2022年青岛大学综合考试(含语言学、翻译、英美文化)(同等学力加

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目录

2018年青岛大学综合考试（含语言学、翻译、英美文化）（同等学力加试）之语言学教程复试

仿真模拟三套题（一） ............................................................................................................. 2 2018年青岛大学综合考试（含语言学、翻译、英美文化）（同等学力加试）之语言学教程复试

仿真模拟三套题（二） ............................................................................................................. 8 2018年青岛大学综合考试（含语言学、翻译、英美文化）（同等学力加试）之语言学教程复试

仿真模拟三套题（三） (18)

考研专业课资料、辅导、答疑一站式服务平台

第 2 页，共 24 页 2018年青岛大学综合考试（含语言学、翻译、英美文化）（同等学力加试）之语言学

教程复试仿真模拟三套题（一）

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一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

1． Hyponymy

【答案】

Hyponymy. It refers to the sense relationship between a more general , more inclusive and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordiante , and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. For example , the hyponymy relationship could be established between “animal” and “rabbit”.

2． Open-class words

【答案】 Open-class words refer to words whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited and with the emergence of new ideas , inventions , and so on ; new expressions are continually and constantly being added to the lexicon. For example , nouns , verbs , and adjectives all belong to this class.

3． Minimal pairs

【答案】

The two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string. For example ，the English words bear and pear constitute a minimal pair as they differ in meaning and in their initial phonemes /b/ and /p/.

4． computational linguistics

【答案】 Computational linguistics is a branch of applied linguistics , dealing with computer processing of human language , h includes programmed instruction , speech synthesis and recognition , automatic translation , and computer mediated communication.

5． Government

【答案】 Government is another type of control over the forms of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions. It differs from concord in that this is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the forms of others in terms of certain category. In English , for example , the pronoun after a verb or a preposition should be in the object form as in She gave him a book. She gave a book to him. In other words , the verb , or the preposition , determines , or governs , the form of the pronoun after it.

6． Cross-cultural communication

【答案】 Cross-cultural communication is an exchange of ideas , information , etc , between persons from different cultural backgrounds. The cultural conventions of the participants may widely different , and misinterpretation and misunderstanding can easily arise , even leading to a total communication breakdown.

7． Conceptualism

【答案】

It is the view which holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to ; rather , in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.

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第 3 页，共 24 页 8． Syllable

【答案】 Syllable : It refers to a unit of spoken language that is bigger than a speech sound. It consists of one or more vowel sounds alone or of a syllabic consonant alone or of either with one or more consonant sounds preceding or following.

二、Essay-question

9． Explain this statement and give at least two examples of it: “In studying other cultures ，we do so from the perspective of our own culture.”

【答案】 Culture is a semiotic meaning system in which symbols function to communicate meaning from one mind to another. It is related to language in such a way that language is a part of culture and a part of human behavior , and also the primary medium for transmitting much of culture. Therefore , without language , culture would not be possible. Consequently , when studying a culture , we often rely on the language. Therefore , we may use our own language to describe the target culture , which may be the one interpretation of the statement 6tIn studying other cultures , we do so from the perspective of our own culture”.

What s more , when studying other cultures , we will definitely come across the differences between the target culture and our own culture. We will subconsciously compare the two different cultures. Seeing from the perspective of our own culture , we find how the target culture is different from our own culture , and this makes the target culture more distinctive from our own.

10．What is the main difference between literal language and figurative language?

【答案】 The first meaning for a word that a dictionary definition gives is usually its literal meaning , while figurative language is not intended to be interpreted in a literal sense.

Appealing to the imagination , figurative language provides new ways of looking at the world. It always makes use of a comparison between different things. Figurative language compares two things that are different in enough ways so that their similarities , when pointed out , are interesting , unique and/or surprising. Figurative language uses “figures of speech” to express something other than the literal meaning of the words , in other words , figurative language cannot be taken literally （or should not be taken literally only ） . Simile , metaphor , metonymy , synecdoche , personification , apostrophe , are all forms of figurative language.

