1996-1999年考研英语真题及解析张剑版本

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

张剑版本

1996年年全真试题

Part ⅠCloze Test

Directions：

For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)

Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.

They do not provide energy, do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if .

Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They are different their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin one or more specific functions in the body.

enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use vitamins. Many people, , believe in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins. However, a wellbalanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.

1.［A］either ［B］so ［C］nor ［D］never

2.［A］shifting ［B］transferring ［C］altering ［D］transforming

3.［A］any ［B］some ［C］anything ［D］something

4.［A］serious ［B］apparent ［C］severe ［D］fatal

5.［A］mostly ［B］partially ［C］sometimes ［D］rarely

6.［A］in that ［B］so that ［C］such that ［D］except that

7.［A］undertakes ［B］holds ［C］plays ［D］performs

8.［A］Supplying ［B］Getting ［C］Providing ［D］Furnishing

9.［A］exceptional ［B］exceeding ［C］excess ［D］external

10.［A］nevertheless ［B］therefore ［C］moreover ［D］meanwhile

Part ⅡReading Comprehension

Directions:

Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each questions there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)

Passage 1

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

Tightlipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.” Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.

You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.

Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.

This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, your could be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.

When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.

11. What do the elders mean when they say, “It s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”?

［A］ You ll certainly get what you want.

［B］ It s no use dreaming.

［C］ You should be dissatisfied with what you have.

［D］ It s essential to set a goal for yourself. ［A］ an illustration of how to write an application for a job

［B］ an indication of how to secure a good job

［C］ a guideline for job description

［D］ a principle for job evaluation

13. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a .

［A］ that is the first step to please the employer

［B］ that is the requirement of the employer

［C］ it enables him to know when to sell his services

［D］ it forces him to become clearly aware of himself

14. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have ［A］ definite to offer ［B］ imaginary to provide

［C］ practical to supply ［D］ desirable to present

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

Passage 2

With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation s news coverage, as well as listen to it.

And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.

It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years — yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publiclyfunded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nationwide debate in Britain.

The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC — including ordinary listeners and viewers — to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.

Defenders of the Corporation — of whom there are many — are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it ain t broke, don t fix it.” The BBC “ain t broke”, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word broke , meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?

Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels —— ITV and Channel 4 —— were required by the Thatcher Government s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels — funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers subscriptions — which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.

.

［A］ the problem of news coverage ［B］ an uncertain prospect

［C］ inquiries by the general public ［D］ shrinkage of audience

16. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue? ［A］ Extension of its TV service to Far East.

［B］ Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.

［C］ Potentials for further international co-operations.

［D］ Its existence as a broadcasting organization.

17. The BBC s “royal charter” (Line 4, Paragraph 4) stands for.

［A］ the financial support from the royal family.

［B］ the privileges granted by the Queen.

［C］ a contract with the Queen.

［D］ a unique relationship with the royal family.

18. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than ［A］ the emergence of commercial TV channels.

［B］ the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government.

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

［C］ the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs.

［D］ the challenge of new satellite channels.

Passage 3

In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.

The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.

The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.

19. It s true of the old family firms that.

［A］ they were spoiled by the younger generations

［B］ they failed for lack of individual initiative

［C］ they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies

［D］ they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

20. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in

［A］ the separation of capital from management

［B］ the ownership of capital by managers

［C］ the emergence of capital and labour as two classes

［D］ the participation of shareholders in municipal business

21. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that

［A］ the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers

［B］ the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers

［C］ the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly

［D］ the trade unions seemed to play a positive role

22. The author is most critical of ［A］ family firm owners ［B］ landowners

［C］ managers ［D］ shareholders

Passage 4

What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America— breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?

Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.

Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.

Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”

A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.

In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.

Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process … The designer and the inventor … are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”

This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”

When all these shaping forces—schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking —interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.

23. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a .

［A］ elementary schools ［B］ enthusiastic workers

［C］ the attractive premium system ［D］ a special way of thinking ［A］ benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge.

［B］ shed light on disciplined school management.

［C］ was brought about by privileged home training.

［D］ owed a lot to the technological development.

25. A technologist can be compared to an artist because ［A］ they are both winners of awards.

［B］ they are both experts in spatial thinking.

［C］ they both abandon verbal description

［D］ they both use various instruments .

［A］ Inventive Mind ［B］ Effective Schooling

［C］ Ways of Thinking ［D］ Outpouring of Inventions

Passage 5

Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. “Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.

The first four chapters of Kitcher s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.

Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapters on the creationists will be extremely

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does - and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

27. “Creationism” in the passage refers to ［A］ evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe

［B］ a notion of the creation of religion

［C］ the scientific explanation of the earth formation

［D］ the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe

28. Kitcher s book is intended to.

［A］ recommend the views of the evolutionists

［B］ expose the true features of creationists

［C］ curse bitterly at his opponents

［D］ launch a surprise attack on creationists

29. From the passage we can infer that ［A］ reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate

［B］ creationists do not base their argument on reasoning

［C］ evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists

［D］ creationism is supported by scientific findings

30. This passage appears to be a digest of ［A］ a book review ［B］ a scientific paper

［C］ a magazine feature ［D］ a newspaper editorial

Part ⅢEnglish—Chinese Translation

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.

