高中学生必备资料:高考英语考纲词汇用法详解(上)(英语通用)

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高考英语考纲词汇用法详解(上)

A

a[????], an[?????] art. 1.一(个,件,?) 2.任何?都3.每(一) 4.某,某一个:I have got a ticket. 我有一张票。/ an awful noise 一种可怕的噪音 / A bird can fly. 鸟会飞。/ We often go to school two times a day. 我们常常一天两次去学校。/ A Mr. Brown wishes to see you. 一位叫布朗的先生想见你。

【注意】1.单数可数名词若泛指,其前需加 a / an,不要从汉语习惯出发,漏掉此不定冠词(高考短文改错中常考查此知识点,许多同学在做书面表达时也常犯此错),如不能说Mr. Smith is interesting man.(需在 is后 加 an) 2.在序数词之前使用a(an),可以表示数量或序数的增加:Do you want to read it a third time? 你还想看第三次吗?

able[?????] adj.能?的,有才能的,能干的,能够的:She’s as clever and able as her sister. 她像她姐姐一样聪明能干。 【句型】be able to do sth 能做某事

【说明】比较级和最高级可以是 abler 和 ablest 或 more able, better able 和 most able,但不如前者常见。

【辨析】be able to 与 can的区别,见 can。

about[??????] prep.在附近,关于,在?周围,忙于 adv.附近,大约,转向,左右,周围:She sat up and looked about her. 她坐了起来,环顾四周。/ I had no money about me. 我身边没有带钱。/ She likes to walk about. 她喜爱四处走走。/ There were few people about. 附近几乎无人。

【句型】1. be about to do 即将,就要(不能与 tomorrow 等具体时间状语连用) 2. How [What] about…(你认为)?怎么样?

【辨析】about与on:前者指泛泛地或非正式地谈论某事,后者指比较系统、深入地论述某事:It is a book on birds. 那是一本论及鸟类的书。(可能是一本学术著作) / It is a book about birds. 那是一本关于鸟的书。(可能是一本供小孩看的关于鸟类的故事书) above[?????] prep.在?上方,过于,超出 adv. 在上面 adj. 上面的,上述的,上文的:We were flying above the clouds. 我们在云层上面飞行。/ Health is above wealth. 健康胜过财富。/ He is above doing such things. 他不至于做出这样的事来。

【辨析】above与over:over 表示垂直在上的正上方,above 则不一定表示正上方(即表示正上方时两者均可用,不表示正上方时要用 above)。

abroad[???????] adv. 到(在)国外:He has gone abroad. 他出国了。/ He has just returned from abroad. 他刚从国外归来。

【用法】1.是副词,不是形容词,不置于名词前作定语,但可置于名词后作定语:one’s recent tour abroad 某人最近的国外之行。2.是副词,不是名词,所以不说 go to abroad之类的。 accept[???????] vt. 接受,承认:Much to my regret, I’m unable to accept your kind invitation. 我不能接受你盛情的邀请, 非常遗憾。

【辨析】accept 与receive:前者指主观上接受,后者指客观上收到:He received the gift, but he did not accept it. 他收到这件礼物,但没有接受。

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accident[?????????] n.[C]事故:She was injured badly in an accident during the work. 她在一次工伤事故中受了重伤。 【短语】by accident偶然,无意中

according to[????????????] prep.按照,根据:from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs 各尽所能,按需分配 / According to my watch it is 10 o’clock. 按我的表是10点钟。

【注意】1.不能用于第一人称,即不能说according to me (us)。2.其后不能接view, opinion等表示观点或看法的词,要表示类似意思可改用in one’s opinion等。

ache[???] n. [C]疼痛 vi. 痛;渴望:Her head ached all night. 她的头整夜都疼。/ I am aching to join in the game. 我渴望参加比赛。

achieve[???????] v. 1.达到,取得 2.完成,实现:He hopes to achieve all his aims soon. 他希望尽快达到所有目标。

across[??????] prep.& adv. 穿过,在另一边,在对面:We swam across the river. 我们游到河对岸。/ Across the street from the school is the library. 从学校穿过大街就是图书馆。

【辨析】across与cross:前者为介词或副词,后者为动词。

act[???] n.[C]动作;举动;节目;(戏剧的)幕;法案,法令 vi.行动;产生?的效果;表演;表现;见效 vt.扮演(角色):People praised his brave act. 人们赞扬他的勇敢行为。/ Think before you act! 三思而后行!/ Does the drug take long to act? 这药要很久才能起作用吗?

