江苏英汉翻译自考 章节习题详解

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《英汉翻译教程》各章节习题详解

第1章 Unit 1 Stories

一、Bill Morrow's Birthday Party (一)解说:

1. Several times on his trips to China, which he made as a guest of the Chinese Government, Bill's birthday occurred while he was in Beijing. 此句中“his”为代词,出现在先,“Bill”这实词,出现在后,这是英语的习惯表达法。译成汉语时,往往先出现实词,后出现代词。此句应译为“比尔作为中国政府的客人访问中国,好几次都赶上在北京过生日。”

2. \these occasions he was given a dinner in his honour and Premier Zhou En-lai would attend.\短语“On these occasions”意为上句提到的在北京所过的生日,故译作“每次”较为恰当。

3. 'all Nanjing will enjoy it too,' 此句运用了修辞手法—借代。“Nanjing”指的是“住在南京的人”。汉语中也有借代,故英译汉时应保留该修辞手法,以达到保留原作风格的目的。全句可译为“全南京也都可以欣赏嘛。”

4. 英语中被动语态用得比较多,汉语里有,但用得少。本短文里共有六处被动语态,可根据上下文情况做出调整。

第一处:On these occasions he was given a dinner in his honour and Premier Zhou En-lai would attend. 可译作“每次主人总要为他举行宴会,周恩来总理也出席。”

第二处:such as when he was taken in a boat down the Grand Canal...可译作“比如在他乘船沿大运河南下的时候,”

第三处:Or when he was shown over the great Nanjing bridge,可译作“再比如参观南京长江大桥,”

第四处:He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on,可译作“天快黑了,人家给了他一把椅子,请他坐下等一会儿。”

第五处:then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights.可译作“忽然电灯全亮了,照出了整个大桥的轮廓。”

第六处:'all Nanjing will enjoy it too,' he was told.可译作“大家对他说:‘全南京也都可以欣赏嘛。’”

二、The Story of My Life (Excerpt 2) (一)解说:

1. I felt approaching footsteps. 我感到有人走近。

\是现在分词,作定语,修辞\。 字面意思为“渐近的脚步”。为了符合汉语表达习惯,全句译作“我感到有人走近。”

2. I stretched out my hand as I supposed to my mother. 于是我伸出了手,以为把手伸向母亲。 此句与上一句在内容上接得很紧,而且都很短。故加了“于是”加强衔接。 \意为:以为。

3. Someone took it, and I was caught up and held close in the arms of her who had come to reveal all things to me, and, more that all things else, to love me. 不知是谁抓住了我的手,把我拉过去,紧紧地搂在她的怀里。就是她教我认识了世上的各种事物,而且不仅如此,她还疼爱我。 \是定语从句。译成汉语时可单独成句,以符合汉语的表达方式。 限定性定语从句的翻译方法一般分为三种:(1)合并法,即在句式较短的情况下,将定语从句用“?的”结构译出;(2)分译法,即化整为零,分别翻译——对于长而复杂的定语从句,我们可以采取此法;(3)混合法,即打破原文的定语结构,译者根据自己对原文的正确理解,用自己的话译出原文的意思。本句采用了分译法。

\意为:make sth. known to sb. 让某人知晓某物。

4. When I finally succeeded in making the letters correctly I was flushed with childish pleasure and pride. 我终于把这几个字母写对了,这时我天真地感到无限愉快和骄傲。

\意为:(of a person's face) become red because of a rush of blood to the skin; blush

(指人的面部)变红,发红。

例:Mary flushed crimson with embarrassment. 玛丽羞得脸红了。 本句对“flush”的处理应考虑到短语“childish pleasure and pride”,这里的形容词加名词的表述被译成汉语时用副词加动词更通顺,所以主句译作“这时我天真地感到无限愉快和骄傲”。

5. I was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation. 不过是像猴子一样用手指模仿而已。“monkey-like imitation”这个形容词加名词的短语同样被处理成状语加动词,即“像猴子一样模仿”。

6. In the days that followed I learned to spell in this uncomhending way a great many words. 往后我这样学着拼写,虽然并不理解意思,却也拼出了许多词。“in this uncomhending way”在译成汉语时可拿出来单独处理。因为如译作“以不理解的方式学拼写”则很费解,因此译文把形容词uncomhending抽出来,放在后面单独处理,译作“虽然并不理解意思”。 7. I left the wellhouse eager to learn. 我满怀着学习的愿望离开了井台。

前面省略了一些情节,主要是老师在屋里教她“水”这个词,她怎么也弄不明白,后来她们来到进边,她一接触水,就全明白了。所以她“满怀着学习的愿望离开了井台”。 8. As we returned to the house every object which I touched seemed to quiver with life. 回到屋里以后,仿佛我所接触的每一件东西都活了。 “quiver”意为:tremble slightly or vibrate微震;震颤,“quiver with life”意译为“活了”。 9. That was because I saw everything with the strange, new sight that had come to me. 因为我是用刚刚产生的这种新奇的视角来看待一切的。“strange”在本句中不是“奇怪的”,而是“陌生的”、“不熟悉的”。“sight”如译作“视力”太具体,必竟她是个盲人,故译作“视角”。 10. I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. 我摸索着走到壁炉前,捡起碎片。 “hearth”意为:area in front of a fireplace 炉前区域,壁炉边。

11. I tried vainly to put them together. 我想把这些碎片拼在一起,可是拼不起来。

“vainly”意为:uselessly or futilely 无用的;无效的;徒劳的。这个副词经常是拿到后面单独处理的。所以译作“可是拼不起来”。

12. ..., and for the first time I felt repentance and sorrow. ?,我第一次感到后悔,感到难过。 “repentance”意为:regret or sorrow for wrongdoing 因做错事而懊悔。

13. Like Aaron's rod, with flowers. 就像《圣经》上说的“亚伦的杖开了花”一样。

这个典故出自《旧约·民数记》第17章第8节。外国人都熟悉,所以作者没有提《圣经》。为了帮助中国读者了解,译文加了“就像《圣经》上说的”几个字。 关于这个典故概述如下:

摩西得十诫这后,以色列人中有个名叫可拉的,纠集二百五十个有名望的首领,攻击摩西、亚伦

(Aaron),遭到耶和华的惩罚,活活地堕落阴间。 耶和华对摩西说:

“你晓谕以色列人,从他们每一支派的首领那里取来一根杖,共取十二根。你要将各人的名字写在各人的杖上,在利未支派的杖上写上亚伦的名字。你要把这些杖存放在会幕内法柜前,就是我与你相会之处。后来我拣选的那人,他的杖必定发芽。”

于是摩西晓谕以色列人,他们的支派首领就把杖交给他,按着十二支派,每个首领一根,共有十二根。亚伦的杖也在其中。摩西把这些杖存放在法柜的帐幕内。

第二天,摩西走进法柜的帐幕,发现利未支派亚伦的杖头已经发了芽,生了花苞,开了花,结了熟杏。 摩西就把所有的杖从耶和华面前拿出来,给以色列人看。他们全看见亚伦的杖头发了芽开了花。各首领都把自己的杖领回去,唯有亚伦的杖还放在法柜前,给那些背叛之子留作记号。

14. It would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and lived over the joys it had brought me...在这个意义重大的日子即将结束的时候,我躺在小床上回顾一天的欢乐,恐怕再也找不到比我更幸福的孩子了。 “It would have been difficult...”是作者的感受,在汉语里一般放在句末。

三、我为乘客服务 (一)解说:

1. 有一次,在拥挤的车厢门口,我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一个女乘客:“您下车吗?” Once I heard a man politely ask a woman in front of him at the crowded door of the bus, \

原文中的“车厢”从下一段的“60路”可以得知是公交车的车厢而不是火车车厢,故译作“bus”。

原文中的“男乘客”和“女乘客”因已有地点限制,故分别译作“a man”和“a woman”即可,“passenger”一词不必译出。

同理,原文中的“下车”也只需译成“get off”,而无须译作“get off the bus”。此处译文用现在进行时表示即将发生的动作。

2. 随后的两个“下车”都译作“Getting off”,因为在口语中“are you”部分通常被省略。 3. 他急了,捅了一下那女乘客,也引得车厢里的人都往这里看。Very much irritated, he gave her a slight push, which attracted the attention of other passengers.

译文中的“Very much irritated”是过去分词短语作状语,它的逻辑主语就是主句中的“he”。

译文中的“which”引导非限制性定语从句,指前半句说的这件事。

4. 见此情景,我猛然想起在60路沿线上有家福利工厂,女乘客可能就是个聋哑人听不见声音。At this point, I suddenly remembered that there was a welfare factory on the route of Bus No. 60 and that the woman might be a deaf mute from there. 原文中的“见此情景”译作“at this point”,意为“此刻”,和后面的“猛然”在语气上前后呼应。

译文中的“from there”是根据原文添加的。这个聋哑女乘客应该是福利工厂的。 原文中的“听不见声音”没有译出,因为已经说明是聋哑人了。

5. 我赶忙向男乘客作了解释,又?? I told the man what I was thinking and then ......

此句不能直接用“explain”来翻译,因为“explain”是及物动词,要有宾语,但此处没有宾语。

6. 举到女乘客的眼前:? When I showed it to the woman, ......

此原文被处理成一个时间状语从句并往后移到“女乘客点了点头,把道让开了。”的前面。这样处理后,原文引号中的内容就直接跟在“又用纸条写了一句话”的后面,非常紧凑;女乘客看了纸条上的字后点头让道也很自然。

7. 从此以后,我就特别注意聋哑人的特征,?? Since then, I have paid special attention to those who look like deaf mutes.

“我”并不是简单地注意聋哑人的特征,而是留意哪些人看起来像聋哑人,他可以去帮助他们,故“特征”一词不必译出来,而是根据原文意思将其译成“to those who look like deaf mutes”。

8. 比如,我可以用哑语问他们:?? with which I can say such things as ...... 原句和上一句是断开的,但在译成英语时用了一个介词前置的定语从句直接跟在上一句后面。这样处理也十分紧凑。

9. 这样,不仅我能更好地为他们服务,也减少了一些他们与其他乘客的误会和纠纷。In this way, I can render them better service and be friends with them and also reduce their misunderstandings and conflicts with other passengers.

译文中用了“and ... and ...and also”来表示递进关系。

原文“与他们进行感情交流”没有逐字翻译,而是译作“be friends with them”。

第2章 Unit 2 History Exercise 4

The Industrial Revolution 一、解说

1、The Industrial Revolution is a long train of changes starting about 1760. 工业革命是指约1760年开始的一系列变革。 a train of:“一长串”,这里可根据上下文译成“一系列”

change: n. (an example of) the act or result of changing,这里译成”变革“更好。

2、It is not alone: it forms one of a triad of revolutions, of which the other two were the American Revolution that started in 1775, and the French Revolution that started in 1789.

It is not alone = it is not the only one 因此译成“它不是唯一的一次革命”更好。

triad: a group of 3 closely related people or things tri-= three

one of a triad of revolutions:三大革命之一。

of which 引导一个非限制性定语从句:the other two were the American Revolution that started in 1775, and the French Revolution that started in 1789.这个非限制性定语从句本身又包含两个限制性定语从句:that started in 1775和that started in 1789分别修饰the American Revolution 和the French Revolution,英汉翻译时,一般来说,非限制性定语从句与中心词分句翻译,限制性定语从句,特别是不长的,翻译时放在中心词之前。因此,句子可以译成:

它不是唯一的一次革命,而是三大革命之一。其它两次是1775年开始的美国革命和1789年开始的法国革命。

3、It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions. The Industrial Revolution is simply the English way of making those social changes, I think of it as the English Revolution. packet: 包裹,这里是隐喻

译文:把一次工业革命与两次政治革命扯在一起,或许有点奇怪。但是,事实上,它们都是社会革命。工业革命只不过是以英国的方式造成那些社会变化而已。我把它看作是英国革命。 4、What makes it especially English?

在此,English= of / belong to England ; especially = particularly 译文:是什么使这次革命独具英国特色呢?

5、The men who make it are craftsmen: the millwright, the watchmaker, the canal builder, the blacksmith.这次革命的发动者都是一些手艺人:磨坊技师、钟表匠、运河开凿人和铁匠。 6、What makes the Industrial Revolution so peculiarly English is that it is rooted in the countryside. 扎根于农村,正是这场革命的英国特色。

这是一句强调句式的句子。等于The fact that the Industrial Revolution is rooted in the countryside makes it particularly English. 类例:

What worried him was that he had never had such experiences before.

7、During the first half of the eighteenth century, in the old age of Newton and the decline of the Royal Society, England basked in a last Indian summer of village industry and the overseas trade of merchant adventurers.

在18世纪上半叶,在牛顿的暮年和皇家学会衰落之时,英国正陶醉于乡村工业和商业冒险家海外贸易的最后的极盛时期。

an Indian summer不能直接译成“印地安夏季”。翻译过程中,不仅要根据上下文理解理解语言现象、理解逻辑关系,还要理解原文所涉及的事物,这里an Indian summer:的意思是a pleasant or successful time nearly at the end of a particular period, such as the end of someone's life,因此译成“最后的极盛时期”才符合原文意义。类例:John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 约翰为人可靠,他既忠诚又正直。这里eat no fish 指“忠实”,Play the game= play fair(规规矩矩地比赛),转义为“公平对待”、“举止光明正大”、“为人正直”等。 8、The summer faded. 繁荣消失。

9、The organisation of work in the cottage was no longer productive enough. 以农家为单位劳动的组织形式不再具有足够的生产能力。

这里使用了增词法。Organization是由动词派生出来的抽象名词,在译成汉语时,在其后增加适当的名词,可以更清楚地表达抽象意义,并使译文更符合汉语习惯。 类例:When you have made all the parations, please inform me in time. 一切准备工作就绪后,请及时告之。

10、Within two generations, roughly between 1760 and 1820, the customary way of running industry changed.

在两代人的时间内,大约从1760年到1820年,传统的工业经营方式发生了变化。

11、Before 1760, it was standard to take work to villagers in their own homes. By 1820, it was standard to bring workers into a factory and have them overseen.

在1760年以前,通常是把工作交给村民,让他们在家里干。到了1820年,则通常是把工人带进工厂,让他们在监督之下干活。

句中standard的意思是used or accepted as normal or average 所以译成“一般”、“通常”更好。

Exercise 5

Machines and Science Help Farmers 一、解说

1、本练习选自《美国历史简介》的REVOLUTION IN AGRICULTURE章节。

2、Despite the great gains in industry, agriculture remained the nation's basic occupation. = Although there had been great gains in industry, agriculture continued to be the basic occupation. gains: increasing in weight, speed, height or amount这里是increasing in speed的意思 occupation: 表示“a person's job\时,在较正规的场合用。如果译成: “尽管工业方面取得了很大进步,但农业始终是国家的基本事业。”不是很自然,不如意译成:

“尽管工业方面取得了很大进步,但这个国家仍然以农业为主。”更为通顺。 注意:

在直译不能很好地表达原文的意义时,可以意译,使译文读起来更通顺。但是意译不是胡来乱译,一定要忠实于原文。

3、The revolution in agriculture -- paralleling that in manufacturing after the Civil War -- involved a shift from hand labor to machine farming, and from subsistence to commercial agriculture. parallel something: happen at the same time 与...同时发生 that:指前面提到的the revolution involve: bring about导致

a shift from... to...从...到...的转变 译文:

战后,在制造业领域内发生革命的同时,农业领域内也在发生一场革命,带来手工劳动向机械耕作的转变、自耕自给农业向商业农业的转变。这里subsistence直译成“维持生计”让人不能理解,应译为“自耕自给农业”。翻译时要根据上下文来理解。这里我们使用了增词法,增加“农业”使译文更通顺。本句的翻译也用到结构转换的理论。

4、Between 1860 and 1910, the number of farms in the United States tripled, increasing from 2 million to 6 million, while the area farmed more than doubled from 160 million to 352 million hectares. 在一八六O年至一九一○年间,美国的农场数目增加了两倍,自二百万个增加到六百万个,耕地的面积扩大了一倍多,从一亿六千万公顷增至三亿五千二百万公顷。

5、Between 1860 and 1890, the production of such basic commodities as wheat, corn and cotton outstripped all vious figures in the United States. 从一八六O年至一八九O年,各种基本农产品的生产,如小麦、玉米和棉花等,都超过了美国以前的产量。

6、In the same period, the nation's population more than doubled, with largest growth in the cities. 同时,全国人口也增加一倍多,城市人口增长最快。

7、But the American farmer grew enough grain and cotton, raised enough beef and pork, and clipped enough wool not only to supply American workers and their families but also to create ever-increasing surpluses.