For example , the literal meaning of the word “tree ” is “a large plant ”. However , once we start talking about a tree in the context of “a family tree ” for example , it is no longer a literal tree we are talking about , but a figurative 〇此^ literal use of the word “tree” refers to an organism which has bark , branches and leaves. A “family tree” shares some of these qualities —graphically , a plan of a family and a representation of a tree can look similar , and in a way they are both a process of organic growth , so we use the same term for both. But when we use the term for a plant it is a literal usage and when we use the term to describe our ancestry , it is a figurative usage.

11．How does Halliday relate the functions performed by language to its structures?

【答案】 According to Halliday , structure is the outward form of the system , which lies behind the former. Structure , therefore , is less abstract , and closer to the “surface”. B y studying the constituency structure of grammar , it is assumed that the semantic system above it could become plausible. In the constituency structure , elements are recognized with reference to their functions in relation to the whole. Therefore , in 4

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第 4 页，共 24 页 This step is followed by labeling , which is to reveal the specific function of that element in relation to the whole. For example , by labeling “the huge tiger” a functional label : “Subject”，we get to know the interpersonal function that element plays. It is through these two steps the structures are related to the functions performed by language.

12．In the history of modem linguistic study of language, various schools have been founded.What are they?

【答案】 （1） The traditional grammar school attempt to lay down universally valid rules to show how a language ought to be used. It is prescriptive rather than descriptive.

（1）An important outgrowth of descriptive linguistics was a theory known as structuralism developed by American Structuralist School. The influential figure in this school is American linguist Leonard Bloomfield （1887 ? 1949 ） , who was strongly influenced by behaviourism.

（2）The Transformational-Generative School is developed by Noam Chomsky in the middle of 1950s with the publication of his book Syntactic Structures. Chomsky was strongly against Bloomfield?s behaviourist psychology and empiricism and adopted cognitive psychology and rationalism.

（3）The Prague School is well-known , for its contribution to phonology and its functional analysis to language. The approach that Prague School linguists use is based on a combined theory between structuralism and functionalism. The most influential scholar is Trubetzkoy , who distinguished the concepts between the phonetic and phonological analysis of sounds , the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.

（4）The London School was founded by John Firth （1890 ?1960） . Central to his work is his contextual theory of meaning.

（5）Influenced by Firth?s ideas , M.A.K. Halliday distinguished linguistic behavior potential from actual linguistic behavior. Halliday developed Systemic Linguistics or Functional Grammar which is concerned with language as an instrument of social interaction rather than as a system that is viewed in isolation.

13．Disambiguate the following sentences, using the tree diagram with labels or analyzing their syntactic structures.

（1）Times flies like an arrow.

（2）We got down from the duck.

（3）Old men and women will be served first.

（4）John passed the hammer and saw through the window.

（5）Who would you like to visit?

【答案】（1）

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第 5 页，共 24 页 （2）

（a ）The wor d “down” could be seen as an adverbial , which means “from the higher position to a lower one”.

（b ）The word “down” could be also seen as a noun , which means “the fluffy feathers forming the first plumage of a young bird”.

（3）

（4）

（5）

（a ）“Who” could be interpreted as the direct object of the verbal group “would like”. Therefore , the answer to this question could be “I would like John to visit”.

（b ）“Who” could also be interpreted as the direct object of the verb “visit”. Thus , the answer to thi s question could be “I would like to visit John”.

三、Short-answer-questions

14．What is the view of the environmentalist theories of language acquisition? What are the representatives?

【答案】 Environmentalist theories of learning hold that an organism^ nurture , or experience , is of more importance to development than its nature , or innate contributions. The best known examples are the various forms of behaviourist and neo-behaviourist stimulus-response learning theories.

Schumann ＇s pidginization hypothesis and acculturation model is among the current claims in this line. Schumann proposed that pidginization in L2 acquisition results when learners fail to acculturate to the target-language group , which is clue to social distance and psychological distance.

15．What are the four obvious barriers to adult L2 acquisition?

【答案】 A variety of explanations have been put forward for the apparent decline in adults :

Physical factors such as the loss of “plasticity” in the brain and “lateralization” of the brain ; social factors such as the different situations and relationships that children encounter compared to adults ; cognitive factors such as the interference with natural language learning by the adulfs more abstract

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