【短语】act as 充当 / act for 代理,代表

active[??????] adj.积极的,活泼的,活跃的:She is very active. 她非常活跃。/ He is an active member of the club. 他是俱乐部的积极分子。 actor[?????] n.[C](男)演员:professional actor 专业演员

actress[???????] n.[C]女演员:an experienced actress有经验的女演员

actual[????????] adj. 实际的,真实的,现实的,目前的:I can not give the actual figures. 我不能举出实际数字。/ What’s the actual price? 实价多少?

add[??] vi.&vt. 加,增加,增进,补充说:“I felt sorry for her,” Bob added. “我为她感到惋惜,”鲍勃又说道。

【短语】add in 包括 / add to 增加 / add up 加起来 / add up to 加起来等于,总之就是? address[??????] n. [C]住址,通迅处 vt.向?致辞,演说,写姓名地址:What’s your home address? 你的家庭住址呢? / Write the address clearly. 地址请写清楚。

admire[???????] vt. 钦佩,赞美,羡慕:I admire her for her bravery. 我钦佩她的勇气。

【注意】其后不能接双宾语,也不接that 引导的宾语从句。

admit[??????] vt. 接纳,让?进入,承认:He admitted that it was really his fault. 他承认这确实得怪他。

【用法】后接动词要用动名词,不用不定式:She admitted having read the letter. 她承认看过这封信。

advance[????????] vi.前进,进展 vt. 推进,促进,提升,提前,预付 n.[C,U]前进,进展,进步,提升,预付款:The general commanded his men to advance. 将军命令他的士兵向前挺进。

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【短语】in advance 在前头,事先,提前 / in advance of 在?前面,比?进步,超过 / on the advance (物价)在上涨 / advance on 朝?前进

advantage[???????????] n.[C,U]优势,长处,有利条件,利益:A better education gave us the advantage. 良好的教育使我们处于有利地位。/ The advantage of the idea was its simplicity. 这个主意的优点就在于它简单明了。

【短语】have [gain, get] the [an] advantage over [of] 胜过,优于 / take advantage of 乘机利用,利用别人的弱点,占便宜

adventure[?????????] n.[C,U]冒险,冒险活动,奇遇 v. 冒险,胆敢:He lived for adventure. 他平生喜欢冒险。/ No man would adventure it. 没有人敢冒险做这种事。 【用法】表示抽象意义的“冒险”,不可数;表示具体意义的“冒险的经历或事件”,则可数。

advice[???????] n.[U]忠告,建议:Your advice was a great help to me. 你的建议对我有很大的帮助。 / I don’t know who ask advice from. 我不知道该向谁讨教。 【用法】1.不可数,不与不定冠词或数词连用,也不用复数形式,如说a piece of advice, some advice,但不说an advice, some advices。2.表示征求意见,通常用ask (for) advice;表示听从或接受某人的意见,通常用follow [take] one’s advice。

advise[???????] vt.劝告,建议:Be advised! 接受意见吧! / They will advise you what to do. 他们将给你出主意怎么办。

【用法】1.其后接动词作宾语,要用动名词,不能用不定式,即说advise doing sth,不说 advise to do sth。2.表示建议某人做某事,要用 advise sb to do sth(此时的不定式作宾语补足语);若表示建议某人不要做某事,则用advise sb not to do sth 或 advise sb against doing sth。3.后接 that 引导的宾语从句时,从句谓语要用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气:We advised her that she (should) wait. 我们劝她等。

affair[?????]n.[C]事件,事情,事务,私事,恋爱事件:foreign affairs 外交事务 / school affairs 校务 / How are your affairs going? 你的情况怎么样?