31）Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 32）arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 33）This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good” as opposed to “bad” science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 34））

Section Ⅳ Writing

36. Directions:

A. Title: GOOD HEALTH

B. Time limit: 40minutes

C. Word limit: 120—150 words (not including the given opening sentence)

D. Your composition should be based on the “OUTLINE” below and should start with the given opening sentence: “The desire for good health is universal”.

E. Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Outline:

1. Importance of good health.

2. Ways to keep fit.

3. My own practices.

1996年英语试题答案

Part ⅠCloze Test

4. B 5. C 6. A 1. C

2. D 3. A 7. D 8.B 9. C 10. A Part ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

Passage 1

11. B 12. A

Passage 2

15.B 16.C

Passage 3

19.C 20.A

Passage 4

23.D 24.A

Passage 5

27.D 28.B

13.D 17.C 21.C 25.B 29.B 14. A 18.D 22.D 26.A 30.A

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

Part Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation

31.在这些原因中，有些纯属社会需求；另一些则是由于科学上某些特定发展在一定程度上自我加速而产生的必然结果。

32.这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向其科研机构提出具体的要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

33.给某些与当前目标无关而将来则可能产生影响的科研予以支持，看来能够有效地解决这个问题。

34.然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。

35.同过去一样，将来必然出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。

Section ⅣWriting(15 points)

36.见分析

试题精解

Part ⅠCloze Test

一、文章总体分析

本文是一篇介绍维生素的科普性小短文。文章首段对维生素下定义。第二段介绍了维生素的两大功能：将食物转化成能量和维持身体健康。第三段介绍了各种维生素的异同：基本组成元素相同，但排列方式不同，并且各自承担一到多种特殊功能。第四段指出：不需要获取过量的维生素，均衡的饮食通常就可以完全满足身体对它们的需求了。

二、试题具体解析

1.［A］ either ［B］ so ［C］ nor ［D］ never

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：否定倒装句的连词。

空格前文讲到维生素不能提供能量，是一个否定句；后文讲到它们构建身体的任何部分，是倒装句，因此选项必须既能引导倒装句，又能与前面的否定相呼应。

四个选项中，either表示“也”，可以用在否定句中，但一般放在句尾，例如：She didn’t go there, either（她也不去）；so 可以引导倒装句，但它用在肯定句中，表示“也”，如：They can leave now, so can we.（他们现在可以离开了，我们也能）。nor也可以引导倒装句，并可用在否定句中，构成not...nor...（既不 也不 ）固定结构，如：You can’t do it, nor can I.（你不能做这件事，我也不能）；never也可以引导倒装句，表示否定，但它必须放在句首，如：Never in my life have I heard such nonsense.（我一辈子都没听说过这样的无稽之谈）。综合以上因素，C为正确选项。

2.［A］ shifting替换，转移 ［B］ transferring迁移，移动，传递

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

［C］ altering改变，变动 ［D］ transforming转换，改变

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：习惯搭配 + 动词词义辨析。

空格所在句子的含义是“需要维生素将食物2为能量，以维持身体的健康”。空格填入的分词需和into搭配，并符合文意。transform常与into搭配，强调的是“事物大的变革或质的改变”。在此从food（食物）到energy（能量）的转变是一种质的改变，因此，D符合句意。

shift 不与into搭配，如：The wind shifted to the south（风转向南吹）；transfer多用于位置的改变，也不与into搭配，如：His employer transferred him to another office.（老板把他调到了另一个办公室）；alter强调部分或少量的变动，程度较轻，如：These clothes are too large; they must be altered.（这些衣服太大，得修改）。因此以上三个词都不能表示事物质的改变。

知识点补充：trans-为前缀，与动词连用，表示“横过，越过”或“转变，转移”，例如：transact（办理, 交易, 谈判, 处理），transatlantic（横渡大西洋的），trans-national（跨越国界的），transplant（移植），transport（运输）。

3.［A］ any任何一个 ［B］ some一些

［C］ anything任何事物 ［D］ something某事物

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：不定代词的用法。

空格所在句子是一个由and连接的并列句，前一个分句There are thirteen or more of them中的them指的是vitamins，后一个分句是一个由if引导的条件状语从句，意为“如果 缺乏，（会出现）维生素缺乏症。”由于if引导的从句中谓语动词is是单数，因而，只能由一个表示单数意义的不定代词作为被选项。

首先排除some，它一般用于肯定句，做主语时谓语动词用复数；其次anything与something泛指任何事或某些事，放入句中不符句意；any放入后相当于any of them，即“任何维生素”。注意any一般用于否定或疑问句中，做主语时，谓语动词常用单数，如：Any of the hunters is able to catch the tiger single-handed.（任何一个猎人都能单独抓住老虎）。因此答案只能选A。