然而,美国农业人口生产了足够的粮食和棉花,提供了充足的猪肉和牛肉,收剪的羊毛,不但足够供给美国工人及其家庭的需要,并且剩余量日益增加。

8、Several factors accounted for this extraordinary achievement. One was the expansion into the West. Another was the application of machinery to farming. extraordinary :非凡的;惊人的 account for: explain farming:耕作 译文:

取得这一非凡的成就有几方面的原因:第一个原因是向西部的扩展,第二个原因是农业耕作使用机器。

9、The farmer of 1800, using a hand sickle, could hope to cut 20 percent of a hectare of wheat a day. With the cradle, 30 years later, he might cut 80 percent of a hectare daily. 在一八○○年,一

个农民使用镰刀,在一天之内,可望收割五分之一公顷小麦,但三十年后,使用附有摇篮架的大镰刀,每天就可以收割十分之八公顷。

10、In 1840 Cyrus McCormick performed a miracle by cutting from two to two-and-a-half hectares a day with the reaper, the curious machine he had been developing for nearly 10 years. 到一八四O年,麦柯密克创造了奇迹。使用他研究了差不多十年才制造出来的神奇的割禾机,竟然一天能收割二公顷到二公顷半。

注意这里定语从句he had been developing for nearly 10 years使用“合并法”翻译,译文中该从句放在被修饰词之前。

11、Foreseeing the demand, he headed west to the young prairie town of Chicago, where he set up a factory -- and by 1860 sold a quarter of a million reapers.

where he set up a factory为非限制性定语从句,用“分译法”翻译

Foreseeing the demand现在分词短语作状语,主句中headed和sold为并列的两个动词作谓语。

a quarter of a million:1/4百万,也就是“25万”。 译文:

由于他的远见,他便去西部新兴草原市镇芝加哥,在那里他开设了收割机工厂。到一八六O年,他售出的收割机共有二十五万架之多。

12、Scarcely less important than machinery in the agricultural revolution was science. 本句因为Scarcely放于句首,句子倒装。 Scarcely less important这里可以采用反译法。译成“几乎同等重要”。类例:I never see her but I want to kiss her.我每次看见她都想吻她。 译文:

在农业革命中和机械几乎同等重要的是科学。

13、In 1862 the Morrill Land Grant College Act allotted public land to each state for the establishment of agricultural and industrial colleges. These were to serve both as educational institutions and as centers for research in scientific farming. 一八六二年,根据“莫里尔公地兴学法案”,国会把公用地分配给各州,以便建立农业和工业学院。这些学校一方面是教育机关,另一方面,也是农业科学的研究中心。

14、Congress subsequently appropriated funds for the creation of agricultural experiment stations throughout the country and also granted funds directly to the Department of Agriculture for research purposes.

appropriated:拨专款后来 译文:

国会又拨款在全国各地遍设农业实验站,并直接拨款给农业部作研究用。 15、By the beginning of the new century, scientists throughout the United States were at work on a wide variety of agricultural projects.

在新世纪开始时,在全国各地的科学家都在广泛地进行农业科学研究。

Exercise 6 五四运动 一、解说

1、本练习选自《北京日报》,简述了五四运动的历史和意义。

2、第一次世界大战后,帝国主义对中国加紧侵略,北洋军阀政府对外妥协投降,对内残酷压迫人民,给中国带来了深重的民族危机。 1)第一次世界大战:可译为the First World War “第二次世界大战”可译为:the Second World War, World War Two, World War II。

2)汉语句子往往把逻辑意义隐含在字里行间,译成英语时需要用连接词或时态表现出来。本句描述五四运动的历史背景:从国内和国外两方面的势力讲,可用while连接。 “给中国带来了深重的民族危机”,表示结果,英语中可用分词短语、不定式、so that引导从句等方式表示。这里,用分词短语表示较合适。 类例:

1949年她丈夫死了,给她丢下了五个孩子。

Her husband died in 1949, leaving her with five children. 他们开枪打死了我们一个巡逻兵。

They opened fire, killing one of our patrolmen. 译文:

After World War I, the imperialists stepped up their aggression against China while the Northern Warlord government resorted to compromise and capitulation externally and to ruthless opssion of the people internally, landing China in a grave national crisis.

3、一九一九年“巴黎和会”上中国外交的失败,激起了中国人民的极大愤慨。

China's diplomatic setback at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 aroused strong indignation among the Chinese people.

4、五月四日,北京三千多学生在天安门前集会,他们高呼“外争国权,内惩国贼”、“废除二十一条”等口号,举行示威游行。

原文是一个复句,在翻译时,一般首先从逻辑上仔细分析,弄清各分句之间的关系,区分开哪个分句为主,然后按照英语表达习惯,适当处理,一般,从属的分句可采用非限定性短语或介词短语来表达,或通过增加关联词或从句形式来处理。本句“三千多学生”和“他们”是指同一个动作的发出者,因此“集会”和“举行示威游行”可以列为同一主语下的并列的动词作谓语,而“高呼”在此表示“集会”和“举行示威游行”的状态,因此应从属于前面两动作,用现在分词表示较合适。 译文:

On May 4, over three thousand Beijing students gathered in front of the Tian An Men, and then held a demonstration, shouting such slogans as \our sovereignty, punish the traitors! \\

5、他们要求惩办卖国贼曹汝霖、陆宗舆、章宗祥,并火烧了曹宅,痛打了章宗祥。北洋军阀政府出动军警镇压,捕去学生30多名。

They demand the traitors Cao Rulin, Lu Zongyu and Zhang Zongxi-ang be punished. They set fire to Cao's residence and beat up Zhang. The government called out troops and policemen to supss the demonstrators. Over thirty students were arrested.

这里根据英语动词supss的需要,增加了原文中省略的动词的宾语“the demonstrators”。另外把句子“北洋军阀政府出动军警镇压,捕去学生30多名。”用断句法翻译更好。因为用被动句式翻译“捕去学生30多名”,这篇历史性的报道显得更客观。

6、 那时候,各地学生纷纷响应北京学生的反帝爱国斗争。具有初步共产主义思想的知识分子李大钊、毛泽东、周恩来等同志分别在北京、长沙、天津,指导了这场伟大的反帝运动。 原文中的“纷纷”较难译,“响应”不能简单地译为“respond to\,分别意译成“one...after another...\和“support\较好。

具有初步共产主义思想的知识分子:intellectuals with the rudiments of communism 译文:

Immediately, the students in one part of the country after another rose in support of the anti-imperialist patriotic struggle launched by the students in Beijing. The intellectuals with the rudiments of communism, Li Dazhao, Mao Ze-dong, Zhou Enlai and other comrades supervised this great movement in Beijing, Changsha, Tianjin respectively.

7、六月三日,北京学生组织演讲队,开展大规模的宣传活动,军阀政府对学生的镇压变本加厉,捕去170多人。

\捕去170多人\用被动语态翻译更适合语境。

On June 3, the students of Beijing formed groups of speakers and carried out extensive propaganda. The government intensified its supssion and over 170 students were arrested. 8、“六、三”以后,主要是青年学生参加的五四爱国运动,发展成为无产阶级、小资产阶级和民族资历产阶级共同参加的全国范围的革命运动。无产阶级成为运动的主力。上海、唐山、长辛店等地工人纷纷罢工示威,中国工人阶级第一次作为觉悟了的独立的政治力量登上政治舞台,暗示了他的伟大力量。

根据上下文,这里的“纷纷”表示“多”。

From then on, the May 4th patriotic movement, which had been conducted mainly by the Student youth, became a nation-wide revolutionary movement in which the proletariat, the petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie all took part, with the proletariat as the mainstay. Large

numbers of workers in Shanghai, Tangshan, Changxindian and elsewhere went on strike and held demonstrations. For the first time in Chinese history, the working class appeared as an awakened, independent force in the political arena, demonstrating its tremendous strength.

9、在全国人民反帝爱国的压力下,北洋军阀政府被迫释放被捕学生,撤消三个卖国贼的职务,拒绝在德国“和约”上签字,反帝反封建斗争取得了初步胜利。

原文是一个没有关联词的较长的复句,如果同样译成一个长句,在结构上有困难,语意也不清楚,可以通过断句法来处理。原文是一句先分后总的总分复句,翻译时可在句子的结尾部分断句,即将最后的总结部分(“反帝反封建斗争取得了初步胜利”)断开,单独译作一句。 译文:

Under the ssure of the nation-wide anti-imperialist patriotic struggle, the Warlord government had to set free the students arrested, dismiss the three traitors from office, and refuse to sign in the \and feudalism.\10、五四运动是一次彻底的不妥协的反帝反封建的革命运动,它促成了中国工人运动同马克思主义的结合,在思想上、干部上为中国产党的成立作了准备,是中国新民主主义革命的开端。

原文是一句先总后分的总分复句,可以把总说部分单独译成一句。后面分说部分可以译成一句并列复句。由于分说部分有三层明显的意义,所以也可以分别译成独立的三个句子。 译文:

The May 4th Movement was a thoroughgoing, uncompromising revolutionary movement against imperialism and feudalism. It was instrumental in bringing about the integration of Marxism with China's labour movement. It paved the way, both in ideology and in the matter of cadres, for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party. It ushered in China's new-democratic revolution.

第3章 Unit 3 Geography

一、Journey Up the Nile (Excerpt 2) (一)解说:

1. Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan. 尼罗河沿岸直到苏丹境内很远的地方,到处可以见到古埃及的坟墓和寺庙。

原文的描写非常形象、生动。但译成汉语时无法保留原文的形象,因为“follow”这个词很难处理,故译作“到处可以见到?”。

2. Driving southward from Cairo into the valley, I entered a landscape that owed little to the sent era. 我从开罗驱车南行,进入尼罗河河谷,这里的景色还没有受到多少现代的影响。 “Driving southward from Cairo into the valley”是个现在分词短语,逻辑主语是“I”,译成汉语时需说“我从开罗驱车南行,进入尼罗河河谷”。

“own ... to ...”意为“recognize sth. to the cause of sth. 将某事物归因于某事物”。原句的含义是“该地区的景物基本上没有受到现代的影响”。 3. the thin ribbon of the Nile尼罗河像一条细细的蓝色丝带

“of”用于两个名词中间,前者修辞后者,故译作“尼罗河像一条细细的蓝色丝带”。 例:(1) He's got the devil of a temper. 他脾气极坏。

(2) Where's that fool of a receptionist? 那个笨蛋接待员在什么地方? (3) He's a fine figure of a man. 他是个体型好看的男子。

4. At the edge of the fields, rising in dramatic hills or stretching flat to the horizon, lay the brown barren deserts. 这田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠,有的地方突然隆起像是小山,有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。 此句为倒装句。主语是“the brown barren deserts”,因为介词短语“At the edge of the fields”前置以示强调,故全句主谓倒装。翻译时尽量保持原句效果,译作“这田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠,有的地方突然隆起像是小山,有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。”。

“barren”意为:(of land) not good enough to produce crops (指土地)贫瘠的。

5. I had the illusion that I was driving through one immensely long, narrow farm. 我仿佛在驱车穿过一个特别狭长的农场。

“illusion”意为“错觉”或“幻觉”,但直译不合适,故译作“我仿佛在驱车穿过一个

特别狭长的农场。”

6. The villages and towns were usually perched on the edge, so as not to waste arable soil and because there was a need, before the High Dam tamed the Nile, to live beyond the reach of the annual floods. 大小村镇一般都处于田地的边上,这是为了不浪费耕地,同时也是因为在高坝控制尼罗河以前,有必要住得远一点,以躲避每年发生的洪水。

“perch”意为:place (sth.) in a high or dangerous position将(某物)置于尤指高处或危险处。例:a hut perched at the edge of the cliff悬崖边上的小舍 “arable”意为:(land that is)suitable for ploughing and for growing crops适于耕作的(土地)。“arable soil”就是“耕地”。 动词不定式短语“to live beyond the reach of the annual floods”作定语,修辞名词“need”。字面意思是“有必要住到每年洪水泛滥不到的地方”。 全句的内部结构比较复杂,“and”连接两个表示原因的词句,“need”和修辞语之间插了一个时间状语从句。

7. The road followed the course of the Nile, now passing through the fields, now drawing a black line separating them from the desert. 公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的,有时穿过庄稼地,有时像是划的一条黑线,这边是庄稼,那边是沙漠。

“now...now...”意为:at one time...at another time... 时而??时而??

例:Her moods kept changing - now happy, now filled with despair. 她的情绪多变——时而高兴,时而感到绝望。

8. A village elder, Amin Ibrahim, invited me into his house and gave me a cheerier view of the effects of the Aswan High Dam than I had heard before. 村里一位长者,名叫阿明·易卜拉欣,请我到他家去做客,向我介绍了阿斯旺高坝的影响。他的话比我以前听到的更为乐观一些。 “view”意为:way of understanding or interting a subject, series of events, etc; mental imssion (理解或解释某问题的)方式,方法;印象。

例:The book gives readers an inside view of MI5. 这本书向读者揭示了英国安全局的内幕。 9. Before the dam we were obsessed with the flood - would it be too high or too low? 还没修坝的时候,我们老惦记着洪水,——今年的洪水会太大呢,还是会太小呢?

“obsess”常用于被动语态,意为:fill the mind of sb. continually使(某人)牵挂,惦记,着迷或困惑。 例:She was obsessed with the idea that she was being watched. 她总觉得受人监视而心神不宁。 10. Like all the generations of my family back to the pharaohs, I used to plant my crops and never know if I would harvest. 我过去种庄稼,从来不知道能不能收。我的祖辈以至古代的法老也都是这样。

“pharaoh”意为:(习题详解 of the) ruler of ancient Egypt法老(古埃及国王或其称谓)。 11. It was a natural system of replenishment and cleansing. 那是自然形成的一个补充土壤和清除盐分的体系。

“replenishment”的动词形式“replenish”意为:fill up (sth.) again (with...) (以??)再装满,补充。在此句中为“补充土壤”的意思。

“cleanse”意为:make thoroughly clean, make pure 彻底清洁,涤净。在此句的为“清除盐分”的意思。

全句在翻译时就需要根据上下文意思进行添词。

12. Today this treasury of silt is trapped behind the dam, and there is no effective drainage system. 现在宝贵的泥沙被水坝拦住了,却没有除盐的有效办法。

同样,这里的“drainage system”也不能简单地译成“排水系统”。此处仍然指“补土排盐系统”。另外,此句中“of”前面的名词“treasury”修辞后面的名词“silt”,译作“宝贵的泥沙”。

二、Adelaide (Excerpt) (一)解说:

1. The city was laid out with broad streets in an open grid pattern, and over 4000ha2 of parklands encircling the city were served. 街道宽阔,布局呈方格形。城市周围留有公园区,面积达四千余公顷。

“lay out”意为:make a plan for 计划,设计。例:lay out a garden 设计一花园;well-laid out streets and avenues 设计良好的街道和马路。

本句中有两处被动式,不能一看到被动式就译成被动式,要考虑到中文的表达习惯,故没有完全按照原句的形式来译,。另外,“lay out”的意思体现在“布局”一词中。“were served”用“留有”来表述。

2. To the east the Mount Lofty ranges form an imssive backdrop. 东有壮观的洛夫蒂岭衬托。 “backdrop”意为:背景。

3. Belts of parklands line three sides of the area and four large open squares of lawns and trees break the regularity of the city buildings. 三面有公园环绕,区内四个大广场有草坪和树木,打破了市区建筑的单调气氛。 “regularity”意为:state of being regular 规律性。这里的规律性是指区内到处都是建筑,景色缺少变化,有了公园和绿地就不显单调了。故“break the regularity”被译成“打破单调气氛”,比较符合原意。

4. N and S Adelaide are divided by the Torrens River, spanned by four bridges and lined with ornamental gardens. 托伦斯河把阿德莱德分成南北两区,河上架有四座桥梁,两岸点缀着许多花园。

“spanned”和“lined”这两个过去分词短语均作定语,修辞“the Torrens River”。为了能顺,译文中加了“河上”两字,后一短语意译成“两岸点缀着许多花园”,这样两个短语在句式表达上非常平稳一致。