afford[??????] vt. 买得起,经受得住,承担得起:I can’t afford to buy a car. 我买不起汽车。/ We can’t afford to pay such a price. 我们付不起这个价钱。

【用法】1.常与can, could, be able to 连用。2.其后可接名词、代词或不定式作宾语,若意思明确,可省略有关成分:afford to buy a car =afford a car 买得起小车 / afford the time for a holiday=afford a holiday 抽得出时间去度假

afraid[???????] adj.(用作表语)害怕的,担心的;恐怕:Don’t be afraid. 不用怕。/ He is afraid to say that. 他不敢说那事。/ I was afraid of waking him. 我担心会把他吵醒。/ I’m afraid you’re wrong. 恐怕是你错了。

【比较】1. be afraid to do sth与be afraid of doing sth:前者指害怕(不敢)做某事,而后者有两个意思,一是表示害怕做某事(此时可be afraid to do sth 互换),二是表示担心会发生某情况(所担心的情况不一定会发生,此时不能与 be afraid to do sth 互换)。2. I’m afraid not 与 I’m not afraid:前者为委婉的否定回答,意为“恐怕不?”;后者意为“我不怕”。

Africa[???????]n.非洲:Africa is a continent. 非洲是个大陆。 African[????????] adj.非洲的,非洲人的 n.[C]非洲人

after[??????] prep.在?后面 conj.在?以后 adv.在后,后来:What did you do after leaving school? 离开学校之后你干什么了? / I will tell them after you leave (have left). 你走了之后我再告诉他们。/ We arrived soon after. 我们随后就到了。

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【辨析】1. after与behind:前者指位次的先后,后者指位置的前后。2. after与in:前者以过去时间为起点,通常连用过去时态;而in 则以现在时间为起点,通常连用将来时态。但是,若表示在某一点时间之后,则只能用after(无论是现在还是过去):I’ll leave here after 6 o’clock. 我6点后离开这儿。

afternoon[???????????] n.[C,U]下午,午后:He returned in the late afternoon. 他是在傍晚时分回来的。/ This afternoon will be cloudy, turning clear. 今天下午阴转晴。 again[??????] adv.再一次,又,再:After the storm it became calm again. 暴风雨过后,天气又恢复平静无风。/ Look to it that this doesn’t happen again. 注意不要再发生这种事。

【短语】again and again 再三地,反复地 / once again 再一次

against[??????????] prep. 相反,反对,逆着,靠着,倚着:Are you for or against it? 你是支持它还是反对它? / Drug taking is against the law. 吸毒是违法的。/ It is a great joy to battle against nature. 与大自然作斗争,其乐无穷。

【注意】against 是介词,不是动词,所以不能说 Do you against?之类的。

age[????] n.年龄,时代,(用复数表示)长时间:What is your age? 你年纪多大?/ She died in 1936 at the age of 84. 她死于1936年,享年84岁。/ I haven’t seen him for ages. 我已好长时间没有见到他了。

【注意】不要按汉语习惯将“他年纪轻”说成He age is young. 可说成 He is young. ago[?????] adv.以前:That was some twenty years ago. 那大约是20年前。/ We came a week ago, since when the weather has been bad. 我们一星期前来到这里,从那时起天气一直不好。

agree[??????] v.同意,赞成,答应:She agreed to my idea. 她同意我的想法。/ I quite agree with what you say. 你所说的我很赞成。/ If you agree, so; if not, so. 如果你同意,就这样;如果你不同意,也这样。

【比较】agree to do sth 同意做某事 / agree with sb 赞成某人的意见,与某人意见相同 / agree on (upon) 对?持相同观点 / agree to 同意(某项计划、建议、安排等)