4.［A］ serious严重的，严肃的，认真的 ［B］ apparent明显的

［C］ severe严厉的，剧烈的，严峻的 ［D］ fatal致命的

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。

本题要求考生判断，如果缺乏任何一种维生素，缺乏症就会变得怎样。四个备选项表示的程度不同，从语意的角度来说都可以与disease相搭配。但是，根据上下文，这里需要填入一个准确描述疾病症状的词。serious、severe和fatal这几个词都表示程度严重，甚至危及生命。但上下文没有暗示缺乏一种维生素会导致严重的后果，因此，这三个词都不可作为被选项。apparent只是简单地描述了疾病的症状，为正确选项。

5.［A］ mostly大部分，主要地 ［B］ partially部分地

［C］ sometimes 有时候 ［D］ rarely很少地，罕有地

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑语义搭配 + 副词词义辨析。

本句破折号后举例说明维生素的组成成分：碳、氢、氧和5氮，and 表明各成分之间为并列关系，那么，选项应与usually相呼应。usually是频度副词，选项也应是频度副词。选项中，mostly和partially不是频率副词，而是强调事物部分与整体的关系，如：The audience consisted mostly of women.（观众主要是妇女）；The driver is partially to blame for the accident.（司机对那次车祸应负部分责任）。rarely是频率副词，但它含否定含义，若用于句中，之前的连词and应改为表示转折关系的but。所以只有sometimes为正确选项。全句意为“通常是碳、氢、氧，有些时候还有氮”。

6.［A］ in that在 方面；因为

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

［B］ so that以致，以便，(引导结果或目的状语从句)

［C］ such that那样，以至，(不能连接两个完整的句子)

［D］ except that除了

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。

上句提到维生素相似的原因，这句开始提到维生素也是有区别的，由于两个句子是平行的结构，我们可以预测，本句的后半句也会解释为什么不同。下文果然提到原因是“元素的排列方式不同，每种元素在人体内（有）一种或多种特殊功能”。因此空格处应填入表因果关系并连接原因状语从句的短语。选项中，except that不表因果，so that和such that后面接结果。只有in that后面接原因，并且空格前面的different与介词in连用，表示“在哪一方面不同”。

例句补充：Self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to correct our mistakes.（自我批评是必要的，因为它能帮助我们改正错误）；Speak louder so that all the people in the hall can hear you.（大声点讲, 以便大厅里的人都能听清）；The situation was such that political observers found it difficult to predict.（形势如此，连政治观察家们也觉得难以预料）；His account is correct except that some details are omitted.（除了有些细节未提到之外，他的叙述是正确的）。

7.［A］ undertakes承担，采取 ［B］ holds保存，把握，握有

［C］ plays担当，承担 ［D］ performs表演，执行，履行

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：动宾搭配。

本题考查动词与function的搭配。四个选项中能与function搭配的只有perform，即perform a function（具有 的功能，发挥 的作用），如：The brain performs a very important function: it controls the nervous system of the body.（大脑具有非常重要的功能，它控制着身体内的神经系统）。在文中，它意为“每种元素在人体内承担一种或多种特殊的功能”。其它能与function搭配的动词还有fulfill、serve等。其它选项的常用搭配有：undertake a mission/task/project承担使命/任务/工程；hold a share持有股份；play a role/part扮演 角色。

8.［A］ Supplying补给，供给，提供，补充

［B］ Getting获得，变成，收获，使得

［C］ Providing供应，供给，准备，预防

［D］ Furnishing供应，提供，装备，布置

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：动名词的逻辑主语 + 动词词义辨析。

本题空格所在句子是一个含让步状语从句的复合句：8enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for9vitamins，其中空格部分和enough vitamins构成动名词的复合结构做主句的主语。考生关键要判断出，空格处填入的动名词的逻辑主语也就是后面although引导的让步状语从句中的主语，即：the body。这样，动名词所表示的动作必须是the body发出来的，又能接enough vitamins做宾语。选项中，Supplying，Providing和Furnishing均表示“提供，供应”，动作的发出者不是“身体”。句子表达的含义是身体需要获取维生素的营养，而不是“提供”，因此只有Getting（获取，获得）符合。

知识点补充：supply、provide、furnish是一组近义词，都有“提供，供应”含义。furnish主要指提供一些基本的必要物品，可译为“配备”，如：furnish the new apartment(为新房间配备家具)；supply强调“提供物品以备需要的时候用”，可译为“供给，供应”，它常和with搭配，如：supply the market with new commodities（向市场供应新商品）；provide也强调“提供物品，为 做准备”，它常和介词for，with和against搭配。provide...with...意为“给 提供”，provide for/against都指“为可能的困难做准备，防备”，如：He worked hard to provide for his old age.(他努力赚钱以防老)。

9.［A］ exceptional例外的，异常的 ［B］ exceeding非常的，极度的，过度的

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

［C］ excess额外的，多余的 ［D］ external外部的，客观的，外用的

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 形容词词义辨析。

本题空格所在部分是although引导的让步状语从句。前面主句提到，获取足够维生素是必要的，因此从句很可能要从相反的角度来说明获取维生素对人体的意义。have use for是固定短语，意为“需要”，主要用于否定和疑问句中，如：I have no further use for it.（我不再需要它了）。因此，根据所在从句的含义，考生需判断人体对什么维生素没有营养上的需要。选项中，首先排除external和exceptional，因为不存在“外部的维生素”或“例外的维生素”；剩下两个选项中，exceeding用来指被修饰的成分超出了一般的限度，如：exceeding darkness（极度黑暗），exceeding beauty（美丽无比），显然，它不能直接修饰“维生素”；只有excess指“超过正常或所需数额的数量”，强调“摄入过多的维生素”符合逻辑。

