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Reading Practice 1 93年 Passage 1

Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick Ⅱ in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent. All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected. Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.

Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about l, 000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.

Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern \bear\And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.

But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child , where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’ s babbling (咿呀学语) , grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.

21. The purpose of Frederick II’s experiment was _________ [A] to prove that children are born with the ability to speak

[B] to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech [C] to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak [D] to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language 22. The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that _________ [A] they are incapable of learning language rapidly [B] they are exposed to too much language at once

[C] their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak

[D] their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them

23. What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that __________ [A] he is born with the capacity to speak

[B] he has a brain more complex than an animal’s [C] he can produce his own sentences

[D] he owes his speech ability to good nursing

24. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage? [A] The faculty of speech is inborn in man.

[B] Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning. [C] The child’s brain is highly selective.

[D] Most children learn their language in definite stages.

25. If a child starts to speak later than others, he will ________

[A] have a high IQ [B] be less intelligent

[C] be insensitive to verbal signals [D] not necessarily be backward

Passage 2

In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic (官僚主义的) management in which man becomes a small , well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and \oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.

The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.

Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again---by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’ s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century \enterprise\capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist

industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities----those of love and of reason----are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.

26. By \that man is ______ [A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible [B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society

[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothly

[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly

27. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that _____ [A] they are likely to lose their jobs

[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life

[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence [D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence

28. From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those [A] who are at the bottom of the society

[B] who are higher up in their social status

[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors

[D] who could keep far away from this competitive world

29. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should [A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors [B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees [C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities [D] take the fundamental realities for granted

30. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ________

[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction [C] suspicion [D] tolerance

Passage 3

When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it. A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates.

Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.

The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’ s normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.

Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’ s right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.

Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most \ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new

technology, that makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear. 31. The passage is mainly about ________. [A] an approach to patents

[B] the application for patents [C] the use of patents [D] the access to patents

32. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

[A] When a patent becomes out of effect, it can be re-patented or extended if necessary.

[B] It is necessary for an inventor to apply for a patent before he makes his invention public. [C] A patent holder must publicize the details of his invention when its legal period is over.

[D] One can get all the details of a patented invention from a library attached to the patent office.

33. George Valensi’s patent lasted until 1971 because _________ [A] nobody would offer any reward for his patent prior to that time [B] his patent could not be put to use for an unusually long time [C] there were not enough TV stations to provide color programs [D] the color TV receiver was not available until that time

34. The word \[A] steal and use [B] give reward to [C] make public [D] take and change

35. From the passage we learn that _______.

[A] an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice

[B] products are actually inventions which were made a long time ago [C] it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one

[D] patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search through dead patents

Passage 1 [长难句精解]

1．What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern \结构分析：

整个句子的主语是What is special about man’s brain引导的是个主语从句, compared with that of the monkeys是个插入结构，单独处理，谓语是is，表语是the complex system，后面是which引导的定语从句，从句的谓语是动词短语enable(使)?to(能够去)，feel是个名词和前面的名词sight并列做connect的宾语。“say,”这个词语表示举例说明，相当于for example的意思。后面又用了一个动词短语connect A with B(把A和B联系起来)。 核心词汇： compared with(与?相比)；that做代词，指代前面的单数名词brain；enable?to?.；connect?.with； 参考译文：

与猴子的大脑相比，人脑的特殊之处在于这是一个复杂的系统，这个系统能够使孩子把看到和感受到的东西联系起来，比如说把一个玩具熊和“玩具熊”这个词的发音联系起来。

2．But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child , where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’ s babbling (咿呀学语) , grasping and smiling, and responds to them 结构分析：

整个句子是由and连接的两个并列句子。第一个句子But speech has to be induced很简单。第二个句子是由and连接的句子，其后面比较复杂，主谓是this depends on，宾语是interaction，后面跟了between the mother and the child做其后置定语。Where引导的定语从句修饰前面的名词短语的核心名词interaction，相当于in which的意思，定语从句里的主语是the mother, 谓语是两个并列的动词recognizes和responds to them，中间的babbling, grasping and smiling 是三个并列的动名词，做介词短语in the child’s 的宾语，但整个介词短语又做signals的后置定语。 核心词汇：