5. The city contains many fine examples of early Australian architecture, including the town hall on King William Street - the wide main N-S thoroughfare. 市区有典型的澳大利亚早期建筑物多处,位于宽阔的南北大道威廉王大街上的市政厅便有其中之一。 “contain”是“包含”的意思,在此译为“有”,比较通顺。“fine examples”是“精美的范例”的意思,在此转译为“典型的”,较符合原意。 “the wide main N-S thoroughfare”在原文中是“King William Street”的同位语。但“King William Street”在译文中已被处理成定语,那么“the wide main N-S thoroughfare”也相应被处理成定语,放在“威廉王大街”前面。

6. Its three-sided design, with 34 jets of water and aluminum sculptures, resents the three rivers from which Adelaide draws its water - the Murray, the Torrens and the Onkaparinga. 喷水池有三个边,三十四根喷水柱,还有铝制雕塑,这一设计代表着向阿德莱德供水的三条河——墨累河、托伦斯河和昂卡帕令加河。 原文中的主语和谓语分别是“design”和“resents”,所以译文的后半部分一定要加上“这一设计”,不能只说“代表着”,这样会误认为是“铝制雕塑代表着”。

7. Parklands, which separate the city and the suburbs, are served in perpetuity for the use of the people. 市区和郊区之间的公园区永远留作市民的活动场所。 “in perpetuity”的意思是“for ever 永远”。

8. As an artistic event, a stimulus to the creative and performing arts in Australia, the Festival has introduced many world-famous artists to millions of Australians. 此次艺术节是艺术界的一大盛事,不但推动了澳大利亚的艺术创作和表演,而且把众多世界闻名的艺术家介绍给了澳大利亚的广大群众。

“a stimulus to the creative and performing arts in Australia”原本是“an artistic event”的同位语,在译文中用动词“推动”来体现名词“stimulus”,这样处理较通顺,因为英语中多用名词,而汉语中则多用动词。

三、北海公园 (一)解说:

1. 北海公园原是辽、金、元、明、清历代封建帝王的“御花园”。总面积共有68.2公顷。Bei Hai (North Lake) Park, covering an area of 68.2 hectares, was the imperial garden in the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

“总面积共有68.2公顷”在原句中是单独的一句。在译文中被处理成一个分词短语,作定语,修辞“Bei Hai Park”。这样比较符合英语的表达方式。

2. 公园的中心——琼岛,周长1,913米,高32.8米,是1179年(金代)用挖海的泥土堆

成的。The center of the park is Qiong Island, 32.8 metres high and 1,913 metres in circumference. It was made in 1179 (in the Jin Dynasty) with the earth that came from the digging of the lake. 中文往往比较简洁,一个句子能包含许多内容。在译成英语时,如果也只用一个句子的话会显得特别冗长,故在翻译时可考虑用几个单句来处理,本句便是一例。 3. 岛上白塔建于1651年,塔高35.9米。The White Dagoba built on it in 1651 is as high as 35.9 metres.

原文的谓语部分是在“建于”,而译成英语后,其谓语部分体现在“is as high as 35.9 metres”,不这么处理的话,“塔高35.9米”和“白塔”两个部分相距太,句子结构不紧凑。 4. 琼岛东北部有“琼岛春阴”碑,为1751年建立。There is a stone tablet erected in 1751 in the northeast of Qiong Island, with \by Emperor Qian Long (1736-1796A.D.) engraved on it.

译文中的“(Spring Shade on the Qiong Island) written by Emperor Qian Long (1736-1796A.D.)”为译者所加,为的是让读者进一步了解这块碑的珍贵之处,以引起读者的兴趣。

过去分词短语“engraved on it”修辞“Qiong Dao Chun Yin”。

5. 附近风光秀丽,过去是燕京八景之一。This area, noted for its beautiful scenery, was counted as one of the eight outstanding views of Beijing.

“noted”在这里不是过去分词,而是形容词,相当于“well-known”。 “燕京八景之一”也没有简单地译作“one of the eight views of Beijing”,而是在“views”前面加了一个词“outstanding”,因为普通的景色满目都是,文中提到的“八景”是特殊的景色。

6. 海北岸有“五龙亭”,建于1602年,是封建皇帝钓鱼和看焰火的地方。On the north shore of the lake are the Five-Dragon Pavilions, built in 1602, where the emperors enjoyed fishing and watched fireworks.

原文是“海北岸有”,译文不能译作“have”,而要译作“are”。整句译文是倒装句,主语是“the Five-Dragon Pavilions”,表地点的介词短语前置于句首。 7. “九龙壁”,建于1756年,全壁用五彩琉璃瓦砌成,两面各有蟠龙九条,姿态生动,反映了我国劳动人民的创造才能。Not far to the northeast stands the Nine-Dragon Screen, put up in 1756, which is made of colorful glazed tiles. With nine lively dragons on each side, it has proved the creativeness of the working people of China.

原句较长,译文被处理成两句。译文中的“Not far to the northeast”为译者所加,借以说明景物的相对位置,免得孤立地介绍景物,显得单调。译文最后一句中的“Near there”也是如此。

译文中的“prove”意为:establish the genuineness of 确定??之真实性,用以表达“反映”,紧扣原意。

第4章 Unit 4 Economy Exercise 10

New Opportunities in China's Economic Cooperation with Other Countries 一、解说

1、Exercise 10 选自美国贸易代表罗伯特·霍马茨在中国的演讲《中国对外经济合作的新机会》。演讲包括:“乐观的理由”、“技术”、“金融关系”、“在中国的投资”、“中国在国外的投资”、“需要克服的困难”、“纺织品”、“出口控制”、“同谁打交道”还有“结论”等几部分。 罗伯特·霍马茨生平介绍:

Robert D. Hormats is Vice Chairman of Goldman Sachs (International) and Managing Director of Goldman, Sachs & Co. He joined Goldman Sachs in 1982 as a Vice President in the Investment Banking Division and a Director of Goldman Sachs International.

Mr. Hormats served as Senior Deputy Assistant Secretary for Economic and Business Affairs at the Department of State from 1977 to 1979, Ambassador and Deputy U.S. Trade Resentative from 1979 to 1981 and Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs from 1981 to 1982. He served as a Senior Staff Member for International Economic Affairs on the National Security Council from 1969 to 1977 during which time he was Senior Economic Advisor to Dr. Henry Kissinger, General Brent Scowcroft and Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski. Mr. Hormats was a

recipient of the French Legion of Honor in 1982 and Arthur Fleming Award in 1974.

Mr. Hormats is a board member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Engelhard Hanovia, Inc., and Human Genome Sciences, Inc. He is also a member of the Board of Visitors of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and the Columbia University School of International Affairs. He is a member of the Advisory Boards of Foreign Policy and International Economics magazines. He was appointed by President Clinton in 1993 to the Board of The U.S.-Russia Investment Fund. Mr. Hormats publications include American Albatross: The Foreign Debt Dilemma and Reforming the International Monetary System. Other publications include articles in Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, American Banker and The Financial Times. He was visiting lecturer at Princeton University in 1983.

2、本练习经济术语:

bilateral trade双边贸易 two way trade双向贸易 investment投资 total trade 总贸易额 commercial and financial ties贸易与金融关系

commercial and financial relationships贸易与金融关系 labour intensive industries劳动密集型企业

technological transformation of existing industries现有企业的技术改造 joint venture 合资企业

imports 进口额 exports 出口额 productivity生产率

resource capabilities资源潜力 3、本练习数量的表达法:

something in the order of 6 billion大约为60亿美元 amount to 总数达

roughly $10 billion大约100亿美元

4、China is the world's largest developing nation and the US is the world's most developed large nation. Bilateral trade between the two has grown imssively.

1)英汉翻译要注意不能忽视英语原文中的动词时态、语态,才能正确地表达。本句中的两个分词developing 和developed在翻译时要体现“现在分词”的“进行”的特点和“过去分词”的“完成”的特点。 2)imssively:显著地

下文中还有同义词:dramatically

3)英语一般一对主谓(宾)结构构成一个句子,如果几个句子构成一个复合句,中间要有连接词。而汉语可以几个小句在一起构成一个复合句,中间没有连接词也可,靠逻辑意义连接。本注释点的两个句子在逻辑上相关性较大,可以译成一个汉语句子。 下文有类例,如:

a. There are reasons to be optimistic and to expect that commercial and financial relationships will grow in the future. But there are also difficulties to be solved.

我们有理由感到乐观,并预期未来的贸易及经济关系将会发展,但也有困难尚待解决。 b. In many of these areas, particularly agriculture, the results have been very positive. Food production is increasing rapidly.

中国在许多领域里,特别是在农业上已经获得良好的效果,粮食迅速增产。 以上两个类例都是这样:译成一个句子,更紧凑。 译文:

中国是世界上最大的发展中国家,而美国是最发达的大国, 两国之间的双边贸易已有显著的发展。

5、Today, two way trade is something in the order of $ 6 billion and increasing. of the order of = in the order of (BrE): approximately大约, in the order of 常常与something 用在一起。 例如:

a. There were of (in) the order of 300 people at the festival. 节日活动大约有300人参加。 b.“How much is the project going to cost?”

“Something in the order of 5000 pounds.” “这项计划要花多少钱?” “大约5000英镑。” 译文:

如今,两国双边贸易大约为60亿美元,并且还在增加。

6、The result, I believe, is that we have built the beginnings of a sound foundation for future commercial and financial ties.

built the beginnings of a sound foundation for:如果逐字翻译,此短语译成“为...建立坚实的基础的开始”,显然译文达不到“达”的标准,难以理解,因此要运用翻译技巧(词类转换)进行处理。把名词the beginning转换成相应意义的副词“初步”,译文就通顺了。 译文:

我相信,我们已经为今后的贸易与金融关系初步打下了坚实的基础。 类例:

When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.

只要一发现有可能反对他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些人争取过来。

7、China's imports from the US, which amounted to $900 million in 1978, rose to nearly $ 3 billion in 1982.

which amounted to $900 million in 1978为非限制性定语从句,不能用前置法翻译非限制性定语从句时,可用后置法或别的方法翻译。有时可以用后置法翻译,在译文中把原文从句后置,不重复关系代词所代表的含义,译成并列分句。如:

After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night. 饭后,四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈,一直到深夜。 译文:

中国从美国的进口额,1978年为9亿美元,到了1982年增加到近30亿美元。

8、Total Chinese trade has also risen dramatically , from 1978 to 1983 Chinese exports increased from roughly $10 billion to $22 billion, while imports increased from $ 10 billion to just over $ 21 billion.

中国的总贸易额也显著增长,从1978年到1983年,中国的出口额从大约100亿美元增加到220亿美元,进口额从100亿美元增长到210多亿美元。

注意译文与原文之间的差异,原文中的关系词while是不能少的,而译文中不需要译出。原因见上面的第3的解释3)。

9、joint ventures between the US and Chinese investors中美合资企 10、China's Strong Economic Performance: 中国在经济上的出色表现 注意:Strong译为“出色”。英汉语言的搭配能力不同,要根据具体的情况进行意译。如:put on a coat, put on a hat两个put意义一样,但分别译为“穿外衣”和“戴帽子”,因此翻译时一定要看目标语的搭配能力与习惯。 11、decided on 选定,决定

12、It is aimed at adjusting the pace of modernisation to China's resource capabilities and its goal of major increases in employment, providing incentives for agricultural and industrial productivity; strengthening light, labour intensive industries, using technology to modernise and promote the technological transformation of existing industries; and removing bottlenecks imposed by energy and transportation constraints.

注意本句结构的理解,本句多处出现平行结构,不同层次的平行结构不能混为一团。

1)It is aimed at 是句子的主干,at后面有几个平行的现在分词短语作介词宾语:adjusting..., providing..., strengthening..., using..., removing...; 2)再下一层,the pace of...,和 its goal of...平行,作adjusting的宾语;agricultural 和 industrial平行作productivity的定语;light和labour intensive平行作后面的industries的定语;modernise 和 promote平行,由不定式符号to总管;energy 和transportation平行,都是constraints的定语。

Exercise 11

The Challenges of Reform 一、解说

1、练习出处同课文。 2、本练习经济术语: reform 改革 cost 费用;代价

economic transition 经济转轨 enterprises企业 inflation 通货膨胀

uncompetitive industries 缺乏竞争力的工业 declining industries每况愈下的工业 customer 顾客

the liberalization of world trade世界贸易自由化 established market 已经发育健全的市场 multilateral disciplines 多边规则

3、Of course, building a modern economy carries costs too. 这里的carries 是动词,“具有”,“含有”的意思,可以根据上下文和汉语“代价”这词的搭配能力,意译本句。 译文:

当然,建立现代经济也需要付出代价。

同样意义的词在不同的语言环境里,需要根据搭配词的搭配能力,译成不同的词,下文有类似的例子,如manage 在下面不同的两个句子里,根据需要分别先后译成“应付”和“处理”。 a. Different countries will manage these costs in different ways. 各国应付这种代价的方式也不尽相同。

b. Of course change must be managed sensitively, with care. 当然,处理变革问题应该十分谨慎。

4、But the problems China has had to deal with in recent years are familiar to Britain and other countries undergoing major economic transition: the conundrum of unleashing enterprises while keeping inflation in check; the social consequences and complexity of reforming uncompetitive or declining industries. 注意本句的理解。

1)China has had to deal with in recent years是限制性定语从句,可以用前置法翻译。因此,the problems China has had to deal with in recent years译成:“中国近年来不得不解决的一些问题”。下文有类例:

a. ...the British experience is that the industry that can adapt to the demands of competition will usually thrive.

英国的经验是,能够适应竞争的工业通常会昌盛。

b.The enterprise that best meets the needs of its customer, at the best price, offers the most secure future for its workers.

那些能以最低价格最大限度地满足客户要求的企业就能为其工人提供最可靠的前途保障。 2)be familiar to :为...所熟悉

3)undergoing....到句末是现在分词短语做定语,修饰other countries。

4)the conundrum of...和the social consequences and complexity of...是平行结构,作the problems 的同位语。

同位语是对名词(或代词)的进一步的解释。同位语可以是单词、短语或从句。一般把含有同位语的英语句子翻译成汉语时,可以把同位语提前,也可以不提前,也可以按原来的顺序翻译,可以在同位语的前面增加“即”(或“以为”)、“也就是”或用冒号、破折号分开。如: Influenced by these ethics, Powers lived under the delusion that money does not stink...\

“受到了这种道德观念的熏陶,鲍尔斯生活在一种错觉中,以为金钱总是香喷喷的......” 5)keeping inflation in check;控制通货膨胀

keep / hold something in check : limit something控制...;限制...

如:

We must find ways of keeping our expenditure in check. 我们必须找出限制我们的开销的办法。 本句译文:

而中国近年来不得不解决的一些问题是英国和其他处于重大经济转轨时期的国家所熟悉的:即如何在控制通货膨胀的情况下使企业获得发展,如何处理由于改造缺乏竞争力或是每况愈下的工业所造成的复杂的社会后果。 注意:

这里也使用了增词法,增加了“如何”\和“如何处理”。

5、That is why the British Government believes strongly in the case for economic liberalisation and deregulation at home.

注意at home在这里不能译为“在家”,而应译为“在国内”, 下文有:at home and abroad 是“在国内外”的意思。 believe in:相信 译文:

这就是为什么英国政府坚信应当在国内实行经济自由化和撤销经济管制。

6、Opening up national economies brings fresh challenges as well as new opportunities. New opportunities to do business and win investment; but fresh challenges from foreign firms too, new competition in established markets at home and abroad. 注意:

这里可能是演讲口语体的原因,正式的语言中,一般New在这里不大写,前面用逗号。因为这里与前面是同一个谓语动词下的宾语。因此,翻译时译成一个句子。 译文:

开放本国经济既带来新的挑战,也带来新的机遇,既带来新的商业和投资机会,也带来外国公司的新的挑战以及在国内外业已发育健全的市场上的新的竞争。 7、has brought this home : this 这里指前面这句话。

bring something home to somebody:使某人清楚地(深切地)认识到某事 8、Foreign investment, successfully deployed, benefits donor and recipient alike. 1) successfully deployed相当于一个条件状语从句:if it is successfully deployed 2) alike :in the same way

外国投资若投向合理,则可使投资方和接受投资方均收益。

Exercise 12 一、解说

1、本练习选自《中国的粮食问题》第三章。 2、粮食专业术语:

农业科技agricultural science and technology

科教兴农develop agriculture by relying on science , technology and education 贡献率the contribution rate 粮食生产grain production

非粮食实物资源non-grain food resources 水域water

内陆水域inland waters 养殖aquaculture

水产品aquatic products 集约化intensification

畜产品animal by-products 木本食物arbor foodstuffs 3、--依靠科技进步有潜力。 译文:

There is scope for scientific and technological improvement. 原文是一句无主句,汉语的无主句译为英语时可以通过增加主语或译成被动句的方法,如课文中的例子:

改造中低产田、兴修水利、扩大灌溉面积、推广先进适用技术等工程和生物措施,可使每公顷产量提高1500公斤以上。

--> The grain output per hectare can be increased by more than 1,500 kg through the upgrading of medium- and low-yield land, intensifying water-control projects, enlarging irrigated areas and sading the use of advanced agrotechnology and taking biological measures. 也可以译成there be 句型,如: 总之,是两点而不是一点。

-->In short, there are two aspects, not just one. 下文有类例:

1) --利用非粮食食物资源有潜力。

本句可以用there be 句型翻译,译为: There are non-grain food resources. 也可以译为被动句:

Non-grain food resources can be exploited also.