10.［A］ nevertheless然而，不过，（表示转折关系）

［B］ therefore因此，所以，（表因果关系）

［C］ moreover而且，此外，（表示递进关系）

［D］ meanwhile（=at the same time）同时，（表示时间关系）

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。

两个逗号之间的空格处应填入一个逻辑连接词，因此考生需判断空格所在句子和上文之间的逻辑关系。上文提到，过量维生素对身体没有营养价值，接着作者指出很多人的心态：为“安全”考虑，而服用额外的维生素。从语意上看，两句之间存在转折关系，选择项应该是一个表示转折关系的词，因此nevertheless为正确答案。整个句子意为“尽管获取过量的维生素对身体没有营养价值，但很多人出于安全考虑，还是摄取额外的维生素。”

三、全文翻译

饮食中含有的少量有机化合物—维生素是促进动物（包括人）正常发育和维系生命的必需成分。

维生素既不提供热量，也不能构建身体的某个部分。它们被用来将食物转化为能量并维持身体的健康。维生素至少有十三种，如果缺乏任何一种，缺乏症疾病就会表现出来。

各种维生素都比较相似，因为它们由同样的元素组成—通常是碳、氢、氧，有时还有氮。它们之间的不同之处在于每种维生素内部的元素排列方式不同，并且每种元素在人体内承担一种或多种具体功能。

尽管获取过量的维生素对身体没有营养价值，但获得足够的维生素对人的生命是至关重要的。然而，很多人出于安全考虑，还是摄取额外的维生素。不过，实际上均衡的饮食通常就可以完全满足身体对维生素的需求了。

Part ⅡReading Comprehension

Passage 1

一、文章结构总体分析

文章是一篇介绍求职前应进行准备工作的说明文。文章先指出“所想”与“所得”两个概念，并指出实现“所想”的关键是做事前要制定计划，进而具体到找工作前准备简历的重要性。

第一至二段：先通过谚语说明一种传统的观点：得到的才算数，接着提到现代心理学的

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

观点：如果知道自己想要什么，并且要求合理，就能实现。两段都围绕“所想”和“所得”两个概念展开论述。

第三段：以请客吃饭为例说明在日常生活中，制定计划的普遍性。

第四至六段：先提出文章中心思想，即找工作前也需要制定计划。接着说明简历对于求职者的意义，即可作为填写正式申请表的参考，而且能帮助求职者将自己的能力有条理地展现出来。最后作者就找工作提出了具体的建议。

二、试题具体分析

11.What do the elders mean when they say, 11.年长者说：“It’s not what you want in this “It’s not what you want in this world, but world, but what you get”是什么意思？ what you get”?

［A］ You’ll certainly get what you want. ［A］ 你肯定能得到自己想要的东西 ［B］ It’s no use dreaming. ［B］ 梦想没有用

［C］ You should be dissatisfied with what you ［C］ 你不应该满足于自己已有的东西（所have. 得）

［D］ It’s essential to set a goal for yourself. ［D］ 为自己确立一个目标（所想）是非常

重要的

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：句意题。

原句it’s not...but...结构否定的是“你所想”，肯定的是“你所得”。即，得到什么比想要什么重要。B选项较好地概括了原文意思，为正确答案。A选项强调“所想就一定所得”，其中certainly一词过于绝对，而且第二段提到，得到“所想”的条件是：知道自己需要什么、并且要求合理。C选项中“不满足”是文中没有的内容。D选项强调“所想”的重要性，与原句意思相反。

技巧：本题属于句子理解题，考生需反复琢磨句意，并注意选项中将what you want 和what you get具体化后的含义。

12.A blueprint made before inviting a friend to 12.文中提到邀请朋友吃饭前制定的计划蓝图是用来作为 。

［A］ an illustration of how to write an ［A］怎样写求职书的说明

application for a job

［B］ an indication of how to secure a good job ［B］ 获得一份好工作的暗示

［C］ a guideline for job description ［C］ 职位描述上的指导

［D］ a principle for job evaluation ［D］ 工作评估原则

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：作者意图题。

题干的内容是第三段中的举例，举例是为了说明论点，上文即该段第一句中作者表述的观点是：在日常生活中我们每个人都在不停地勾画这样的（愿望）蓝图。因此，“请人吃饭前制定计划”是说明人们勾画“愿望的蓝图”的一个例子。第四段首的逻辑词likewise （同样地，照样地）表明，后面提到的内容和“请朋友吃饭前制定计划”一样，也是在勾画“愿望的蓝图”。整个第四段主要介绍了找工作前应写简历，故A选项是举例所要说明的内容。

