看起来天要 44

下雨。 表语从句位于主句系动词之后 同 位 语 从 句 That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要who 的。 what The question is who(which of you) will which be the next speaker. 问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。 This is where our problem lies. 连when 这就是我们的问题所在。 接where That is why he didn’t come to the 副why meeting. 词 how 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 The news that he had landed on the 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具moon spread all over the world.他曾在体内容，常用的名词如：fact, news, 月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。 idea, hope, thought,question, I have no idea when he will come back order, fear, doubt, word, proof， 由连词that引home. belief, story等。 导，不担任成我不知道他什么时候回来。 分，也可有The thought came to him that Mary had when, how, probably fallen ill. where等引他想到可能玛丽生病了。 导。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。 连接代词 特别注意what的双重功能：

①What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality．

(what为“所……的事”，相当于“the thing that…；all that…；everything that…”) ②After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．（M ET'93）

A.what B.when C.that D.which (what相当于“the time that”，表示“……时间”)

③He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？ (what表示“……的人”，相当于“the person that…”)

④What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world． (what表示“……的地方”，相当于“the place that…”) ⑤Our income is now double what it was ten years ago

(what表示“……的数目”，相当于“the amount ／number that…”)

十一、状语从句

种 类 从属连词 例 句 说 明 45

When I came into the room, he was when指的是“某一具体的writing a letter.当我进屋时，他正在写时间” When 信。 whenever We shall go there whenever we are 时间” free.我们什么时间有空，我们就去那里。 I was walking along the street when when意为“这时”或“在那suddenly someone patted me on the 个时候”,可以看作是并列when shoulder from behind.我正在街上走句,这种用法的when分着，这时忽然有人从后面拍我的肩膀。 句一般位于句末。 时 While it was raining, they went out.天while指“在某一段时间间 下雨的时候，他们出去了。 状 从 时候我在。 He hurried home, looking behind as he as引导持续性动作，强调as went. 主句和从句的动作同时while I stayed while he was away.他不在的的动作必须是持续性的 里”，“在…期间”，while引导whenever指的是“在任何他赶快回家，不时地一边走一边向后看。 发生 Be a pupil before you become a before teacher.先做学生，再做先生。 He arrived after the game started.比赛 after 开始后，他到了。 till We waited till (until)he came back .我如主句动词是持续性动46

们一直等到他回来。 作，常用肯定式，表示“直到…为止” She didn’t stop working until eleven 如主句动词是瞬间动词，o’clock .她到11点钟才停止工作。 until 常用否定式，表示“直…Until he had passed out of sight, she 才”“在…以前不”,从句放stood there. 在句首表示强调，一般用她站在那里看着，直到看不见他的身影。 until Great changes have taken place in 状语从句在主句之前时China since 1978. since 自从1978年以来中国发生了巨大的变如从句在主句之后则不 化。 as soon as As soon as I arrive in Shanghai, I’ll write to you.我一到上海就给你写信。 I had hardly got home when it began hardly…when和no to rain. sooner…than的意义相必用标点符号。 一般用逗号与主句分开，我刚一到家，就下雨了。=Hardly had I 当于as soon as,但只表hardly…when got home when it began to rain. No sooner had we got to the station 为过去完成时，从句为过no sooner…than than the train left. 我们刚到车站，火车就走了。 去时，如hardly或no sooner位于句首时语气示过去发生的事情，主句Hardly had we begun when we were 强，而且主句的谓语要用47

told to stop.我们刚开始就被叫停。 部分倒装 Every time I travelled by boat, I got 在时间状语从句中，不能seasick.我每次乘船都晕船。 用将来时或过去将来时，The moment I heard the song, I felt 而要用现在时或过去时every time, by the cheerful. time, the moment等 我一听到这首歌，就感到很愉快。 Next time you come ,you’ll see him.下次你来的时候，就会见到他。 Where there is a will, there is a way.有where与wherever意义志者，事竟成。 地 where 点 状 wherever 从 你可以随意到你喜欢的任何地方去。 Wherever you go, you must obey the law.无论你去哪都要遵守法律。 I came back late yesterday because I because用来回答why 原 because 因 值班。 状 Since everyone is here, let’s begin our since表示既然或全已知从 since meeting.既然大家都到了，我们开始开的理由,稍加分析即可表明was on duty.昨天我回来晚了，因为我的问题，语气最强 You are free to go wherever you like.有水，哪里就有生命。 基本相同，但后者语气较代替将来时 Where there is water there is life.哪里强，多用于书面语 48

会。 的原因,多放句首 As he didn’t know much English, he 从句常放在句首，说明原looked up the word in the dictionary . 因，主句说明结果，常用as 由于他英语懂得不多，他在字典中查阅于口语中。 这个单词。 Now (that) the weather has cleared seeing (that), now that up, we can start our journey. 和since, as 意义相似，鉴于天气已经晴朗，我们可以启程了。 他们都有“鉴于某个事实”now that, seeing that Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent 的意思，that可以省去 for the doctor. 鉴于他病情严重，我们派人去请医生去了。 I shall write down your telephone 目的状语从句中常用情number that I may not forget. 态动词may (might) can 我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。 (could) ,should 等放在that 目 的 状 从 so that in order that lest = for fear that We’ll tell you the truth so that you can 动词之前，从句往往放在judge for yourself. 判断。 They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time .他们比往常更加努力工作，为了能提前完成工作。 Put on more clothes lest (= for fear that ) you should catch cold.多穿点衣服，以免感冒。 结 果 状 so that so…that We turned up the radio, so that so that前有逗号为结果everyone heard the news. 状语从句 我们把收音机的音量放大，大家都听到so…that的so后面跟形了新闻。 容词或副词 49

主句之后，主从句之间不我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出用任何标点符号 从 He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word.他十分激动，以致一句话都说不出来。 He gave such important reasons that such…that的such后面he was excused. 跟名词，如果名词是单数他说出了这么重要的理由，得到大家的就要用such a /an…that谅解。 还可以转换用so…that，It is such an interesting novel that all of 语气较强 us want to read it. It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it. 这是一本十分有趣的书，大家都想看。 Difficulties are nothing if we are not unless从句的谓语只能afraid of them. 用肯定式。unless和if…如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么not同义，unless是书面了。 语，if…not是口语，通常We shall go there tomorrow unless it 二者可以换用 rains.除非下雨，我们明天就去那里。 条件状语从句中的谓语= We shall go there tomorrow if it 动词的时态一般要用现doesn’t rain. 在时或过去时代替一般So/As long as you work hard, you will 将来时或过去将来时 succeed.只要你努力工作，你就一定能成功。 In case I forget, please remind me about it .万一我忘了，请提醒我一下。 So far as I know, the book will be published next month. 据我所知，那本书下月出版。 Draw a cat as I taught you .按照我教你此处as译为：按照或正的画一只猫。 如 Do as you are told.按照人家告诉你做as if或as though的意义的去做。 和用法基本一样。从句中She looks as if she is ill.看上去她好象可以用现在时表示可能是生病了。 符合事实，也可以用虚拟He acted as if (though) nothing had 语气 happened.他的行动就好象什么也没有发生。 They treat the black boy as if (though) he were an animal. 他们对待这黑孩子仿佛他是一头牲口。 Although (Though) he was over sixty, 在句子中一般用了“虽然”(yet) he began to learn French. 就不能再用“但是”（but）虽然他六十多岁了，但仍开始学习法但可以与yet或still连用。语 。 though / although意义相50

such…that 条 件 状 从 if unless as/so long as in case so far as 方 式 状 从 as as if… as though 让 步 状 although though

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