相比之下被动句更好,一方面与前面的“--依靠科技进步有潜力。”的译文句式有变化,使译文更丰富;另一方面,被动句的译文为意译,特别是 “开发资源”\the resources用得很好。

2) --节约粮食有潜力。 Grain losses can be curtailed. 4、目前,农业科技在中国农业增产中的贡献率约为35%,世界上农业发达国家在60%以上。 注意本句的理解,汉语靠逻辑意义表达,少用代词,这里后面小句是一个省略结构,省略了前小句中已经出现的“农业科技在农业增产中的贡献率”,翻译时要根据具体情况做一些编辑,把句子补完整才能使读者看懂。而英语不喜欢重复,因此,这里可以用代词来代替重复的话。

另外还要注意本句数字的表达方法。 译文:

At sent, the contribution made by science and technology to agriculture accounts for about 35 percent of the agricultural production increase, while it exceeds 60 percent in the agriculturally advanced countries.

5、中国政府已确定并正在努力实施科教兴农战略,力争逐步缩小中国与世界发达国家在农业科技领域的差距,到2000年使科技进步对农业的贡献率提高到50%,到2030年接近世界发达国家水平。

1) 科教兴农:develop agriculture by relying on science, technology and education 2) 确定...战略:draw up a strategy for... 实施...战略: put the strategy into practice

3) 科技进步对农业的贡献率: the contribution rate of science and technology to agriculture 4)“与世界发达国家在农业科技领域的差距”在上一句已提到,汉语多重复,英语多代词,这是常见现象,因此这里用 “this gap”代替即可。

5)这是一个长句,开头到“差距”两字已是一个完整的语意单位,后面半句是 “缩小差距”的具体目标,可以另译一句。注意这句的数字表达。 译文:

The Chinese government has drawn up a strategy for agricultural development by relying on science, technology and education and is striving to put it into practice so as to narrow this gap. By 2000 the contribution rate of science and technology to agriculture will be increased to 50 percent, and by 2030 it will be close to that of the advanced countries. 6、注意下面这些统计数字的翻译:

1)据统计,全国1747万公顷内陆水域中,可供养殖的水面675万公顷,目前利用率仅为69%;可供养鱼的稻田670万公顷,利用率仅为15%;海水可养殖面积260万公顷,利用率仅为28%。

这句除了数字的表达法之外,还要注意标点符号的转换。在翻译中,要使译文准确、通顺,就不能忽视对标点符号的运用和转换。因为英语标点符号与汉语标点符号有些不同之处。本句牵涉到分号,汉语中往往出现很长的句子,并喜欢用分号。在这种情况下,我们把句子分开,因此,分号也转换为句号。 如:

中秋过后,秋风是一天凉比一天,看看将近初冬;我整天靠着火,也穿上棉袄了。(鲁迅《孔乙已》

-->After the Mid-Autumn Festival the wind grew colder every day, and winter was approaching. Even though I spent all my time by the stove, I had to wear my padded jacket. 本句译文:

According to statistics, among the 1747 million hectares of inland waters, 6 .75 million ha can be used, for aquaculture. At sent, only 69 percent of the water area is used. About 6 .70 million ha of rice fields can be used for fish breeding, but the utilization rate at sent is only 15 percent. And China has an offshore water area of 2 .60 million hectares suitable for aquaculture, but the utilization rate is only 28 percent.

2)中国现有草地面积3.9亿公顷,其中可利用面积3.2亿公顷,居世界第三位, 句子可以在此处断句,接下去可以另译一句。 译文:

China has a grassland area of 390 million hectares, of which about 320 million hectares can be used, which places China third in the world in the area of usable grassland. 3)...中国山区面积占国土总面积的70%...

...mountainous areas account for 70 percent of China's total territory...

4)中国粮食在种、收、运、储、销和加工、消费等环节的损失率至少为10%,总损失量在4500万吨以上。

the loss rate of grain is at least 10 percent in the course of planting, harvesting, transportation, storage, selling, processing and consumption - a total of well over 45 million tons. 注意:

在...环节: 意译为“in the course of ”(在...过程中) ...以上: over; more than

5) ...每年至少可节约粮食2000万吨。

...it will be possible to save at least 20 million tons of grain every year...

第5章 Unit 5 Culture

一、A Valentine to One Who Cared - Too Much (2) (一)解说:

1. Each day we make choices that affect our lives and, sometimes, the lives of others. 我们每天遇事都要拿主意,主意拿得对不对,会影响自己的生活,有时也影响别人的生活。

“that affect our lives and, sometimes, the lives of others”是个限制性定语从句。译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时,往往可以译成后置的并列分句。这里,省略了先行词,取而代之的是一个条件句,这样既符合原意又通顺。

2. Last year, on a simple Sunday, three days after Valentine's Day, after many consecutive days of steady downpour, the sun came out. 去年,瓦伦廷节过后第三天,那是一个普通的星期天,连日下大雨,终于出了太阳。

“three days after Valentine's Day”是用来说明哪个星期天的,故跟在“Sunday”后面,而译成汉语时,根据汉语的表达习惯,先说出是哪一天,然后再描述这一天,故“那是一个普通的星期天”跟在“瓦伦廷节过后第三天”后面。 “consecutive”意为“coming one after the other without interruption; following continuously顺序来的;连续不断的”。例:on three consecutive days, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday星期一、星期二、星期三连续三天。

“the sun came out”如果只译作“太阳出来了”体现不出人们期盼出太阳的心情,故译作“终于出了太阳”。

3. Somehow our path took us toward the park, across the footbridge high above the rolling waters

of the Los Angeles River. 不知不觉朝公园走去。公园就在小桥那边,桥下很深的地方,汹涌的洛杉矶河水滚滚流过。

“somehow”在这里的意思是“for a reason that is unknown or unspecified由于未知的或未确指的原因”。故译作“不知不觉”,说明不是有意的。另外本句紧跟在上一句后面,共用上一句的主语“我们”,所以译作“朝公园走去”。

“across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the Los Angeles River”用来说明公园所在的位置。过了小桥就是公园,所以译作“公园就在小桥那边”。

4. Many children were playing close to the water, and we were stunned by their ignorance and daring. 那一天,许多孩子在靠近水边的地方玩耍,他们那样大胆,不知道危险就在眼前,使我们非常吃惊。

“ignorance”不是“没有知识”,通过上下文可以得知这是指他们不知道水的厉害,不知道潜在的危险就在眼前。

5. They were riding their bikes up and down the far bank of the river, taunting the water, obviously fascinated by its power and its draw. 他们在河对岸一面骑着车来回奔驰,一面戏弄河水,显然是被水的威力和魅力迷住了。

“taunting the water”是现在分词短语,作状语,表示伴随状态,故译文中用了“一面?一面?”。

“draw”意为“person or thing that attracts people有吸引力的人或事物”。例:A live band is always a good draw at a party. 现场演奏的乐队在聚会上总是很吸引人的。

6. a look of panic and horror registering on his young face. 小脸上现出了惊恐的神色。 “register”的意思是“(of a person, his face, his actions, etc) show (emotion, etc)指人、人的面孔、动作等)显出,流露(情绪等)”。

例1) He slammed the door to register his disapproval. 他砰的一声把门关上以示不满。 例2) Her face registered dismay. 她脸上流露出惊慌的神色。

7. Unable to reach the boy safely from the shore, Earl stepped into the water. 他在岸上安全的地方够不着那个孩子,于是就迈步往水里走去。

“safely”在原句中是副词,修饰动词“reach”。但若译作“他在岸上不能安全地够着那孩子”,显然不符合汉语的表达习惯,因此在译文中将其处理成形容词,修饰“地方”。由于英汉两种语言表达方式不同,英语形容词译为汉语副词是常有的事。 8. But the whole city was falling apart. 不过,当时全城却闹得人心惶惶。 词组“fall apart”原意为“fall to pieces; disintegrate破裂;破碎;散开”。这里是指因为出了事故,全城的人都在议论此事。

例1) My car is falling apart. 我的汽车要散架了。

例2) Their marriage finally fell apart. 他们的婚姻终于破裂了。

9. He implied that we had been wrong in attempting such a rescue in the first place. 他的言外之意是,我们下水救人,本来就不对。 “in the first place”这个词组用于列举理由时,意为“firstly第一点”。在这里可译为“首先就不对”或“本来就不对”。

10. Was he really being critical, or was I projecting my own tremendous feelings of guilt onto him? 他真是在指责我们吗?还是我那极度内疚的心情影响了他?

“project sth on to sb”指的是“think esp unconsciously, that sb shares (one's own feelings, usu unpleasant ones) 将(自己的感情,通常为不愉快者)投射给某人;以为(尤指潜意识地)某人也存在(与自己同样的、通常为不愉快的感情)”。

例:You mustn't project your guilt on to me. 你不要以为我也和你一样内疚。

11. And does that mean that this year, too, lives will be lost as a matter of course in the Los Angeles River and in other channels? 难道说今年在洛杉矶河以及别的河里再死几个人,也是理所当然的吗?

“as a matter of course”意为:“as a regular habit or usual procedure 作为理所当然的事;按照常规”。

例:I check my in-tray every morning as a matter of course. 我照例每天早晨查看收文盘。

二、How to Grow Old (一)解说:

1. I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities. 我认为,如果老年人对于周围的事情怀有强烈的兴趣,并参加适当的活动,他们的晚年是最容易过得好的。

原句结构紧凑,精炼,信息量大,译文很难保持原句式。英语的定语从句处理成汉语的状语从句,读起来更自然。

“impersonal”一词,若译作“个人以外的”,还不如译作“周围的”,因为汉语很少说“个人以外的事情”,故转译成“周围的事情”,更符合汉语的表达方式。

2. It is in this sphere that the long experience is really fruitful, and it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exercised without being opssive. 在这一方面,他们由于阅历深,是能够真正做得卓有成效的,也正是在这一方面,他们从经验中得出的智慧既可以发挥作用,又不致使人感到强加于人。

整个句子由两个并列的强调句组成,还有点递进的关系,故译作“在这一方面?,也是正是在这一方面?”。

“the long experience is really fruitful”意思是“资深的阅历可以真正发挥作用”。 “born of experience”是过去分词,作定语,修饰wisdom,意为“从经验中得出的智慧”。 3. It is no use telling grown-up children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education. 告诫成年子女不要犯错误,那是没有用的,一来他们不听你的,二来犯错误本身也是受教育的一个重要方面。 “It is no use”是表达了作者的态度。“It”是形式主语,所指内容是“telling grown-up children not to make mistakes”。在翻译时,注意英汉表达方面的不同。英语是先评论或表态,然后再说出所要表态的事情。汉语则正好相反,先说明具体的事情,然后再表态。

4. But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren. 但是如果你这个人对于周围的事情不感兴趣,就会感到生活空虚,要不你就老惦记着儿孙。 “concern oneself with/in/about sth”意为:be busy with sth; interest oneself in sth 忙于(某事物);关心(某事)。

例:There's no need to concern yourself with this matter; we're dealing with it.你不用管这事了,我们正在处理。

5. In that case you must realize that while you can still render them material service, such as making them an allowance or knitting them ers, you must not expect that they will enjoy your company. 假若是这样的话,你可要明白,虽然你还可以在物质方面给他们以帮助,比如给他们帮帮忙,或者为他们织毛衣,但你决不要指望他们会喜欢跟你做伴。

“in that case” 意为:if that happens or has happened; if that is the state of affairs既然是这样;假若是这样的话。

例:You don't like your job? In that case why don't you leave?你不喜欢这份工作?那你怎么不辞掉呢?

“render a service (to sb)”的意思是:为某人服务。 “make them an allowance”意为:regard sb as deserving to be treated differently from others for some reasons(因某原因需区别对待面)体谅、照顾某人。并不是“给他们零用钱”的意思。“给他们零用钱”的英语是“give them an allowance”。

“ers”是美语“无袖连衣裙”的意思,在这里统译为“织毛衣”。

“company”意为:being together with another or others陪伴;与他人在一起。 例:I enjoy his company. 我喜欢和他在一起。(i.e. I like being with him.) 6. Some old people are opssed by the fear of death. 有些老年人因怕死而惶惶不安。

“opss”意为:make (sb) feel worried, uncomfortable or unhappy使(某人)担心、烦恼或不幸。

例1) He was opssed with poverty. 他因贫穷而烦恼。

2) The heat opssed him and made him ill. 他热得病了。

7. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. 如果青年人由于某种原因认为自己会在战斗中死去,从而无法享受生活中最美好的东西,因而感到痛苦,这是无可指责的。

这是一个长句,包含有三个从句。在翻译长句时,首先要弄清楚原文的句法结构,找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思,然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系(因果、时间顺序等),再按照汉语特点和表达方式,正确地译出原文的意思,不拘泥于原文的形式。 文中意思本来就是一种假设,故把“who have reason...”这个定语从句处理成条件句是合乎情理的。

“cheat sb of sth”意为:vent sb form having sth防止某人得到某事物。并不是受骗上当的意思。(注:教材第154页提示7之解释有误。)

8. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. 但是对老年人来说,他经历了人生的酸甜苦辣,自己能做的事情都做到了,怕死就未免有些可鄙,有些不光彩了。 “in an old man...”中的“in”用以引出某人姓名。

例1) We have lost a first-rate teacher in Jim. 我们失去了吉姆这位一流的教师。 例2) You will always find a good friend in me. 我永远是你的好朋友。

9. An individual human existence should be like a river - small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. 人的一生应当像条河,开头河身狭窄,夹在两岸之间,随后河水奔腾咆哮,流过巨石,飞下悬崖。

“rushing”前面的“and”具有承下启上的作用,译文中就用“随后”来衔接。

“past boulders and over waterfalls”是个介词短语,译成汉语时分别给名词添上了不同的动词。这在翻译中也是常见的手法。

10. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. 如果随着精力的衰退,日见倦怠,就会觉得长眠未尝不是一件好事。 “not unwelcome”是双重否定,译文用“未尝不是”,在句法上尽量和原文保持一致。

三、旧梦重温(续) (一)解说:

1. 意大利是我最喜欢的一个欧洲国家。Italy was my favorite country in Europe. 就这句话本身来讲也可以用一般现在时来翻译。但从全篇来看,整个第一段都是在说过去的事,故除了最后一句外,其它都译作过去时。 “favorite”是“最喜欢”的意思。

2. 它是有石头建造起来的:石头的宫殿、教堂,石头的斗兽场,石头的雕像,石头的道路,路边也常有喷泉。Built up with stone, it had stone palaces and churches, stone arenas, stone statues and stone roads dotted with fountains on either side.

原文首先用一完整的句子来概述,然后列举。英语当然也可以译成“It was built with stones: stone palaces and churches, stone arenas, stone statues and stone roads dotted with fountains on either side.”但在文采方面略有逊色。

“路边也常有喷泉”说明路边有多处喷泉,故用“dotted with...”来表达。这个词组的意思是“place (things or people) here and there; scatter将(物或人)分布各处;分散”。

3. 罗马是建在七山之上的城市,拥有大小500座教堂,我几乎都去过了。Rome was located on seven hills with 500 churches, big and small, and I visited nearly all of them. “建”也可以译作“was built”,但此词侧重于“建”这个动作。而“was located”则侧重于地理位置。

“拥有”是个动词,在译文中被处理成一个介词“with”,结构严谨。

在汉语中“大小”放在“500座”的前面,作修饰语,而译文中的“big and small”是补语,只能放在后面。

“and”用来连接前后两个分句,使之行文非常紧凑。

4. 梵蒂冈就是在圣彼得教堂附近,是罗马教皇的宫殿,这是一个“国中之国“! Not far from St Peter's was the Vatican, the palace of the Pope in Rome, constituting a country within a country. 译文被处理成一个倒装句,这样能使同位语紧跟在所修饰的名词后面,然后有“constituting a country within a country构成一个国中之国”这样一个分词短语来译出“这是一个‘国中之国’”,比直译作“and it's a country within a country”来得更有文采。

5. 只记得门警是瑞士兵士,穿着黄色制服,别的没有印象了。All I remember now is that the guards at the entrance were Swiss soldiers in yellow uniforms.