B、C和D选项中分别出现good job、job description、job evaluation这些原文未有的内容。

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

技巧：对于涉及举例的题，上下文的阅读甚为重要。考生关键要通过句子间的逻辑关系准确把握作者的写作意图。此外，要熟悉段落关联词和短语的用法，如：likewise表并列，暗示不同成分间的平等和相似。例句：This place is pretty beautiful, likewise the people here. 这地方美，人也美。

13.According to the passage, one must write an 13.根据文章内容，开始找工作之前必须写一account of himself before starting to find a job 个对自我的描述，原因是 。

［A］ that is the first step to please the ［A］ 这是取悦雇主的第一步

employer

［B］ that is the requirement of the employer ［B］ 这是雇主的要求

［C］ it enables him to know when to sell his ［C］ 这使他明白何时去推销自己的服务 services

［D］ it forces him to become clearly aware of ［D］ 这使他能够清楚地了解自己

himself

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。

根据题干关键词before starting to find a job定位到第四段第二句。该句中for引导的原因状语从句对该题作了回答：当确切知道你自己能够提供什么服务时，你才能明智地筹划到哪里去推销它们。D选项是对此句的改写，其中exactly与clearly相对应，know what you have to offer与become aware of himself 一致。C选项偷梁换柱，将该原因从句中的where换成了when。

文章第五段第四句提到写明个人情况只是利于雇主做出选择，并非取悦，因此A选项不正确。B选项属常识项，但文中未提及。

技巧：细节的因果关系处是常考点。本题的考点是第四段第二句。题干加正确选项就是它的改写。

14.When you have carefully prepared a 14.当你就自己的能力和愿望精心准备了一个blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have 计划蓝图后，你就有的东西 。

［A］ definite to offer ［A］ 明确可提供

［B］ imaginary to provide ［B］ 想像可提供

［C］ practical to supply ［C］ 实际可提供

［D］ desirable to present ［D］ 可提供的令人满意

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。

本题题干和文章最后一段第一句几乎一模一样，除了sell在四个选项中分别换成了同义词offer、provide、supply和present。故本题考点是对文中tangible一词的理解。可联系上文

第五段中提到的“简历中的教育背景、工作经历、证明材料”这些求职硬件，来推测tangible的含义。tangible意为clear and definite（明确的，确实的），因此A选项为正确答案。B容易排除，Practical意为workable, useful（可行的，有用的），计划蓝图中的东西不一定就可行或令人满意，排除C和D。

三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

长难句分析

①It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.

句中it’s not...but...的结构表示“不是 而是 ”否定前者，肯定后者。

知识点补充：but作为介词还有其他用法，例如：nothing but“只有，仅仅”，如：Nothing but a miracle can save her now.(现在只有出现奇迹才能救活她)；anything but“根本不”，如：He is anything but mad.(他一点儿也不生气) 。

②You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living.

此句是用and连接的两个并列句。在前一个分句中，又用as引导了一个比较状语从句，将make a blueprint of a desire 与 make a blueprint of a house作比较。第二个分句的主干是：each of us... is making... blueprints...

③While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your wares and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.

该句主干是While , your could-be employer is deciding whether... and your wares and abilities must be displayed...。前一个分句中while引导伴随状语从句，whether引导宾语从句，该从句中并列主语为your education, your experience, and other qualifications，谓语部分为pay him，后面是不定式做的状语。And后面的并列句是被动语态，其中in manner为方式状语。

知识点补充：pay sb. to do sth.意思是“干某事对某人有利”。如：It will pay you to be careful.(小心谨慎对你有好处) ； could-be意思是“可能的，未来的”；wares本义为“货物，商品”，在这里表示应聘者能够展示出来的资格和能力。

佳句赏析

①Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself.

用likewise连接的这两个句子中，分别含有if引导的条件从句，并且都运用了动词短语连用的形式，前后结构对称，具有美感。

②Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgement.

此句采用并列祈使句的形式，使整个句子精炼。

例句补充：Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgement. Then you can find something of real value.（保持耳目灵敏,并且运用自己的判断。这样你就会发现真正有价值的东西。）

四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

(1) tight-lipped（a.）沉默寡言的，出言谨慎的

(2) psychology(n.)心理学

(3) blueprint(n.)蓝图，详细的计划，方案

(4) likewise（adv.）同样地，照样地；-wise 后缀，表示“样子”，“位置”或“状态”，如：clockwise（顺时针方向地）, lengthwise（纵向地，竖着地）

(5) account（n.）叙述，描述

(6) routine（n.）固定而有规则的事，常规

(7) reference（n.）证明文书, 介绍信，推荐人

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

(8) sketch（n.）概述，概要，梗概

(9) secure（vt.）～sth. (for sb. /sth.)（尤指经过努力）获得，取得，实现；如：He secured a place for himself at law school. （他在法学院取得了学籍）。 ～sth. (against/from sth.)使某事物安全，保护; 如：to secure a property against intruders（保护房产以免外人闯入）

五、全文翻译

出言谨慎的年长者过去总说：“重要的不是在这个世界上你想要什么，而是你得到了什么。”(长难句①)