【注意】不要将汉语的“同意某人做某事”直译为agree sb to do sth,可改说agree to let sb do sth等。

agriculture[???????????] n.[U]农业,农艺,农学:United States Department of Agriculture 美国农业部

ahead[?????] adv.在前面,向前:Walk straight ahead until you reach the river. 一直朝前走到河边。

【短语】ahead of 在?之前;超过 / ahead of time [schedule] 提前 / Go ahead! 前进,有进展,继续干下去

【注意】ahead 是副词,不是名词,所以不能说 in the ahead, at the ahead等。

aim[???] n.[U]瞄准,对准 [C]目标 v.瞄准,对准,以?为目标:It is now our aim to set up a factory. 我们现在的目标是创办一座工厂。/ I aim to be a lawyer. 我要当个律师。

【用法】1.表示“瞄准”时,不可数,所以在 take aim at, take careful aim at 这类短语中没有不定冠词。2.表示“想做某事”或“以做某事为目标”,动词aim后可接不定式或接at doing sth,即aim to do sth=aim at doing sth。

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air[??] n.[U]空气,大气,天空,空中 [C]样子,神态,气氛:Birds fly in the air. 鸟在空中飞翔。/ Better let in some fresh air. 最好放些新鲜空气进来。/ He came into the room with an air of importance. 他带着一副了不起的神情走进室内。

aircraft[?????????] n.[C]飞机,航空器:There are enemy aircraft on the radar screen.雷达荧屏上出现了敌人的飞机。

【注意】单复数同形,所以不要说 five aircrafts,some aircrafts 之类的。

airport[???????] n.[C]航空站,飞机场:At the airport, the customs officers searched his case. 在机场,海关人员检查了他的箱子。

alive[??????] adj. 活着的,活跃的,充满?的,通着电流的:The fish we caught is still alive. 我们捉的鱼还活着。/ The wire is alive. 这条电线带电。

【注意】1.可用作表语,不作前置定语,但有时可用作后置定语:the greatest man alive当今伟人 2.通常不用 very 修饰,但可用 much 或 very much 修饰。

all[???] adj.全部的,所有的 pron. 全体,全部 adv. 全部地,都,更加:Are all the students here today? 今天所有的学生都到了吗? / I know that all is well with her. 我知道她一切都好。/ She is all in favor of my suggestion. 她完全赞同我的建议。/ She hated him all the more. 她更加恨他了。

【短语】all along 自始至终 / all the same 依然,仍然 / not?at all 一点也不,从来不 / all over 到处,结束 / in all 总计,全部 / above all 首先,最重要的是 / after all 毕竟,终究

allow[?????] v.允许,准许:Smoking is not allowed here. 此处不准吸烟。/ He doesn’t allow cats in the room. 他不允许猫进入房内。

【用法】可接不定式作宾语补足语,但不接不定式作宾语,即可说allow sb to do sth,但不说allow to do sth(可改为 allow doing sth)。

【辨析】allow 与 permit:permit 通常指上级、规则或法令等表示的准许,其语气较重;而 allow 通常指消极地不加反对,有时含有听任或默许之意,语气较轻。如:Nothing is permitted; everything is allowed. 一切都没明文规定可以做,但一切做了也无妨。 almost[?????????] adv. 几乎,差不多:It was almost dark when they got there. 他们抵达那里时,天几乎黑了。

【辨析】almost与nearly:almost 可用于 any 以及 no, none, nobody, nothing, never 等否定词之前,但 nearly 一般不这样用。而nearly 前可用 very, pretty, not 等词修饰,但 almost 之前不能用这些词。

alone[??????]adj. 单独的,独自的adv.独自,单独,仅仅:She watches TV when she is alone. 独自一人时,她便看电视。/ He alone knows the secret. 只有他一人知道秘密。 【短语】leave?alone 听其自然,不要去管 / let alone 至于,更不必说

【用法】用作副词表示“仅仅”时,要放在被修饰词语之后,比较:He can do it alone. 他一个人可以做此事。/ He alone can do it. 只有他能做此事。

along[?????] prep.沿着,顺着 adv. 向前,往前;一起:We walked along the river. 我们沿着河走。/ I took my brother along. 我带着弟弟。

【短语】all along一直,始终 / along with 和?一起[一道],随着,除?以外(还) aloud[??????] adv. 出声地,大声地:He read the poem aloud. 他高声朗诵那首诗。 【短语】think aloud 自言自语

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