“All I remember now is that...”已经说明别的不记得了,故原文“别的没有印象了”无需译出。

6. 佛罗伦萨给我留下的,除了美术馆里的雕像和壁画之外,还有一座座府第墙壁上的灯座,每座灯下都有一只拴马的铁环,是聚会或宴客时拴马用的,十分别致! What remains of Florence in my memory is, apart from the sculptures and murals in the art galleries, the lamps on the walls of the mansions, with an iron ring under each of them, for tying horses at parties and banquets. It was just unique.

原文是一段,且只有长长的一句,要译好很不容易。译文把“佛罗伦萨给我留下的”处理成一个名词性从句,“in my memory”是根据原文意思添加的。“除了?之外”所对应的英文是“apart from...”意思是“in addition to...”。“每座灯下都有一只拴马的铁环”从汉语的结构上讲是一个完整的句子,译文将其处理成一个介词短语,仍然成能贴切地反映原意。“是聚会或宴客时拴马用的”说出了铁环的用途,译文用一个介词短语“for tying...”表示目的。“十分别致”是对前面细节描述的总评价,相对独立,故译文独立成句。这样,前面用了丰富的结构译出了主要的部分,结构紧凑,环环相扣,最后用一个简短的句子结束整段文字的翻译,还能使读者体会到作者的感叹之情。

7. 信笔写来,竟然差不多都是写我自己的回忆,这就说明了这本散文的魅力。Letting my pen take its course, I have written about practically nothing but my own memories and this is proof of the charm of this collection of essays.

“take its course”的意思是:develop as is usual; proceed to the usual end听其自然发展;按常规进行。

“nothing but”意为:only仅仅;只。 “and”连接前后两个分句。

8. 我应该说一地同志这本回忆童年和旅游的散文集子,不但是青少年最好的读物,大人们也应当拿来看看。因为这是一本写情真挚、写景鲜明;流畅、健康、引人向上的散文作品。I must say that Yidi's book about his childhood and his travels is a best choice for young people and should be read by adults as well, because it is sincere in feeling and lucid in description. It is a very readable, healthy and inspiring book. “and...as well”是“也”的意思。

原文从“因为”开始另起一句,但英文“because”通常不独立成句,除非紧跟在问句后面。所以译文用小写的“because”把从句和上文联系起来,然后把“流畅、健康、引人向上的散文作品”处理成一句,非常自然。

第6章 Unit 6 Literature (1)

Exercise 16 a 一、解说

1、本练习选自蒂姆·霍尔改写的《德伯家的苔丝》(原著作者:托玛斯·哈代)。 2、With this, the vicar rode on his way.

1)this指上文,也就是我们的课文中的最后一句话:'No, thank you---not this evening, Durbeyfield. You've had enough already.'

2)翻译rode时要注意选词。 译文:

牧师这样把话说完以后,骑马上赶路。

3、In a few minutes a young man appeared, walking in the same direction as Durbeyfield had been.

had been 后面省了walking,理解时一定要在心中把它补完整,才不至于译错。 appeared:出现, 翻译时可以根据本来的意思,选择更适合译文语境的词。 译文:

过了几分钟,来了一个小伙子,与刚才德贝菲尔同方向走的。

4、'Don't order me about like that, John Durbeyfield. You know my name as well as I know yours! '1) order somebody about把某人差来差去

2) You know my name as well as I know yours! '如果按字面翻译为:

\我知道你的名字,你也知道我的名字。\与上下文不配,意思不清楚。原文以感叹号结束,翻译时一定要把说话者的\不服气\的语气翻译出来。因此这里一定要意译。

译文:

\别把我差来差去的,约翰·德贝菲尔。咱们谁不认识谁呀!\5、...take the message I' m going to give you.

注意I' m going to give you是限制性定语从句,这里用前置法翻译较合适。 译文:

替我要让你捎的口信送走。

6、Well, Fred, I don't mind telling you my secret.

Well在这里并没有\好的\的意思,表示说话者的一种语气,根据下文,他要捎的口信是让酒店叫一辆马车和让他妻子把洗衣服的事儿停下。但他没有说理由,小伙子不服气他这样使唤他,因此他犹豫之后觉得还是说出理由。Well在这里一方面表示说话者的犹豫,另一方面well常常用于重新开始说话,在此也有这层意思。Well本身不一定要用具体的词表达,只要译文中有这样的语气即可。

译文:

我看,弗雷德,我还是把秘密讲给你听。

7、And as he said this, Durbeyfield lay down on the grass and looked up with pleasure at the sky.

As 引导时间状语从句时,从句中的谓语动词表示的动作还没有完成时,主句中的谓语动词表达的动作发生了,因此常常用\边...边...\来翻译as。翻译时一定要把这些细节翻译出来.With pleasure: 快乐地,愉快地

译文:

德贝菲尔一边说着这些话,一边在草地上躺下来,愉快地仰望着天空。 8、Well, in that city's church there lie-

Lie在这里是\躺\的意思,\躺\往往指那些有生命的人或其它动物,而描写这些祖先最好用\埋\。

Well 表示语气转换,可以不译。 译文:

在那个城市的教堂里,埋着--

9、It's not a city, the place I mean. At least it wasn't when I was there.

= It's not a city. I mean in the church in that place there lie.... At least it wasn't a city when I was there.

理解原文是正确翻译的前提。一定要读懂原文字里行间的意思,把省略的部分理解出来。

以下翻译不恰当:

不是城市,我是说那个地方不是城市。至少我上那儿去的时候它还不是一个城市。 the place I mean用来接前面的话并更正前面的话。因此改译为:

不是城市,我是说那个地方(的教堂里)。至少我上那儿去的时候那地方还不是一个城市。10、It doesn't matter about the place, that's not the question.

matter: be important

英语口语中省略较多,翻译时应用增词法将省略部分补上。

that's not the question= that's not the question that we want to talk about 译文:

关于那地方,不怎么重要,这不是我们要说的事。

11、No man in South Wessex has greater and richer ancestors than I.

No man... than I...形式上是一个比较级,但表达了最高级意义,因此,可以译为: 在南威塞克斯,我的祖宗最气派、最有钱。

12、this made a difference in the young man' s thoughts on the matter. made a difference: be very important

13、I'd forgotten it in the middle of all my excitement.

我一激动就把这事给忘了。

Exercise 16 b 一、解说

1、Once the club was in the field, dancing began. the club这里指参加俱乐部游行的人

once 引导时间状语从句,可以用\一旦...\或\一...就...\翻译, 根据上下文,这里可用后者。

译文:

游行队伍一进场地,跳舞便立即开始。

2、They were too well-dressed to be villagers.

注意too...to这个结构的翻译,too...to do这个结构,是以不定词来修饰前面的too字,因而这个不定词含有否定的含义,译成\太...而不能\,They were too well-dressed to be villagers.相当于They were so well-dressed that they couldn't be villagers.

他们衣着很讲究,不可能是村里人。 下文有类例:

Probably he was too young to have started anything yet. 也许他年纪还太轻,还未曾开始做什么。

3、The two older brothers plainly wanted to move on quickly, but the sight of a group of girls dancing without men seemed to amuse the third.

plainly: obviously

move on: continue to move 译文:

两个哥哥显然想赶快继续赶路,可是那第三个却似乎被这没有男舞伴的姑娘们对舞的情景逗乐了。

4、Nonsense!这里是\胡闹\的意思。

5、Come along, or it will be dark before we get to Stourcastle. 英语里正面表达的句子,翻译时在汉语里需要用反面来表达。Before引导的从句很多情况下需要从反面来表达。例如:

The guerrillas would fight to death before they surrendered. 游击队员宁愿战斗到死,而决不投降。 译文:

我们赶不到斯图堡天就要黑了 6、I promise that I will, Felix.

用增词法翻译本句,把省略部分catch up with you补上。 我保证准赶上你们, 费利克斯。 7、They haven't finished work yet. 注意work一词意义很泛,在具体的语境中要把具体的意义翻译出来。这里是指\农活\。 8、But what is one man among so many girls?

=What is the use of one man when there are so many girls? 可是这么多姑娘, 只有一个男人有什么用呢?

9、But because they were all so new to him, he didn't know where to start. So he took the nearest.

注意此句中三个斜体部分,它们都很好理解,但表达时要注意选词。 译文:

那年轻人看着这群姑娘,打算挑一个。但是,这些姑娘他一个也不认识,不知从哪个开始挑才好。所以他挑了一个离他最近的。

10、his was not the speaker, as she had hoped;

他挑中的并不是刚才答话的姑娘,尽管她希望自己被选中;

注意本句as引导的方式状语从句,含有让步的意义,因此译成让步状语从句。

Exercise 17 一、解说

1、练习材料出处参见课文讲解注释。

2、\want to see me?\queried the captain of the bell-hops, turning to Clyde, and observing his none-too-good clothes, at the time making a comhensive study of him.

1)turning...、observing...、 making...三个现在分词短语并列,伴随动作queried同时发生,作句子的状语,因此翻译时要把动作的同时性译出来,可以用“一边...一边...”来译。

2)none-too-good clothes:不大好的衣服

3)make a comhensive study of...对...进行全面的/仔细的研究或观察 译文:

“你要找我吧?”领班转过身来,一边问,一边打量他那套不大好的衣服,同时仔细端详他。

3、“The gentleman in the drug store,\ who did not like the looks of the man before him, but was determined to set himself as agreeably as possible. \said that I might ask you if there was any chance here for me as a bell-boy....\

1)这里的从句who did not like the looks of the man before him, but was determined to sent himself as agreeably as possible.是非限制性定语从句,补充说明Clyde这人,所以可以用后置法翻译。

2)was determined to do...下定决心要做... 3)sent: introduce

4) agreeably: pleasantly ;as agreeably as possible: 尽可能令人愉快地 5) looks:神态

6)- that is: 这里的破折号表示说话停顿;that is:也就是说

破折号加上that is,说明说话者心理紧张,说话吞吞吐吐,译文要体现讲话者的这种心理状态。这是文学翻译的一个难点。

译文:

“杂货店里那位先生说,”克莱德开口这么说,他其实不大喜欢面前这个人的神气,不过他打定主意要讨对方欢喜。“嗯,我是说,他说我可以请问您一声,能不能在这儿找到一个当服务员的机会。...”

4、Clyde was so flustered and disturbed by the cool, examining eyes of the man before him that he could scarcely get his breath properly, and swallowed hard.

1) the cool, examining eyes:冷冰冰、审视的双眼

2) Clyde was so flustered and disturbed by the cool, examining eyes of the man是一句被动句,译成主动句,读起来更通顺。

3) swallowed:吞,这里根据上下文,用增词法译成“吞口水”,这样译文显得更自然些。 译文:

克莱德面前这个人那双冷冰冰的、审视的眼睛,把他弄得非常紧张不安,他连气都透不匀,只是使劲咽口水。

5、For the first time in his life, it occurred to him that if he wanted to get on he ought to insinuate himself into the good graces of people - do or say something that would make them like him.

1)it occurred to sb. that...:某人突然想到... 2)grace: 恩赐;恩惠 graces:(复数) 恩遇 be in sb's good (bad) graces: 受(不受)某人恩宠 3)insinuate: 使逐渐巧妙地进入,潜入

insinuate oneself into sb's favour想某人献媚求宠

insinuate himself into the good graces of people:奉承别人 4)注意原文同一个意思前半句、后半句风格不一样,翻译文字处理上要体现前半句“雅”(insinuate himself into the good graces of people)、后半句“通俗”(make them like him)的风格。

译文:

他平生第一次想到,如果要找个出路,就得好好地奉承人家,博得人家的欢心,总得做点什么、说些什么话,讨人欢喜才行。

6、willing:心甘情愿的

7、The man before him merely looked at him coldly, but being the soul of craft and self-acquisitiveness in a petty way, and rather liking anybody who had the skill and the will to be diplomatic, he now put aside an impulse to shake his head negatively, and observed: \haven't had any training in this work.\

1) 注意这是一句并列复合句,but连接。主要结构是:The man...looked..., but he .put aside...and observed:...

put aside和observed是平行的两个谓语动词。 being...和liking...是两个平行的现在分词短语,作原因状语,修饰后面的分句:he now put aside an impulse to shake his head negatively, and observed...

2)observed,同一个单词在不同的上下文里可能表达不同的意义,因此要正确理解原文,observed一词,在本练习的第一句话里表示“watch carefully\但在本句和下文(\let me see,\)里表示“说”的意思。

译文:

他面前这个人只是冷冷地望了他一眼,不过他是个爱用心计和好为自己打算的小人物。凡是有一套交际的本领、愿意跟别人搞好关系的人,他都相当喜欢。所以他本来打算摇摇手表示拒绝,现在却没有这么做,只是说:“不过你对这种工作还没有什么经验呀。”

8、Clyde, left alone in this fashion, and not knowing just what it meant, stared, wondering. 本句谓语动词是stared,其余动词都是非谓语。

left alone in this fashion过去分词短语作原因状语,说明stared 的原因。 leave...alone: 不理会

not knowing...是现在分词短语作原因状语,说明stared的原因。 wondering是现在分词,伴随动作stared同时发生,作状语。 译文:

克莱德就这样被孤零零地甩在一边,摸不清这到底是什么意思,瞪大眼睛望着,心里暗自纳闷。

Exercise 18 一、解说

1、练习材料出处见课文讲解。 2、“我真傻,真的,”样林嫂抬起她没有神采的眼睛来,接着说。 1)没有神采的眼睛:lackluster eyes 2) 接着说:这里是方言,指“插话”,所以译成put in。 译文:

\

3、我单知道下雪的时候野兽在山坳里没有食吃,会到村里来;我不知道春天也会有。 1) 这是一句并列复合句,分句之间由分号点开,但中间没有关联词语,而英语中分句之间一般要有关联词语连接。因此,这个句子可以用两种方法处理:用断句法手法译成两句,原文中的分号转换成句号;或中间加上并列关联词语,把两个并列句连接起来,原文中的分号转换成逗号。

2) 英语第二个分句是一句省略句,“也会有”指“也会有狼来”,翻译成英语时要用增词法把原文中省略的部分增加出来,而“狼”上文已提到,因此增补时可用代词替代。

译文:

All I knew was that when it snowed and wild beasts up in the hills had nothing to eat, they

might come to the villages. I didn't know that in spring they might come ,too.

或:

All I knew was that when it snowed and wild beasts up in the hills had nothing to eat, they might come to the villages,but I didn't know that in spring they might come ,too.

3) 翻译时要注意尽量忠实于原文的风格。口语中一般“不知道”不用\not know\而用缩略形式\而这个问题在汉语里不存在,所以在汉英翻译时要注意。

4) 英语动词有时态的变化,汉语里没有。翻译时要注意正确使用时态,本句原文是样林嫂在讲述过去的辛酸故事,译文要用一般过去时。

4、我一清早起来就开了门,拿篮盛了一篮豆,叫我们的阿毛坐在门槛上剥豆去。 1)这是含有三个并列分句的复合句,后两分句都是承前省,省略了“我”。这样的复合句一般可以译成一句有几个并列谓语动词的英语简单句。

2)这句中有几个连动式(“起来就开了门”、“拿篮盛了一篮豆”、“坐在门槛上剥豆”)和一个兼语式(“叫我们的阿毛坐在门槛上剥豆去”)。

“起来就开了门”:表示先后关系的连动式,可以按原文顺序,把两个动词都译成谓语动词,用and连接:got up and opened the door。

同样的道理,“坐在门槛上剥豆”应译为sit on the doorstep and shell them。 “拿篮盛了一篮豆”:这个连动式不能直译,应意译,这样意思更明了。

当兼语式的第一个动词是“使、叫、让、教、请、引诱、号召、防止.......”等动词时, 译成英语后,在很多情况下其宾语补足语是由不定式来充当的。因此, “叫我们的阿毛坐在门槛上剥豆去”可译成:told our Amao to sit on the doorstep and shell them.