induce(诱导)；depend on(取决于)；respond to(对...做出反应) 参考译文：

但是说话需要得到诱导，而这取决于母亲与孩子之间的交流，在这种交流中，母亲要能辨认出她的孩子咿呀学语、抓握和微笑的信号，并且对这些信号做出反应。

答案解析

21．依据第一段最后一句话，得出[B]是正确答案。 22．依据第三段第二句的意思，确定[C]是正确答案。

23．依据第五段第三句，确定[C]是正确答案。原文中的even more incredible和题干中的exceptionally

remarkable是同义替换。

24．正确答案是[B]，从第五段的第一句可以得出[A]，从第五段的第二，第三句可以推断出[C]，尤其是是短文

中有pick out和selective近义。从第四段第一句的前一个分句可以推断出[D]，而且其中fixed一词与考题中 的definite近义。

25．从第四段第一句中的but可以推断出[D]是正确答案。

全文参考译文

就像食物一样，语言也会是人类的基本需求吗？在生命的关键时期，孩子如果没有语言就会饿死或者受到损害？从13世纪弗雷德雷克二世所作的那个强有力的实验来判断，这是有可能的。他当时希望能够发现孩子在没有听到任何母语的情况下，会说什么语言，因此他嘱咐护士们都保持沉默。

所有参加试验的婴儿在第一年都死了。然而，显而易见，除了缺少语言之外还有更多的原因，那就是缺少良好的母亲抚养。如果没有母亲的照料，初始的生命特别是在第一年的生存能力将受到严重影响。 现在，已经不存在弗雷德雷克所人为制造的的那种严重的语言缺乏的情况了。尽管如此，一些孩子在语言表达能力方面的发展仍然滞后。通常，发生这种情况的原因是因为孩子的母亲对婴儿发出的信号不够敏感、，而婴儿的大脑天生在这个时候能够很快地学习语言。如果这些敏感期被忽略掉，那么获得语言技能的理想时间就错过了，而这些技能可能再也无法如此容易地学会。鸟儿在合适的时期学会唱歌和飞翔，但是一旦这些关键时期过去之后，这种学习进程就会变得缓慢和艰难。

专家们指出，人类语言的阶段往往是通过一个固定的顺序和一个恒定的年龄来达到的，但却存在有一些特例，有些孩子掌握语言能力的时期较晚，但最后却变成了高智商的人。婴儿在12周的时候就会微笑和发出像元音一样的声音；12个月大时他就能说些简单的单词和理解一些简单的要求。8个月大的孩子的词汇量就会达到3至50个词语。3岁的孩子就能够掌握约1000个词并且能够用这些词语组成句子，4岁大的孩子的语言和父母在语法上基本没有差别，而只是他们的语言风格不一样。

近来的证据表明，婴儿天生就有说话能力。与猴子的大脑相比，人脑的特殊之处在于人脑一个复杂的系统，能够使孩子把看到和感受到的东西联系起来，比如说，把一个玩具熊和“玩具熊”这个词的发音联系起来。更加难以置信的是，婴儿的大脑能够从他听到的周围各种声音中找到语言的顺序，并对其进行分析，从而把这种语言以新的方式进行组合和重新组合。

但是说话需要诱导，这又取决于母亲与孩子之间的交流，在这种交流中母亲要能辨认出她孩子咿呀学语、抓握和微笑中所传递的信号，并且对这些信号做出反应。如果母亲对这些信号不敏感，那么母婴交流就会变得无趣，因为孩子得不到鼓励，就只会发出一些明显的信号。对孩子非语言信号的敏感度对语言的发展至关重要。

Passage 2 长难句精解 3．The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and \alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. 结构分析：

本句分为两个部分，以分号隔开，英语里的分号相当于汉语的句号。第一个分句的主语是the oiling 这个动名词，谓语是is done，后面接了两个并列的介词with和by做状语，

起到补充说明的作用。第二个句子是用yet引导的让步状语从句，主语是all this oiling，谓语是does not alter，宾语是the fact，其后接了三个用that引导的并列同位语从句。 核心词汇：

participate in参加/参与；be bored with(对?.感到厌烦) 参考译文：

小齿轮的润滑是通过高薪、通风良好的厂房、管乐及心理学家和人际关系专家来进行的。然而，这种润滑并未改变这样一个事实，即人已变得无能为力，不再全心全意投入工作，并对工作感到厌烦。

4．I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities--those of love and of reason---are the aims of all social arrangements. 结构分析：