心理学教导人们，如果你知道自己需要什么、并且要求合理，你就能得到它。

你可以在头脑里勾画出愿望的蓝图，如同设计房屋的蓝图一样。(长难句②)而我们每个人在日常生活中都在不停地勾画着这样的愿望蓝图。比方说，想请朋友吃晚餐，我们就会筹划菜谱、列购物单、决定先煮什么菜等，这样的筹划对于举行任何形式的宴请都是必不可少的。

同样，如果你想找一份工作，那就拿一张纸，写一份对自我的简单描述吧。(佳句①)为找工作制订计划蓝图时，要从你自己开始，因为只有当确切知道你可以提供什么服务时，你才能明智地筹划到哪儿去推销它们。

对自我的描述实际上是对你的职业生涯的简介，它应包括教育背景、经验和证明材料。这样的描述是很有价值的，在填写标准的申请表格时可作为参照，在面试时更是尤为有用。在与你面谈时，你未来的雇主将根据你的教育背景、经验和其他的资历来确定雇用你是否值得，因此你必须把你“待售的物品”和能力以有序而合理连贯的方式呈现出来。（长难句③）

当你为自己的能力和愿望仔细地筹划了一幅蓝图后，你就有实在的东西可以推销了。那时你就准备去找工作，先搜集所有与你可能选择的工作相关的信息，对工作和公司的详情进行调查，留心看，留意听，使用你的判断力。(佳句②)每天花一定的时间寻找你想要的工作，请记住：找工作就是你现在的工作。

Passage 2

一、文章结构总体分析

本文报道了BBC（英国广播公司）的现状及面临的问题。文章从现状入手，接着话锋一转进入主题，谈到目前在全国范围内一场针对BBC应该保持原样还是进行变革的争论，最后作者指出必须进行变革。本文是典型的夹叙夹议的文章，叙述和说理论证相结合。

第一至二段：为一个引子，描述BBC的接收范围和它的节目类型，总之，情况令人乐观。

第三段：承上启下，先总结前两段，yet语气一转，点出文章的主题，即，BBC前途未卜。

第四段：政府发起对BBC的这场争论的原因：皇家特许权1996年到期。

第五段：BBC支持者的观点。

第六段：再次出现yet转折点出作者观点，即，BBC必须改革，因为世界在发生变化。

二、试题具体分析

15.世界著名的BBC现在面临。

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

［A］ the problem of news coverage ［A］ 新闻报道覆盖范围的问题

［B］ an uncertain prospect ［B］ 不确定的前景

［C］ inquiries by the general public ［C］ 公众提出的调查

［D］ shrinkage of audience ［D］ 观（听）众的减少

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。

文章第一、二段描述BBC自开播以来其接收范围和节目类型已经非常广泛，这两段间用and 相连，表明一种顺承、并列关系，都介绍了BBC令人乐观的一面。接着第三段首句用yet表明与前两段有转折关系，yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt（BBC前景不明）说明了它现在面临的情况。因此，B选项为正确答案，其中原文的future和in doubt对应选项中的prospect和uncertain。

新闻报道覆盖范围在第一段提到，是BBC值得骄傲的方面，而不是“问题”，故排除A选项。第四段提到，政府对公众进行调查，即邀请人们对BBC做出评价。而C选项则成了公众对BBC的调查。D选项在原文中未出现。

技巧：议论文非常强调逻辑的严谨性，因此考生应特别注意表示逻辑关系的关联词或短语，如：although， though， but, yet, however等，从而把握作者的思路。

16.In the passage, which of the following about 16.下列选项中，哪个没有作为BBC的关键问the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue? 题被提到?

［A］ Extension of its TV service to Far East. ［A］ 将电视广播扩展到远东地区。

［B］ Programmes as the subject of a ［B］ 电视节目成为全国上下谈论的话题。 nation-wide debate.

［C］ Potentials for further international ［C］ 进一步国际合作的潜力。

co-operations.

［D］ Its existence as a broadcasting ［D］BBC作为广播机构的存在。

organization.

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。

解此题可采用排除法。A选项在文章第一段提到，“成千上万的亚美观众现在都能观看和收听该公司的新闻报道”，选项中的Far East就是西方国家对亚洲最东部国家的称呼。B选项和D选项都在文章第三段第二句提到，“BBC公司将作为国家赞助的广播机构而存在，至少暂时会是这样，但其地位、规模和节目类型却已经成为全英国谈论的话题”。文章只提到BBC自身的变革，而未涉及国际合作问题。故C选项为答案。

技巧：原文中没有涉及的细节一般包括两种：一是文中根本没有提到；二是与文中其他内容相冲突。解此类题时常将选项和原文对号入座，将原文中提到的内容划线，表示是排除的内容；无法对号的即是答案。

17.The BBC’s “royal charter” (line 4, 17.BBC的“royal charter”（第四段第四行）指的是 。

［A］ the financial support from the royal ［A］ 皇室家庭的资助

family

［B］ the privileges granted by the Queen ［B］ 女王赋予的特权

［C］ a contract with the Queen ［C］ 与女王签的合同

［D］ a unique relationship with the royal ［D］ 和皇室家庭的特别关系

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

family

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：词义题。

第四段末句提到政府进行民意调查的原因是：the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes，可见，royal charter和BBS的存在大有关联。解此题的关键是了解run out 的含义。run out 多表示“被用完，到期”之意，能和它构成主谓搭配的只有C选项。英国是君主立宪制国家，与女王签约表明BBC是国家办的广播公司，而非私营企业。