译文:

I got up at dawn and opened the door, filled a small basket with beans and told our Amao to sit on the doorstep and shell them.

5、我就在屋后劈柴,淘米,米下了锅,要蒸豆。

这是一句含有几个承前省的并列分句的复合句,后两分句都省略了“我”。一般可以译成一句有几个并列谓语动词的英语简单句,本句为了显示动作的先后,译成复合句。

译文:

Then I went to the back to chop wood and wash the rice, and when the rice was in the pan I wanted to steam the beans.

6、我叫阿毛,没有应,出去一看,只见豆撒得一地,没有我们的阿毛了。

原文是一句复合句,各分句之间没有关联词语,需要根据原文的逻辑关系,用增词法增加关联词。各分句之间意义相对独立的可以用断句手法,译成独立的句子。

译文(注意译文中的关联词):

I called Amao, but there was no answer. When I went out to look,there were beans all over the ground but no Amao.

7、直到下半天,寻来寻去寻到山坳里,看见刺柴上挂着一只他的小鞋。

这是一句无主句,译成英语时,要根据上下文,增加省略的主语“they”。 译文:

Not until that afternoon, after searching high and low, did they try the gully. There they saw one of his little shoes caught on a bramble.

8、遭了狼了。

1)同注释7一样,省略了主语(“阿毛”), 用增词法把原文中的主语补上。

2)本句是主动形式但表达被动意义的句子,可以译成被动的英语句子,原文中的宾语译成by的介词宾语。

译文:He must have been caught by a wolf.

也可译成主动语态的句子,原文中的宾语做译文中的主语,原文省略的主语,译成宾语。

译文:

A wolf must have got him.

3)注意不要忽视译文中的时态,因为汉语中动词没有时态的变形,要根据上下文推理。这里邻居们在对过去的事情进行推测,因此用must 加完成式。

第7章 Unit 7 Literature (2)

一、East of Eden (2) (一)解说:

1. The spring flowers in a wet year were unbelievable. 多雨年份的春天,繁花似锦,简直叫人难以置信。

原文很简洁,“spring”是用来修饰“flowers”的,在译文中,把“the spring”和“in a wet year”合在一起译成“多雨年份的春天”,表示时间;原文中的中心结构是“The flowers were unbelievable.”,如直译,会让人费解,应对内在含义译出来,故作“繁花似锦,简直叫人难以置信”。

2. Cracks appeared on the level ground. 平地开始坼裂。

考虑到译文的通顺,本句在结构和词性上作了改变。原句中的主语在译文中成了谓语动词;原句中的地点状语成了主语。词性的转换和结构的调整在翻译中是很常见的。

3. It was a rasping nervous wind. 刺耳的风声叫人心烦。 “rasping”是个现在分词,“rasp”作名词时的意思是:coarse file with rows or sharp points on its surface(s)粗锉刀。“rasp”作动词时的意思是:make an unpleasant grating sound发出刺耳的锉磨声。“rasping”的意思就是:刺耳的。

“nervous”在原句是修饰“wind”的。这是一种修辞手法,称为移就 (Transferred Epithet)。风不会心烦,而是听到风声的人感到心烦。所以译为“刺耳的风声叫人心烦。”

4. Men working in the fields wore goggles and tied handkerchiefs around their noses to keep the dirt out. 在地里干活的人都得戴风镜,把手帕扎在脸上,蒙住鼻子。

“goggles”意为:large round spectacles with flaps at the sides to protect the eyes from wind, dust, water, etc. 护目镜。

“to keep the dirt out”是动词不定式短语作目的状语,根据上下文和常识,戴护目镜就为了防风防尘,所以此动词不定式短语可译可不译。

5. The valley land was deep and rich, but the foothills wore only a skin of topsoil no deeper than the grass roots. 河谷的泥土厚而肥沃,但是山脚的土层却薄得只够扎住草根。

“no deeper than”是“不比?厚”,如正译的话,译文不会通顺,故此处采用了反译,即译为“薄得?”。

6. The land dried up and the grasses headed out miserably a few inches high and great bare scabby places appeared in the valley. 土地干透,草长得萎靡不振,只有几寸高,河谷像害了疥癣似的,大片光秃。

“places”前面有三个形容词,但汉语不能这样堆积,故把它们分成两部分,在结构上也作了调整,和上述第二个注解同理。

“scabby”是名词“scab”加“-by”后构成形容词的,意为:covered with scabs结痂的,有痂的。

7. And it never failed that during the dry years the people forgot about the rich years, and during the wet years they lost all memory of the dry years. 而人们在干旱的年月总是忘掉丰饶的日子,到了多雨的年月又把干旱的日子忘得一干二净。

“it never failed”是作者的评论和态度,一般来说要译在句末,但它在意思上和下一句相近,故不宜采用此法,而用“总是”这个词来体现,这样的处理很恰当。

另外,这里有“rich years”和“dry years”,如果均译作年月,太重复了,所以一个译作“日子”,一个译作“年月”。

二、The Sound of Music (Excerpt 2)

(一)解说:

1. The New Testament and the Rule of Saint Benedict, together with a little cross, were placed on my night table. 《新约全书》和《圣本尼狄克规章》,还有一人小十字架,就放在床头柜上。“night table”就是床边的小柜,人们习惯叫它床头柜。“the Rule of Saint Benedict”:This work holds the first place among monastic legislative codes, and was by far the most important factor in the organization and sad of monasticism in the West. Of the seventy-three chapters comprising the Rule, nine treat of the duties of the abbot, thirteen regulate the worship of God, twenty-nine are concerned with discipline and the penal code, ten refer to the internal administration of the monastery, and the remaining twelve consist of miscellaneous regulations. 2. In the red light of the setting sun there stretched a large park with meadows and groups of big trees and meadows again. 在晚霞中,我看到一个大公园,近处是草地和一簇簇的大树,后面又是大片的草地。汉语只用“晚霞”两个字就概括了“the red light of the setting sun”。

3. And a little further I saw, sharply drawn against the pale evening sky, the profile of my beloved mountain, the Untersberg, just as we had seen it every day from Nonnberg. 再远一点,在黄昏时分灰白色天空的衬托之下,乌特斯堡山的轮廓看得很清楚。乌特斯堡山是我喜爱的一座山,和我以前在农伯格每天见到的一模一样。

“sharply”说明对比很强烈,在译文中,这一含义体现在“看得很清楚”里。 “had seen”是过去完成时,汉语没有时态的变化,故译文中加了“以前”两个字来表示时间顺序。

4. When you are a child of the mountains yourself, you really belong to them. You need them. ......如果你是在山里长大的,你肯定对山特别有感情,你离不开它。

整个这一段是作者的评论,全是一般现在时。

把“You need them”译作“你离不开它”是反译,这样译感情更强烈。

三、找点活(续)

(一)解说:

1. 这一淋可糟了! That drenching nearly did for me! 原句很口语化,译好比较难。“drenching”由动词“drench”的动名词形式,其动词意为:(常用于被动语态)make (sb/sth) completely wet使(某人/某物)湿透 。

例:We were caught in the storm and got drenched through. 我们遇上了大雨,全都浇湿了。

“do for sb”也常用于被动语态,意为:ruin, destroy or kill sb/sth毁灭、破坏或杀死某人/某物。

例:Unless the Government provides more cash, the steel industry is done for. 除非政府提供更多的资金,否则钢铁工业准给毁了。 2. 脸上红得像抹了胭脂,周身疼,连翻身都疼,疼得像针扎! May face was as red as if rouged, my whole body ached, and turning over in bed hurt like being needled!

“as if rouged”是个省略形式,省略了“it was”,以免和“my face”重复。

“and”连接前后两个分句,不能因为原句中没有关联词而忘了在译文里添加关联词。

3. 我想起来了:我人小,排队时常常被人挤出来,有些人又常常故意捣乱,工头举起鞭子就打,常常因为打别人而捎带上我。I remembered: Because I'm young, people often jostle me out of the queue; and when some of them make trouble and the foreman whips them, he often lashes me too.

注意冒号后面的译文,时态发生了变化。

“jostle”意为:push roughly against (sb), usu in a crowd推、挤(某人)(通常用于人群中)。

4. 原来好是刚看了我演的《刘巧儿》。 She had just seen me playing in Liu Qiaoer, in which the heroine spins.

“in which the heroine spins”是为了让外国读者上一句话的含义而加上的。注意时态的变化,用了一般现在时,这是对剧情的描述。

第8章 Unit 8 Popular Science Exercise 22 Oil (2)

一、解说

1、本练习专业术语: the sea bed 海底

the bed of the ocean大洋底 deposits of mud 沉积的泥沙 sedimentary rocks 沉积岩 shale 页岩

geologist 地质学家 natural gas 天然气 sea life 海洋生物 soft rock松软的岩石 oil drillers 钻探石油的人 asphalt 沥青

pitch lake 沥青湖 crude oil 原油 prospecting 勘探 refinery 精练厂 paraffin 煤油 fuel 燃料 heavy oil重油

2、 Scientists are confident about the formation of coal, but they do not seem so sure when asked about oil.

1)when asked about oil= when they are asked about oil.

2)这句子的翻译要使用增词法。以抽象名词formation为中心的名词词组the formation of coal翻译成一个小句:“煤是如何形成的”。而后面的about oil译成“关于油是如何形成的。”

3)这句子的翻译同时要使用省略法,原文中每个小句都有主语,但汉语中,当几个小句主语相同时常常省略其中的一些。

译文:

科学家确知煤是怎样形成的,但问到石油是怎样形成时,似乎就不那么有把握了。

3、They think that the oil under the surface of the earth originated in the distant past, and was formed from living things in the sea.

1) 汉语动词本身无法体现时态,因此译成汉语时有时需要增加体现时态的词,如本句的originated译成“已经 形成”。

2) in the distant past 时间状语,在英语中的位置比较灵活,但汉语中一般放在句首,或动词之前。

3) 后半句是被动语态,可以译成主动句,用“由...”来表示,本来的主语在译文中还是作主语。

译文:

他们认为地下的石油在远古时期就已经 形成,而且是由海中生物形成的。

4、they were covered with huge deposits of mud, and by processes of chemistry, ssure and temperature were changed through long ages into what we know as oil.

1) they指上文提到的“海洋小生物”,英语中的被动句可以译成汉语的无主句主动句,译文的地点状语在句首的句子时,尤其这样。

2) through long ages是时间状语,在汉语中往往放在句首,或谓语动词之前。 3) were changed into...与 were covered平行,作谓语

4) what we know as oil 作介词宾语,等于the thing that we know as oil

5) by processes of :通过...的过程;经过...。 这里需要用增词法,增加“的影响”。 译文:

上面覆盖着大量沉积的泥沙,通过一系列化学变化、压力和温度的影响,经过漫长的岁月,变成了现在我们所说的石油。

5、For these creatures to become oil, it was necessary that they should be imprisoned between layers of rock for an enormous length of time.

1)注意由it作形式主语的主语从句,翻译时视情况可以提前,也可以不提前。如果不需要强调,it可以不译。

2)They= these creatures,汉语多重复,因此译成“小动物”意思简洁明了。 译文:

这些小动物必须在一层层岩石之间密封起来,经过很长的一段时间才能变成石油。 6、The statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing the chief oilfields of the world;

1)that oil originated in the sea是The statement的同位语,用前置法翻译。The statement译成外位语。

2)is confirmed译成主动结构,用“得到...”来表达。 3)glance是名词,使用词类转译法,翻译成动词。 译文:

石油是在海里形成的,这种说法,只要看一下世界主要油田分布图,就可以得到证实; 7、of marine origin“海洋产生的”--> “在海里形成的”。 8、They are sedimentary rocks, rocks which were laid down by the action of water on the bed of the ocean.

1)rocks which were laid down by the action of water on the bed of the ocean是sedimentary rocks的同位语,用分译法翻译。

2)were laid down被动结构译成主动结构:“沉积”。

3)water“水”比较笼统,在此使之具体化,译成“海水”。 译文:

这种岩层是沉积岩,是在海水的作用之下沉积在洋底的。

9、 Geologists, scientists who study rocks, indicate the likely places to the oil drillers.

地质学家是研究岩石的科学家,他们可以为钻探石油的人指明哪些地方可能有油。 注意这里使用了增词法,用“哪些地方可能有油”来翻译the likely places。

10、In some cases oil comes out of the ground without any drilling at all and has been used for hundreds of years.

In some cases:在有些情况下,意译为“在有些地方”也可以。 has been used for hundreds of years:被动结构译成主动结构,主语不变。 译文:

有些地方,根本未经钻探,石油就流出地面,而且已经使用了几百年。

11、Sir Walter Raleigh visited the famous pitch lake of Trinidad in 1595; it is said to contain nine thousand million tons of asphalt.

It指前面提到的lake。

1)it is said to contain nine thousand million ions of asphalt.=it is said that the lake contains nine thousand million tons of asphalt.

2)汉语里习惯上把时间状语放句首,或在动词之前。 译文:

1595年,沃尔特·雷利爵士·曾参观过特立尼达有名的沥青湖。据说湖里储有沥青90亿吨。

12、it may strike oil at a fairly high level.

at a fairly high level :直译“在相当高的层次”,意译为“在较高的位置”-->“在较浅的地方”

13、If they are disappointed at one place, the drillers go to another. 1)are disappointed:“失望”,在这里应意译为“得不到预期的结果”,

2)the drillers go to another若直译为“钻探人员到另一个地方”,让人难以理解,因此需要用增词法增加一些词,使得意思更明确。

译文:

钻探石油的人如果在一个地方得不到预期的结果,便到另一个地方去钻探。 14、we pay not only the cost of the petrol, but also part of the cost of the search that is always going on.

注意这里的the search是抽象名词,需要用增词法,增加一个概括性的词语,使译文读起来更通顺。

译文:

我们所付的不只是汽油本身的费用,而且还有不断进行找油工作的一部分费用。 15、When the oil is heated, the first vapours to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. the oil is heated被动结构译成主动结构,用“经过”、“经受...”表达。 译文:

石油经过加热,最先冒出来的蒸汽冷却后就是质量最高的汽油。 16、Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin.

被动句译成主动句,原文中的主语译成主语,原文中的宾语译成宾语。 is condensed into:可以浓缩成... 译文:

随后从石油分离出来的气体可以浓缩成煤油。

Exercise 23 a

The Other Road(2) 一、解说

1、 About a quarter of a century ago Dr. Knipling startled his colleagues by proposing a unique method of insect control.

1)By +doing,表“通过...手段”, 在句中作状语,在汉语中这样的状语一般放在主要动词之前,因此本句用分译法,把by proposing a unique method of insect control提前翻译,把这个分词短语译成一个小句。

2)a quarter of a century:1/4 个世纪-->25年。 译文:

大约二十五年前,尼普林博士提出了一种控制昆虫的绝妙方法,使他的同事们大吃一惊。

2、 If it were possible to sterilize and release large numbers of insects, he theorized, the sterilized males would, under certain conditions, compete with the normal wild males so successfully that, after repeated releases, only infertile eggs would be produced and the population would die out.

1) under certain conditions 在一定的条件下 2) he theorized,他提出这样的理论 3) compete with与...竞争

4) die out:死绝, out = completely

5) 注意本练习中多处出现分词, 过去分词表示被动意义,现在分词表示主动意义。the sterilized males:绝育的雄虫;不育的雄虫。这里males:“雄性”,翻译时,根据上下文,具体化,使得更好理解,译成“雄虫”。

repeated releases:多次放出去。 译文:

他的理论是,如果能使大量的昆虫不育,再把它们放出去,在一定条件下,不育的雄虫就会与野生的正常雄虫展开竞争,并取得胜利。这样反复多次,产下的卵便都是未受精卵,这种昆虫就会绝迹。

3、 The proposal was met with bureaucratic inertia and with skepticism from scientists, but the idea persisted in Dr. Knipling's mind.

1)persisted in Dr. Knipling's mind:continued to stay

but the idea persisted in Dr. Knipling's mind: 直译:“这个主意仍然留在尼普林博士的脑中”,这样译不是很通顺。可以用反译法处理,“没有放弃这个想法”。

2)be met with:遇上 译文:

这个建议遇到来自墨守成规的官僚机构的阻力,也受到科学家的怀疑,但尼普林博士却始终没有放弃这个想法。

4、 One major problem remained to be solved before it could be put to the test - a practical method of insect sterilization had to be found.