这个句子的主谓很简单，是I suggest，宾语是动名词transforming our social system，后面又接了固定短语from(从)?into(成为)，因此主体句式可以理解为：I suggest transforming out social system from ? into ?。介词from后面接了一个名词

industrialism做宾语，其后又接了in which引导的定语从句，在定语从句里，maximal production and consumption做主语，介词into后面接了a humanist industrialism做其宾语，in which引导的是个定语从句，在这个定语从句里，man and full development of his potentialities做主语，其后用了一个插入成分，做补充说明。在这个插入结构里用了一个代词those，指代前面出现的名词potentialities。 核心词汇：

bureaucratically managed属于“副词+过去分词”，构成一个复合形容词，可以作前置定语，修饰后面的名词，比如 well informed man(消息灵通的人)；constantly applied efforts(不断做出的努力)；ends(目的)，常和to连用，to the end of(为了)，to this end(为了这个目的)；humanist(人文主义者)； 参考译文：

我建议把我们的社会制度从一个本身以最大限度生产和消费为目的的官僚主义管理工业体制变成一个充分发挥人的潜能——如爱和理性的潜能——为目的的人道主义工业体制。

答案解析

26．第一段中说到人已成为a small, well-oiled cog in the

machine?.powerless?.economic puppets等关键词语，所以[C]是正确答案。

27．第二段第一句话的得二个分句和第二句，以及第三段中的第六句的the right mixture of submissiveness and independence等是选[D]的依据。 28．第三段最后一句是选[D]的依据。 29．第四段第四句I suggest transforming?into?中的into后面的部分是选[C]的依据。 30．全文的中心思想是作者对官僚主义管理下的当今社会不给人以独立性和个性发展的机会表示不满。 参考译文

一般说来，我们的社会正在变成一个由官僚主义管理方式来统治的大企业。在这一企业中，人成了机器中润滑良好的小齿轮。小齿轮的润滑是通过高薪、通风良好的厂房、管

乐及心理学家和人际关系专家来进行的。然而，这种润滑并未改变这样一个事实，即人已变得无能为力，不再全心全意投入工作，并对工作感到厌烦。事实上，蓝领和白领工人已经成了伴随自动化机器和官僚主义管理方式的节奏而翩翩起舞的经济玩偶。

工人与雇员心情焦虑，这不仅仅是因为他们可能失业，而且因为他们不能在生活中获得真正的满足和兴趣。作为情感上与智力上独立的、具有创造性的人，他们一生没有去面对人类生存中的一些根本现实。

那些位于高层社会的人们也同样地忧虑。他们的生活同其下属一样空虚。在某些方面，他们更觉得不安全，因为他们就像在参加一场竞争激烈的比赛。提拔或落伍不是薪水的问题，而更多的是一个人的自尊问题。他们申请第一份工作时，不仅会受到智力测验，而且也会接受综合考察其顺从性和独立性的严格测验。自那时起，他们就不断受到心理学家和上司的测验。对心理学家而言，测验是他们的生财之道。上司则通过测验用来判断下属的行为、社交能力及与人交往的能力等。这种不断要去证明自己与竞争对手一样优秀或者比对手更优秀的需使他们不断地产生忧虑和压力，而这正是痛苦和疾病的起因。

我是否在建议我们应回到工业化前的生产模式或回到十九世纪“自由企业”资本主义时期呢？当然不是。回到人们已经过去的时代从来不能解决问题。我建议把我们的社会制度从一个以最大限度生产和消费为目的的官僚主义管理工业体制变成一个充分发挥人的潜能——如爱和理性的潜能——为目的的人道主义工业体制。生产和消费只能作为达到这一目的的手段，而且要防止它们来控制人类。

Passage 3 长难句精解

5．A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates. 结构分析：

本句的主语是A granted patent，谓语是is，表语是the result of a bargain，后面又接了一个动词过去分词struck between an inventor and the state做后置定语，修饰前面的名词bargain。By which引导的是个定语从句，修饰前面的名词bargain（交易），在定语从句里，the inventor做主语，gets?and publishes做并列谓语，连词after引导的是个时间状语从句。that做形容词，修饰后面的名词period，翻译成“那个的”。 核心词汇：strike a bargain(达成一桩交易)，strike a balance(达到平衡)；terminate(终止)

参考译文：

专利的授予是发明者和国家之间达成一种协定的结果。根据这种协定，发明者对自己的发明可获得一定时期的垄断权，垄断期结束后，就要把该项发明的全部细节公布于众。 6．Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events. 结构分析：

本句是由only+介词短语做状语所引导的一个倒装结构，它要求倒装的条件时要把它放在句首。正常语序是The lifespan of a patent is extended to alter this normal process of events only in the most exceptional circumstances.