技巧：对句中词汇或短语的释义，要根据上下文所给的信息进行推理和判断。

18.The foremost reason why the BBC has to 18.BBC不得不进行调整的最主要原因正是 。

［A］ the emergence of commercial TV ［A］ 商业电视频道的出现

channels

［B］ the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by ［B］ 政府广播法的实施

the government

［C］ the urgent necessity to reduce costs and ［C］ 降低成本，减少员工的迫切需求 jobs

［D］ the challenge of new satellite channels ［D］ 新卫星电视频道的挑战

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。

文章第六段首先指出BBC不得不进行改革，接着陆续给出原因：它周边的广播业正在发生变化；政府广播法的实施迫使电视商业频道进一步商业化，进而使广告业相互竞争，降低成本，减少劳务；但是从长远看，带来最大变化的将是新的卫星频道。实际上，原因可归纳为两点：电视频道进一步商业化的趋势和卫星电视频道的出现。最后一句使用强调句型It is the arrival...which will...the biggest changes...，强调后一原因更具重要性，其中biggest与选项中的foremost同义。因此D选项是正确答案。A、B和C选项都是和前一原因相关的内容，但不是最主要原因。

技巧：因果关系中的主要原因也是常考点。考生需要在众多原因中辨别主次，注意词汇（如mainy, chief）和句型结构（如强调句）的暗示。

补充：no other than意为“就是，正是”。如：He is no other than my old friend Jones.他就是我的老友琼斯。

三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

长难句分析

①They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.

该句的主干是They are brought ，谓语是被动语态，由bring接双宾结构即bring them sth 转化而来，直接宾语由sport, comedy, drama等一串并列名词构成，for an annual 作状语。

②The corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization，at least for the time being，but its role，its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

debate in Britain.

该句是由but连接的两个转折关系的分句。前半句为The corporation will survive as ，其中at least for the time being的意思是“眼下，暂时”，这里做时间状语。后半句的主干可以表达为A are the subject of B（A是B的对象）。

③The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC—including ordinary listeners and viewers—to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.

该句的主干是：The debate was launched by the Government，后面是由which 引导的非限定性定语从句修饰government。这个从句的主干是：which invited anyone... to say...。在anyone后由with引导的介词短语对它修饰限制，可译为“对其有看法的人”。两个破折号间的插入语，同样是在对 anyone进行补充说明。to say后有两个宾语成分what was good or bad about the Corporation和whether they thought it was worth keeping，副词even表进一步强调。

④The BBC “ain’t broke”, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word ‘broke’, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?

该句调整句序后应为：They say, the BBC“ain’t broke”, , so why bother to change it?。主干部分是由so连接的两个因果关系的分句。前一分句中which引导定语从句，修饰“ain’t broke”，括号内的部分指出broken（破损）和broke（破产）有不同含义，后一分句why bother to do sth. 是反问句，属非正式用法。

知识点补充：注意作者改正了美国俚语中broke的错误用法，认为应该是broken（破损），应该与broke加以区别，因为作者认为broke的意思应该是“破产”。

⑤But it is the arrival of new satellite channels—funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’subscriptions—which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.

此句的主干是it is the arrival ... which...，是一个强调句，被强调的部分为主语the arrival of new satellite channels。破折号中间的内容是过去分词结构，置于所修饰的名词之后，做定语。

佳句赏析

① And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations.

此句中的介词宾语由三个名词短语组成，其中数词的递增和中心名词的替换给人一种语言的动感美。

四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

(1) coverage（n.）覆盖，总括，新闻报道

(2) tune（n.）调子、和谐；（v.）调音，调整，～in to调谐，收听

(3) annual（a.）每年的，年度的；（n.）年刊，年鉴

(4) licence（n.）执照，许可证，准许，许可

(5) stretch （v.）拉长，延伸，～ing back... 回溯到

(6) in doubt拿不准，不确定，注意doubt 与suspect的区别：doubt是对于事物的真伪、将来的事和人的成功等的怀疑，如：I doubt his honesty. 在动词doubt之后，如用but，则but与that意义相同。如：I do not doubt but（that）he is ill.我不怀疑他病了。Suspect是猜疑，设想某人有欺诈、私通或犯罪的嫌疑时，通常用suspect表示。如：I suspect some falsehood in what he says.我怀疑他的话中有些虚假。

(7) subject（n.）主题，科目，主语；（v.）～（to）使遭受，使服从；（a.）易遭 的，

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

受 支配的

(8) charter（n.）契约，特许证，特许权；它常常以合约或正式文书的形式授权成立某种机构经营某种业务，并规定它的权限和目标。royal charter（皇家特许权）常常指与国王或女王签订的契约，取得经营某种业务的特许权