1)One major problem remained to be solved: 还有一个重大的问题需要解决, 这里被动结构的不定式作宾语,翻译成主动结构,并增加“需要”。主语One major problem在逻辑上是solve的宾语。翻译时,remained转化,译成“还有”放在One major problem之前。

2)put to the test进行试验(测试) 3)a practical method of insect sterilization had to be found是One major problem的同位语,用破折号连接,用于说明这问题的具体内容。翻译时可以分句翻译,增加“这就是”。

译文:

还有一个重大的问题需要解决,然后才能进行试验,这就是必须找到使昆虫不育的切实可行的方法。

5、 Academically, the fact that insects could be sterilized by exposure to X-ray had been known since 1916, when an entomologist by the name of G. A. Runner reported such sterilization of cigarette beetles.

1) that insects could be sterilized by exposure to X-ray是the fact的同位语,翻译时可以用前置法,放在the fact之前,而the fact译成“这个事实”。

2)by the name o:名为...

3)本句的主干是the fact had been known since 1916,是被动结构,翻译时可以增加“大家”\或“人们”作主语,被动结构译成主动结构。这是一个长句,可以用断句法翻译。

4)when...是定语从句,修饰1916。 译文:

1916年,一位名叫G.A.朗纳的昆虫学家报告说,可以通过X光照射使烟草甲虫不育。从那时起,人们就已经从理论上知道可以这样使昆虫失去生育能力。

6、 Hermann Muller' s pioneering work on the production of mutations by X-ray opened up vast new areas of thought in the late 1920's, and by the middle of the century various workers had reported the sterilization by X-rays or gamma rays of at least a dozen species of insects.

这是一句长句,翻译时,先理解原文,分成几个层次,再断句翻译。长句的翻译详解前面几单元已讲,此略。

译文:

赫尔曼·马勒首创的以X光引起变异的工作,在20世纪20年代后期为新思想的产生开辟了广阔的道路。到本世纪中期,根据专业工作者提出的报告,通过X射线或γ射线已经至少可以使十几种昆虫失去生育能力。

7、 About 1950, Dr. Knipling launched a serious effort to turn insect sterilization into a weapon that would wipe out a major insect enemy of livestock in the South, the screw-worm fly.

注意这里的抽象名词sterilization的译法,使抽象名词具体化,译成“不育术”。 译文:

1950年前后,尼普林博士开始认真地致力于把昆虫不育术变为一种武器,以便消灭南方牲畜在昆虫界的大敌--螺旋锥蝇。

8、 Scarcity of deer in some areas of Texas is attributed to the screw-worm. is attributed to:归因于;由...引起

注意抽象名词Scarcity的翻译。用词类转译法,名词转译为形容词。 译文:

有人说,得克萨斯州某些地区鹿之所以稀少,就是这种螺旋锥蝇造成的。 这里,被动结构翻译成主动结构,并增加“有人说”。

9、 running to; 总数达...

Exercise 23 b

The Other Road (3) 一、解说

1、A vast amount of information on the biology of the screw-worm had been accumulated over the years by Agriculture Department scientists in Texas.

1) Agriculture Department农业部

2) 时间状语over the years在汉语中习惯于放在句首或谓语动词之前。

3) 注意被动结构的翻译,这里可以译成主动结构,本来的主语译为宾语,本来by引导的宾语译为主语。

4) on后面的宾语较长,因此,用分译法,提前,译在谓语动词之前。 译文:

多年来,关于螺旋锥蝇的生活状况,在得克萨斯州农业部的科学家积累了大量的资料。 也可以把on转译成动词,把原文分句翻译,译成两个并列分句。 译文:

多年来,农业部的科学家在得克萨斯州研究螺旋锥蝇的生活状况,积累了大量的资料。

2、For this, by arrangement with the Dutch Government, he went to the island of Curacao in the Caribbean, cut off from the mainland by at least 50 miles of sea.

1) This指上文提到的“a full-scale test of his theory”。

2) 注意抽象名词arrangement的翻译。名词转译为动词,并且根据上下文意译为“接洽”。

3) cut off from the mainland by at least 50 miles of sea是动词过去分词短语,作定语,修饰the island of Curacao。用分译法和增词法译成一个小句。

译文:

为此目的,经与荷兰政府接洽,他来到加勒比海上的库拉索岛,该岛和大陆之间相隔至少50英里宽的海面。

3、Beginning in August 1954 , screw-worms reared and sterilized in an Agriculture Department laboratory in Florida were flown to Curacao and released from airplanes at the rate of about 400 per square mile per week.

注意这个句子中多处出现被动结构,但处理方法不同,有的译成主动结构,有的译成被动结构。

译文:

从1954年8月开始,农业部设在佛罗里达州的一个实验室培养的螺旋锥蝇,在做过不育处理之后,被空运到库拉索岛,从飞机上撒下去,每周每平方英里约投放四百只。

4、 Almost at once the number of egg masses deposited on experimental goats began to decrease , as did their fertility .

这里their fertility指the fertility of the egg masses

as did their fertility= just as the fertility of the egg masses began to decrease 译文:

在试验用的山羊身上产的卵块几乎立刻减少,其受精率亦下降。

5、Soon it was impossible to find a single egg mass , sterile or otherwise. Otherwise = or not

it 形式主语,翻译时可以省略,原文顺序不变。若直译,译文为: 不久,不可能找到卵块,无论是受精的,还是未受精的。 意译更好,译文:

过了不久,找不到卵块,无论是受精的,还是未受精的。

6、The resounding success of the Curacao experiment whetted the appetites of Florida livestock raisers for a similar feat that would relieve them of the scourge of screw- worms.

whetted the appetites of:激起...的兴趣 livestock raisers:牲畜饲养者

relieve ... of:使某人摆脱...,把某人从...中解脱出来 译文:

库拉索岛上的试验取得巨大的成功,引起了佛罗里达州牲畜饲养者的兴趣,他们也想以同样的办法消除螺旋锥蝇这一祸害。

7、The project involved the weekly production of about 50 million screw-worms at a specially constructed \to six hours daily, each plane carrying a thousand paper cartons, each carton containing 200 to 400 irradiated flies.

1) 注意这个长句的理解与翻译,首先分层理解,然后再用分译法翻译。

2) involved 后面跟两个平行的宾语:the weekly production of...和 the use of...。

3) each plane carrying a thousand paper cartons,和each carton containing 200 to 400 irradiated flies是两个独立主格结构作状语。这两个结构可以译成两个分句。

译文:

这项计划包括每周在专门建造的“蝇厂”生产大约五千万只螺旋锥蝇,用20架轻型飞机按照预定的航线每天飞行五六个小时,每架飞机运载纸盒1000个,每个纸盒装有经过辐射处理的螺旋锥蝇200--400只。

8、The cold winter of 1957-58, when freezing temperatures gripped northern Florida, gave an unexpected opportunity to start the program while the screw-worm populations were reduced and confined to a small area.

1) 时间作主语,并且主语里有一定语从句,这么长的主语,又表示时间,我们可以把这样的主语转译成时间状语,放在句首。

2) 这句里的被动结构可以译成主动结构。 译文:

1957年冬季,天气严寒,佛罗里达州北部地区气温骤然降到冰点,这就为开始进行这项计划提供了意外的好机会,因为这时螺旋锥蝇数量减少,而且集中在一个很小的地区。

9、In the few weeks several adults were taken in traps. Thereafter no trace of the screw-worm could be discovered.

1) 这里两个句子可以合并,译成一个汉语句子。 2) adults:可以根据上下文,译得更具体些:“成虫” 3) Thereafter:after that:从此以后

4) no trace of the screw-worm could be discovered.可以译成主动结构的无主句。 译文:

随后几周内又抓住了几只成虫,从此就再没有发现螺旋锥蝇的踪迹。

Exercise 24

中国海洋事业的发展 前言 一、解说

1、 海洋覆盖了地球表面的71%,是全球生命支持系统的一个基本组成部分,也是资源的宝库,环境的重要调节器。

1) 这是一个复句。汉语复句往往不用关联词,分句之间靠“意合法”。同时汉语动词没有英语动词那样的词形变化。复句里接二连三出现的动词从形式上看,都是等立的。翻译时,首先从逻辑上仔细分析,弄清个分句之间的关系,分清主要的信息是什么,然后按英语的习惯翻译。背景情况描述部分,一般应从属于结论部分。

2) 本句的第一分句应属于背景的描述,一般译成从句。后面部分属于观点、结论,因此译成主句。由于“也”字把前后面部分明显地分成两句,因此可以使用断句手法,把“也是”前面的逗号转译成句号。后面句子增加主语,由代词it代替“海洋”。

译文:

The ocean, which covers 71 per cent of the earth's surface, is a basic component of the global bio-support system. It is also a treasure house of resources and an important regulator of the environment.

2、 人类社会的发展必然会越来越多地依赖海洋。

“必然”是一个特殊的状语,修饰整个句子,在英语里,这样的状语多数情况下放在句首,因此可以译成:

Inevitably, the development of human society will come to depend more and more on the ocean.

或把这个副词转译成形容词,使用增词法,增加形式主语结构It is ... that ..., 本来的句子译成主语从句,由that引导,原文的副词转译成形容词作这个结构中的表语:

It is inevitable that the development of human society will come to depend more and more on the ocean.

3、 维护{联合国海洋法公约}确定的国际海洋法律原则,维护海洋健康,保护海洋环境,确保海洋资源的可持续利用和海上安全,已成为人类共同遵守的准则和共同担负的使命。

1) 原文四个平行的动宾结构作主语。英语中动词只有非谓语化后才能作主语,因此,本句只要简单地把四个动宾结构中的动词非谓语化即可。

2) 国际海洋法律原则:the principles of the international marine law 海洋资源的可持续利用:the sustainable utilization of marine resources 海上安全:maritime safety

遵守准则:to abide by common norms

担负共同的使命: to undertake a collective mission 3)“人类共同遵守的准则和共同担负的使命”是一个由两个偏正结构组成的并列结构。两个偏正结构的定语从句都可以译成定语从句,或译成不定式作定语,但两个副词“共同”都转译成形容词,修饰原文中的中心词。

译文:

Upholding the principles of the international marine law as defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, maintaining the wholesomeness of the oceans, protecting the marine environment and guaranteeing the sustainable utilization of marine resources and maritime safety have become common norms for all the people in the world to abide by, and a collective mission for all mankind to undertake.

4、 中国是一个发展中的沿海大国。中国高度重视海洋的开发和保护,把发展海洋事业作为国家发展战略,加强海洋综合管理,不断完善海洋法律制度,积极发展海洋科学技术和教育。

1) 第2句话,前面两个分句总说,后两个分句分述,因此可把总说部分断句译成独立一句。后面分述部分另译一句。

2) 第一句话,“中国是一个发展中的沿海大国。”起到后面几句话的背景作用,因此,可以与后一句话合成一句,成为后一句的一个从句或一个成分。

译文:

As a major developing country with a long coastline, China attaches great importance to marine development and protection, and takes it as the state's development strategy . It is constantly strengthening comhensive marine management, steadily improving its marine-related laws, and actively developing science, technology and education pertaining to the oceans.

5、 中国积极参与联合国系统的海洋事务,推进国家间和地区性海洋领域的合作,并认真履行自己承担的义务,为全球性洋开发和保护事业作出了积极贡献。

1) 这是一句先分述后总说的复句,翻译时可以在结尾处断句。又因分述部分具体说明总说部分的“作出了积极贡献”的途径,因此本句也可以译成一个简单句,把分述部分译成非谓语。“通过...方法”、“用...手段”,可以用介词by加动词现在分词来表达。译文:China has made positive contributions to international ocean development and protection by participating positively in UN marine affairs, promoting cooperation between countries and regions and conscientiously carrying out its obligations in this field.

2) “履行自己承担的义务”用增词法,增加in this field用于说明哪方面的“义务”。

第9章 Unit 9 Law

一、Environmental Law (Excerpt 2)

(一)解说:

1. Today concern for the environment extends into such areas as chemical pollution of the air

we breathe and the water we drink, strip mining, dam and road building, noise pollution, offshore oil drilling, nuclear energy, waste disposal, the use of aerosol cans and nonreturnable beverage containers and a host of other issues. 今天,环境问题已扩大到了下列领域:人们呼吸的空气和饮用的水之化学污染、露天采矿、堤坝和道路之修建、噪声污染、近海石油钻探、核能、三废处理、溶胶罐和不回收饮料容器之利用和一系列其它问题。“concern for the environment”原意是“对环境的关心”,此处译成“环境问题”更自然些。“extends into such areas as...”译为“扩大到了下列领域,如?”或“扩大到了下列领域:??”。“waste disposal”是“废物处理”的意思,但在环保领域中,我们习惯于称其为“三废处理”。“aerosol cans”的意思是“喷雾罐”。“aerosol”作名词时的意思是“substance (eg scent, paint, insecticide) sealed in a container under ssure, with a device for releasing it as a fine spray加压密封于容器中用喷雾装置释放出来的物质(如香水、颜料、杀虫剂);喷雾剂”。

2. In fact, there is hardly a realm of national life that is not touched by the controversy that often pits those who style themselves environmentalists against proponents of economic growth in our energy-consuming society. 事实上,国民生活的任何一个方面都涉及这样一种争议——这种争议往往使以环境论者自居的人同美国耗能社会经济增长主张者对立起来。“there is hardly a realm of national life that is not touched by...”采用了反译法。此处不翻译也可以,即译成“国民生活中几乎没有一个方面不涉及这样一种争议?”。“is not touched by...”这个被动语态在译文里只能处理成主动语态才符合汉语的表达习惯。“the controversy”成了“不涉及”的宾语,后面的定语从句内容用一个破折号引出,这样断句处理的话往往要再重复一下原文的先行词,作后一分句的主语,这是很常见的处理方法。“pit sb/sth against sb/sth”意为:test sb/sth in a struggle or competition with sb/sth使某人/某事物与他人/他某物较量。“style”在这里的意思是:design, shape or make (sth) in a particular style (esp. fashionable) 将(某物)设计、塑造成或制造成某种(尤指时新的)式样;以某称号称呼某人/自己。“style themselves environmentalists”就在“称自己为环境论者”。“proponent”意为:person who supports a cause, theory, etc(某事业、理论等的)支持者,拥护者,倡导者。

3. In many cases states have followed suit by setting their own tough standards of air, water and land use. 在许多情况下,各州也追随效尤,纷纷提出其对利用空气、水和土地的严格标准。 “by doing sth”是指通过某种方式来效仿。在翻译时采用了断句手法,整个介词短语成了一个并列的分句。

4. At every session of Congress and at most sessions of state legislatures new bills are brought forth, either to strengthen or weaken environmental standards, and hearings are held... 美国国会的每次会议和各州州议会的大多数会议上,都提出了许多不是要提高便是要降低环境标准的新议案;还举行了听证会,?