参考译文：只有在极为特殊的情况下，才会延长专利期限来改变这一正常事件的过程。 7．Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions

of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. 结构分析：

本句是个because引导的原因状语从句，after it has terminated引导的是个状语从句，attached to the patent office做后置定语，限定前面的名词主语the shelves of the library，谓语contain，宾语是details of literally millions of ideas，后面接了个that引导的定语从句，限定前面的名词ideas，连词and连接的是两个动词谓语are和even re-patent，中间if older than half a century是个插入结构，起到补充说明的作用。 核心词汇：be attached to(附属于，爱上某人) middle school attached to Peking University(北大附中) 参考译文：

因为一项专利到期后，该专利就永久公开了，所以专利局档案馆的书架上拥有数百万个观点的具体细节，而且任何人都可免费使用，如果这些观点超过半个世纪，有时甚至还要重新申请专利。

8．Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’ s right is to plagiarize a dead patent. 结构分析：

本句基本结构可以这样来理解：patent experts ?advise anyone?.that(宾语从句)。动词advise后面接的代词anyone做其宾语，anyone后面用了现在分词wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents做后置定语，that引导的是个宾语从句，在从句里，主语是the one sure way ，介词of avoiding violation of any other inventor’s right做后置定语，修饰前面的名词way。

核心词汇：advise sb. to do sth(建议某人做某事) ；advise sb. that(向某人建议)；live(有效的，活着的，现场直播的)； 参考译文：

的确，专利专家们常对希望开发有效专利而又想避免高额费用的人提出建议，一个避免侵犯他人专利权的有效方法就是使用过期专利。

9．It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. 结构分析：

本句是个由It is?.that 引导的强调句型。强调的是句子的主语部分。主语的核心词是reduction，后面接了由either through? or through引导的两个并列结构。

核心词汇：reduction to是由动词短语be reduced to(沦为，变成为，被迫干)转化而来的名词短语，所以reduction to应该翻译成“变成为”的意思。Either?or?(或者，或者；要么，要么) 参考译文：

要么通过把握时代的需求，乐于奉献，要么通过不断得到新技术，专利才能变成商业实践，从而实现名利双收。 答案解析

31．本篇文章的中心是有关走捷径获得专利----抄袭过期的专利，省钱省力。第五段是本文的中心，也是选[D]的依据。 32．第二段是选[C]的依据。

33．第四段是选[B]的依据。 34．不花钱，又不侵权而获得专利的捷径就是盗用(plagiarize)过期的专利(dead patent)，因此该词义的意思就是steal and use。 35．第六段第二句是选[A]的依据。 参考译文

当创造出一项发明时，发明者可以采取三种可能的行动方案：他可以通过出版把发明成果公布于世，也可以对其发明保密，或对发明申请专利。

专利的授予是发明者和国家之间达成一种协定的结果。根据这种协定，发明者对自己的发明可获得一定时期的垄断权，垄断期结束后，就要把该项发明的全部细节公布于众。 只有在极为特殊的情况下，才会延长专利期限来改变这一正常事件的过程。乔治?瓦伦西得到了延长时间最长的专利批准。他于1939年获准的彩电接收机线路的专利一直延续到1971年，因为在这项专利的大部分期限内当时没有彩色电视节目可以接收，因此这项专利也无望得到回报。

因为一项专利到期后，该专利就永久公开了，所以专利局档案馆的书架上拥有数百万个观点的具体细节，而且任何人都可免费使用，如果这些观点超过半个世纪，有时甚至还要重新申请专利。的确，专利专家们常对希望开发有效专利而又想避免高额费用的人提出建议，一个避免侵犯他人专利权的有效方法就是使用过期专利。同样，因为用任何其他方式公布一种观点都会使该观点永久失效，所以传统上，从其他印刷材料领域来使用观点是安全的。许多现代技术的发展都是基于这些法律安全的考虑。

任何与专利及发明密切相关的人很快会得知，多数新的观点事实上已相当陈旧。只有把握时代的需求，锐意进取，跟上新技术的步伐，专利才能变成商业实践，从而实现名利双收。用磁录音这一理论的最初专利始于1886年。电视生成原理的许多原创思路都始于19世纪后期和20世纪初。甚至1904年马在车后的马车专利已经预见到了发动机后置的德国“大众”轿车的出现。

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