(9) subscriptions（n.）订阅，订购；subscribe（v.）

五、全文翻译

随着BBC（英国广播公司）国际电视频道的开播，现在亚洲和美洲数以百万计的人不仅可以听到广播，也能看到它的电视新闻报道了。

当然，英国听众和观众可以收到两个BBC电视频道，五个BBC全国广播电台和几十个地方电台。(佳句)每户每年交83英镑的收视费便可收看体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目及电影。(长难句①)

延续七十多年，BBC可谓历程辉煌，然而现在，BBC的未来却令人疑虑。虽然至少目前，它仍可以以公办广播机构的身份生存下去，但它的作用、规模和节目类型却成了全英国争论的话题。（长难句②）

英国政府发起了这场讨论，它邀请每一位对BBC有看法的人——包括普通的听众和观众——对公司好坏进行评说，甚至可以评说他们是否认为公司值得办下去。(长难句③)这样做的原因是BBC所持的皇家特许证于1996年到期，政府必须决定是让公司维持原状还是进行变革。

公司的捍卫者为数不少，他们喜欢引用美国的广告口号：“如果没坏（broke），就不要修。”这里说英国广播公司还没有“broke”，意思相当于既然没有“broken”（跨掉）（它区别于broke的意思，broke表示“没有钱”），那为什么还要自找麻烦去改变它呢？(长难句④)

然而BBC将不得不进行变革，因为周围的广播世界正发生变化。商业电视频道——ITV和第四频道——应撒切尔政府广播法案的要求进一步商业化，彼此竞争广告业务，降低成本，裁减劳务。但从长远来看会引起最大变化的是新的卫星频道的出现，它们的部分资金来自广告收入，部分来自用户收视费。(长难句⑤)

Passage 3

一、文章结构分析

本文是一篇论述19世纪后半叶英国劳资关系变化及股东食利阶层出现的文章。

第一段：交待背景，即，旧式家庭企业被有限责任公司代替，从而提高了企业效率，并使之走向集体化和市营、国营化。

第二段：说明在第一段提到的变化下产生了股东阶层，进而对这个阶层的生活进行了描述并举例说明。

第三段：指出这些股东对劳资关系没有积极的影响，因为他们对工人的情况不甚了解。但工会的日益发展使情况有所好转。

二、试题具体分析

19.It’19.关于旧式家族企业的正确说法

是 。

张剑经典英语真题,讲解超级详细

［A］ they were spoiled by the younger generations ［A］ 它们被年轻一代毁了

［B］ they failed for lack of individual initiative ［B］ 它们由于缺乏个人独创性而失败 ［C］ they lacked efficiency compared with ［C］ 与现代公司相比，它们缺乏效率 modern companies

［D］ they could supply adequate services to the ［D］ 它们能够为纳税人提供足够的服taxpayers 务

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。

第一段第二、三句介绍了旧式家族企业的情况。文中指出，许多旧式公司被有限责任公司代替。这一变化防止了效率的下降，而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代手中破产倒闭。由此可以推知旧式家族企业缺乏效率。C选项正确。

A选项属于过度推理，文中提到的是decline in efficiency commonly spoiled the fourtunes of family firms，可见家族企业败坏在晚辈手中的根本原因还是效率低下。该段第四句表明，（由家族企业到有限责任公司）这一变化也是由个人独创到集体创业迈出的一步，由此推知家族企业并不缺乏个人独创精神，故B选项与原文不符。D选项属于张冠李戴，该段最后一句只提到，市政当局也开始为纳税人提供各种服务，和旧式家族企业无关。

技巧：解此题重在对长难句的结构分析与理解。

20.The growth of limited liability companies 20.有限公司的发展造成了 ［A］ the separation of capital from management ［A］ 资本与管理的分离

［B］ the ownership of capital by managers ［B］ 对资本的所有权由经理掌握 ［C］ the emergence of capital and labour as two ［C］ 劳资两个阶级的出现

classes

［D］ the participation of shareholders in municipal ［D］ 股东参与市政企业

business

［精解］ 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。

第二段前两句指出，有限责任公司及市政企业的发展引起了重大变化。对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了作为一个阶级的持股人的数量及其地位的重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着非责任性的财富，与土地和土地所有者责任分离，几乎也同样与企业的责任经营分离。接着文章以英国持股人为例子进行说明。由此可推知，有限公司的发展引起了财富或资本与经营管理分离；投资者并不实际参加经营，而是坐吃红利（dividends）或有时参加些间接管理；真正的管理者未必再是公司的拥有者。因此A选项与原文内容相符，为正确答案。

文章第一段第二句指出有限责任公司中领取薪金的经理构成管理体系。因此，经理只是经营者，并不是公司的所有者。B选项与此不符。文章首句表明劳资两个阶级早在有限责任公司出现之前就已经存在，由责任有限公司导致出现的是持股人这一新的阶层。因此，C选项也不对。D选项与原文不符。从第二段倒数第二句可知，股东们只是享受红利，偶尔开会给经营者发布指令。从文中无法知道他们参与市政企业。

技巧：根据题干关键词和先读各段首句迅速定位答案所在句（第二段首句）。此题考查对细节的综合概括能力。

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