注意被动语态“new bills are brought forth”和“hearings are held”的译法。被动语态主动翻译的情况非常常见。这里还都是无主句。

5. ...in which groups with different interests battle through private lobbies, industrial associations, labor unions and citizens' organizations to effect the legislation to their liking. 会上不同利益的集团通过私人院外集团、工业联合会、工会和公民组织,使立法合自己的胃口。

“in which”引导定语从句,修饰先行词“hearings”。那么长的修饰语译成定语显然不合适,故在此断句,添加“会上”,承上启下。

“合自己的胃口”太口语化,是否考虑译成“对自己有利”。

二、Universal Copyright Convention (Excerpt 2)

(一)解说:

1. This Convention, which shall bear the date of 24 July 1971, shall be deposited with the Director-General and shall remain open for signature by all States party to the 1952 Convention for a period of 120 days after the date of this Convention. 本公约的修订日期为一九七一年七月二十四日,它应交由总干事保存,并应在上述日期起的一百二十天内向一九五二年公约的所有参加国开放签字。

“which shall bear the date of 24 July 1971”是个非限制性定语从句,其译文不一定非要放到修饰语之前。

“be deposited with sb”是“交由某人保管”的意思。

“party to sth”是个习语,意为:participate in参与。 “party to the 1952 Convention” 是个形容词短语,修饰“all States”。

2. It shall be subject to ratification or acceptance by the signatory States. 本公约须经各签字国批准或接受。

“ratification”来自于动词“ratify”意为:make (an agreement, a treaty, etc) officially valid, usu by signing it正式批准使(协议、条约等)正式生效(通常为经签署);正式批准。

“the signatory States”是复数,故译作“各签字国”。

3. Any State which has not signed this Convention may accede thereto. 未在本公约上签字的国家均可加入。“accede”意为:become a member of (an organization)加入。

4. Ratification, acceptance or accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument to that effect with the Director-General. 批准、接受或加入本公约须向总干事交存有关文件方为有效。“be effected”是“生效,有效”的意思。“the deposit of sth with sb”虽是名词短语,但为了通顺,译作动词短语“向某人交存某物”。“to that effect”指的是句首的“Ratification, acceptance or accession”,译作“有关的”。

5. This Convention shall come into force three months after the deposit of twelve instruments of ratification, acceptance or accession. 本公约将于交存十二份批准、接受或加入证书之后三个月生效。英文是“three months after...”,译作汉语时常说“?后三个月”,注意英汉语序上的不同。“come into force”是“生效”的意思。

6. Subsequently, this Convention shall come into force in respect of each State three months after that State has deposited its instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession. 本公约生效后,对于各个国家在其交存批准书、接受书或加入书后三个月生效。“Subsequently”意为:afterwards随后。这里指本公约生效后,故意译,因为直译成“随后”,不太正式。

7. Relations between States party to this Convention and States that are party only to the 1952 Convention, shall be governed by the 1952 Convention. 本公约成员国与只参加一九五二年公约的国家之间的关系,应服从一九五二年公约的规定。 有两个“party to”,前面一个译作“成员国”,后面一个译作“参加”,若都译作“参加”,感觉有点累赘。“govern”是“控制、管辖”的意思,在这里比较难译,意译成“服从?规定”,能够表达出确切含义。

8. However, any State party only to the 1952 Convention may, by a notification deposited with the Director-General, declare that it will admit the application of the 1971 Convention to works of its nationals or works first published in its territory by all States party to this convention. 但是,只参加一九五二年公约的任何国家,可向总干事交存通知书,宣布承认一九七一年公约适用于该国国民的作品和在该国首次出版的本公约签字国的作品。

“by a notification deposited with the Director-General”是个介词短语,表示通过某种方式。在译文里处理成一个动宾结构,更符合汉语表达方式。

同理,“admit”后面的名词短语也没有照译成名词短语,而是处理成一个从句。在翻译时跟据需要改变词性是很常见的。

9. Each Contracting State undertakes to adopt, in accordance with its Constitution, such measures as are necessary to ensure the application of this Convention. 缔约各国应根据其宪法采取必要措施确保本公约的实施。“in accordance with its Constitution”是个插入语,译的时候要放到“adopt采取”的前面才通顺。后面部分的语序也有适当调整。

10. It is understood that at the date this Convention comes into force in respect of any State, that State must be in a position under its domestic law to give effect to the terms of this Convention. 上款理解为:本公约在任何一缔约国生效时,该国应依照其国内法律使本公约各条款生效。

“It is understood that...”这个结构英文很简单,但要译成汉语就比较费劲。根据上下文的理解,此条款是进一步说明上一条款的内容。所以译作“上款理解为”,然后用一个冒号引出主语从句。

三、中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法(续)

(一)解说:

1. 合营企业的外籍职工的工资收入和其它正当收入,按中华人民共和国税法缴纳个人所得税后,可按外汇管理条例汇往国外。The wages, salaries or other legitimate income earned

by a foreign worker or staff member of an equity joint venture, after payment of the individual income tax under the tax laws of the People's Republic of China, may be remitted abroad in accordance with foreign exchange control regulations.

原文是“?工资收入”,译成英文时加了“...earned by...”比单纯用一个“of”结构更能表达修饰语与被修饰语之间的关系。

2. 合营企业的合营期限,按不同行业、不同情况,作不同的约定。Based on different lines of trade and different circumstances, arrangements for the duration of equity joint ventures may be made differently through agreement by the parties to the venture.

原文中“作不同的约定”这个动作不是“合营企业的合营期限”发出的,所以翻译时要特别注意。处理成被动语态是最佳方案,但是在主谓搭配上要重新调整。主语是“arrangements”,谓语动词就用“make”,因为make arrangements是个固定搭配。

另外“约定”内涵的表述,不光是“make arrangements”,而是在合营各方间所达成的一致意见,所以句末加了“through agreement by the parties to the venture”,这样意思就表达完整了。

3. 约定合营期限的合营企业,合营各方同意延长合营期限的,应在距合营期满六个月前向审查批准机关提出申请。Where an equity joint venture has had its duration specified and the parties to the venture agree to extend the duration, the venture shall file an application for the purpose with the examination and approval authorities six months before its expiration.

“where”是个连词,意为:(in) the place in which(在)?的地方。引导地点状语从句,表示“凡是这样的企业”。

“for the purpose”是根据需要添加的,以进一步明确为何提出申请。

4. 审查批准机关应自接到申请之日起一个月内决定批准或不批准。The examination and approval authorities shall, within one month after receipt of the application, decide on its approval or disapproval.

短语“decide on”意为:consider and come to a conclusion; make up one's mind考虑后作出决定;下决心。

例:After seeing all the candidates we've decided on this one.我们见的所有的候选人,决定选这位。

5. 合营企业如发生严重亏损、一方不履行合同和章程规定的义务、不可抗力等,经合营各方协商同意,报请审查批准机关批准,并向国家工商行政管理主管部门登记,可终止合同。In case of heavy losses, or of a party to perform its obligation under the contract and the articles of association, or, etc., the parties to the joint venture may, subject to their agreement through consultatin, approval of their report by the examination and approval authorities and registration with the State's competent department in charge of industry and commerce administration, terminate the contract.

原文“合营企业如发生严重亏损、一方不履行合同和章程规定的义务、不可抗力等”是个条件句,英文用一个介词短语“in case of...”译出,后跟三个并列的名词(短语),即:heavy losses、failure、force majeure,句子结构十分清晰。

后半句是无主句,译文不能没有主语,故把“合营各方”提出来作主语,符合原意。“subject to”后也跟了两个并列的名词:agreement和approval。

6. 合营各方发生纠纷,董事会不能协商解决时,由中国仲裁机构进行调解或仲裁,也可由合营各方协议在其它仲裁机构仲裁。Disputes arising between the parties to an equity joint venture which the board of directors has failed to settle through consultation may be settled through conciliation or arbitration by an arbitration agency of China or through arbitration by another arbitration agency agreed upon by the parties.

译文为了保持法律文书的严谨性,没有照搬原句结构,把前半部分译成时间状语从句,而是将其处理成一个“Disputes may be settled”这样一个主谓结构,其它都作为修饰成分或状语。

7. 本法自公布之日起生效。本法修改权属于全国人民代表大会。This Law shall enter into force as of the date of promulgation. The power to amend this Law shall be vested in the National People's Congress.

“as of”是美国英语,指某事物开始的时间或日期,英国英语是“as from”。 “promulgation”的动词形式是:promulgate,意为:announce officially (a decree, new

law, etc)公布,颁布(法令、新法律等)。

“vest”意为:give sth as a firm or legal right to sb/sth给予或赋予某人/某事物(合法权力)。此词常用于被动语态。

第10章 Unit 10 Speeches Exercise 28

Speech by President Nixon of the United States at Welcoming Banquet (Continued) 一、解说

1、翻译本练习时,要注意原文的语言特点,如重复、平行结构多,因此语言的韵律较好。译文要尽量体现这些语言风格。如:a. The world watches. The world listens. The world waits to see what we will do here. b. Neither of us seeks ?. Neither of us seeks ?. Neither of us seeks ?.等。

2、So, let us, in these five days, start a long march together, not in lockstep, but on different roads leading to the same goal, the goal of building a world structure of peace and justice in which all may stand together with equal dignity and in which each nation, large or small, has a right to determine its own form of government, free of outside interference or domination. 1)本句是一长句,需要进行分析句子结构,加以分层理解后再译。

the goal of building?到句末,是the same goal的同位语。有时同位语可以用前置法翻译,但较长的同位语一般按原来的顺序,断句翻译,适当地增词,如“是”、“就是”。

2)在这个同位语中,还有两个由in which引导的平行的非限制性定语从句,可以用断句手法,把它们与先行词a world structure分开翻译,增加“在这个世界结构中”。 译文:

因此,让我们在今后的五天里一起开始一次长征吧,不是在一起迈步,而是在不同的道路上向同一个目标前进。这个目标就是建立一个和平和正义的世界结构,在这个世界结构中,所有的人都可以在一起享有同等的尊严;每个国家,不论大小,都有权利决定它自己政府的形式,而不受外来的干涉或统治。

3、in a personal sense:从我个人的角度来说,就我个人而言

4、As I think of her, I think of all the children in the world, in Asia, in Africa, in Europe, in the Americas, most of whom were born since the date of the foundation of the People’s Re-public of China.

1) most of whom were born since the date of the foundation of the People’s Re-public of China 是非限制性定语从句,断句翻译。

2) since是“自从?以来”这里根据情景,翻译成“在?之后”更合适。 译文:

当我想到她的时候,我就想到全世界所有的儿童,亚洲、非洲、欧洲以及美洲的儿童,他们大多数都是在中华人民共和国成立以后出生的。

5、Are they destined to die for the hatreds which have plagued the old world, or are they destined to live because we had the vision to build a new world? 1)be destined to do:注定要做某事

2)the hatreds which have plagued the old world:所含的限制性定语从句可以用前置法翻译,译成:那些纷扰旧世界的仇恨。(plague:烦扰;使受苦) 3)注意本句原文的韵律,译文要增加一些词。 译文:

他们注定会因为那些纷扰旧世界的仇恨而死亡呢,还是会因为我们缔造崭新世界的远见而活下去呢?

6、Neither of us seeks the territory of the other; neither of us seeks domination over the other, neither of us seeks to stretch out our hands and rule the world. 1)注意把原文的韵律尽量翻译出来。

2)注意根据上下文理解原文中的seeks的意思,seek可以是“寻找”、“追求”等,此处的意思是“try to find or obtain”。同时注意seeks因与后面不同的词搭配,翻译时有所区别,可

用增词法翻译。

3)抽象名词domination转译为动词。 译文:

我们哪一方都不企图取得对方的领土;我们哪一方都不企图统治对方。我们哪一方都不企图伸出手去统治世界。

7、In that spirit, I ask all of you sent to join me in raising your glasses to Chairman Mao, to Prime Minister Chou, and to the friendship of the Chinese and American people which can lead to friendship and peace for all people in the world.

1) which can lead to friendship and peace for all people in the world修饰the friendship 2) drink to sb. 为?干杯。这里raising your glasses to?指“为?干杯” 3) lead to:导致。这里译为“带来”更好。 译文:

本着这种精神,我请求诸位同我一起举杯,为毛主席,为周总理,为能够给全世界所有人民带来友谊与和平的中国人民同美国人民之间的友谊干杯。

Exercise 29Speech by Former U.S. President Carter at Welcoming Banquet (Continued) 一、解说

1、I am most proud of the large number of Chinese students being educated in our country — now about 18000. 1)most = very

2) the large number of Chinese students being educated in our country是一个含有非谓语的短语,现在分词短语being educated in our country作定语,修饰Chinese students。相当于:who are educated in our country.汉语中没有动词的变位,因此要根据理解,把分词短语译成主谓结构。

3) 破折号后面的文字用于补充说明,可根据汉语的习惯插在适当的位置。 译文:

我感到十分自豪的是大量的中国学生——现在大约有18,000人——正在美国学习。 2、strategic relations:战略关系

3、As a private American citizen I recognize that many of the bur-dens and opportunities of our relationship have now passed to the non-governmental sectors of our two societies: to individuals, our corporations, universities, research institutes, foundations, and so on. 1)注意根据上下文理解原文中一些多义词的意思。 private:“私人的”、“私立的”、“私下的”、“非官职的”、“士兵的”。 这里指“非官职的”,因此译成“普通的”。 foundation:“基础”、“地基”、“建立|”、“基金”、“基金会”等,这里指“基金会”。 2)bur-dens:“负担”,这里译为“责任”或“任务”。

3)pass something to somebody:把某东西传递给某人,这里译为“转到?”。 译文:

作为一个普通的美国公民,我知道我们关系中的许多责任和机会现在已经转到了我们两个社会的民间部门,即转到了个人、公司、大学、研究机构、基金会等等。

4、In this context, it is important for our two societies to search for areas of cooperation which clearly add to our mutual benefit. 1)In this context :在这种情况下

to search for areas of cooperation:寻找合作领域 add to增加

mutual benefit(双方)共同的利益

2)it为形式主语,翻译时可以不译,把真实主语不定式提前译。 译文:

在这种情况下,我们两个社会应该寻求那些对我们两国确实互利的合作领域,这是很重要的。 3) 注意这里使用增词法,加“这是”,起到强调作用。

5、public health:公共卫生

Exercise 30增进相互了解 加强友好合作

---江泽民主席在美国哈佛大学的演讲 (一九九七年十一月一日) (摘录2) 一、解说

1. 政治词汇

改革开放 reform and opening-up 社会稳定 social stability 社会震动 social unrest

全面进步 an all-round progress

社会生产力 social productive forces

社会主义市场经济 a socialist market economy

科教兴国 rejuvenate China through science and education 依法治国 govern the country according to law

社会主义法治国家 a socialist country under the rule of law 加强民族团结 strengthen ethnic solidarity 祖国统一 national reunification

2. 近二十年的实践已充分证明,我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的,信念是坚定的,步骤是稳妥的,方式是渐进的,取得的成就是巨大的。

1) 原文中“我们进行改革开放”作定语,在译文中译成一个时间状语。 2) “证明”后面跟几个并列的判断句,主语分别是“方向”、“信念”、“步骤”、“方式”、“成就”,并列的结构使演讲很有力量。译文也要突出这个特点。用“we”作主语,用“in”引出介词宾语,这样译文也同样有力量。

译文:Practice in the last twenty years has eloquently proved that we are going in the right direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening-up and that we have achieved tremendous successes.

3. 虽然在前进中也遇到这样和那样一些困难和风险,但我们都顺利地解决了,不仅没有引起大的社会震动,而且极大地解放和发展了社会生产力,保持了社会稳定和全面进步。

1) 虽然在前进中也遇到这样和那样一些困难和风险,但我们都顺利地解决了: 这是一个主从句,可以译成一个简单句,因为原文中两个小句的宾语是相同的(“困难和风险”)。

2) “不仅没有引起大的社会震动,而且...”是“解决困难和风险”的结果,因此可以译成一个作状语的短语或结构。由于“而且极大地解放和发展了社会生产力,保持了社会稳定和全面进步。”比较长,可以用断句手法。

译文:

We have successfully overcome various difficulties and risks in the course of our advance without causing great social unrest. Rather, we have succeeded in greatly releasing and developing social productive forces and maintained social stability and an all-round progress.

4. 现在,我们正在满怀信心地全面推进改革。 “全面”原文里作副词,修饰“推进”,转译成形容词。 译文:

We are conducting a comhensive reform with full confidence.

5. 在经济上,要加快建立社会主义市场经济体制,实现工业化和经济的社会化、市场化、现代化;在政治上,要努力发展社会主义民主政治,依法治国,建设社会主义法治国家,保证人民充分行使管理国家和社会事务的权力;在文化上,要积极建设面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来的,民族的科学的大众的社会主义文化,实行科教兴国战略,不断提高全民族的思想道德素质和科学文化素质。

1) 原文是一个长句,由分号把每一层意思点断,分别从“经济”、“政治”、“文化”几方面讲。翻译时可把分号转译成句号,从而断句。

2) “建立社会主义市场经济体制”中的“体制”在本句中只是一个范畴词,没有实际的意义,译成英语时应省略。同样的道理,“社会主义民主政治”中的“政治”也应省略。

译文:

Economically, we will speed up the establishment of a socialist market economy and realize industrialization, and the socialization, marketization and modernization of the economy. Politically, we will endeavor to develop socialist democracy, govern the country according to law, build a socialist country under the rule of law and ensure the full exercise of people's rights to govern the country and manage social affairs. Culturally, we will work hard to develop a socialist culture that is national, scientific and popular, a culture that is oriented to modernization, to the world and to the future, adopt a strategy of rejuvenating China through science and education, and strive to raise the political and moral standards as well as scientific and cultural level of the entire nation.

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