第二章 英汉语言比较

五.翻译练习True Lies A World without Thieves The Dream Factory Shawshank Redemption

Six of one and half a dozen of the other 半斤八两 隔墙有耳 Walls have ears. 鱼米之乡 a land of milk and honey 白马王子、梦中情人 Mr./Mrs. Right; Prince Charming Rob Peter to pay Paul 拆东墙补西墙

I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age. 直：我把青春献给海洋，我回家的时候便 把老年给了我的妻子。 意：我把青春献给海洋，等我回到家里见 到妻子的时候，已经是白发苍苍。 少时海为家，归乡两鬓斑。 青春献海洋，暮年伴我妻。

Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate. 直：砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使 社会问题烟消云散。 意：逃避并不能解决实际问题。

第二章 英汉语言比较

English belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family(印欧语系). Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family(汉藏语系). It is well known that English has the richest vocabulary of any European language. On the basis of Angles’ language (Anglo-Saxon), English was built by absorbing words in various languages.

Vocabulary 在英语史上，英语吸收了大量其他语言的词汇， 在英语史上，英语吸收了大量其他语言的词汇，加上英语本 身就具有很多同义词。英语中的同义词和近义词很多， 身就具有很多同义词。英语中的同义词和近义词很多，一词 多义(polysemy)的现象很普遍： 的现象很普遍： 多义 的现象很普遍 a soft pillow case. a soft aboveground launching site. The record has been considered soft ever since it was set last May. Marijuana is usually regarded as a soft drug. At this stage there is only soft intelligence about the enemy intention. We should not shoot him from the hip. 2. 汉语的一词多义现象：以“地”为例 汉语的一词多义现象： 词语： 词语：地方 地步 地球 地势 地位 地头蛇 地震 地狱 地域 天地 词组或成语： 词组或成语：天长地久 天翻地覆 天罗地网 不败之地

CollocationTo cut wheat To cut cake To cut finger-nails He wore dark glasses, thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool. 他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里面塞了棉花。 But his attack was always repulsed by a kick or a blow from a stick. 但是他每冲一次，不是让人一脚踢了回去，就是让人 棍子打了回去。

Word Order 1.定语的位置 汉语的定语通常在所修饰名词前面；英语中单词作定语多 放在名词前面，短语作定语多后置。 A research-oriented hospital;something important; a candidate with little chance of success. 2.状语的位置 (1)单词作状语：常放在所修饰的形容词和动词前面。 (2)短语作状语：英语中短语作状语，可放在修饰动词之 前

或之后；译成汉语时，大多数放在动词前面，也可放在后 面。. 3.复合句中的逻辑顺序 (1).时间先后顺序. He was born in London on May 27,1923 (2).因果、条件关系

Differences in Sentence Structure (1)英语句子重形合，汉语句子重意合. Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill. 车未停稳，请勿下车(原句用before 将两个分句 连成一个复合句 译文分成两个小短句。) (2)英语句子重心在前，汉语句子重心在后。 I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. 由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样愉快的重新进 行这次访问，这使我感到特别高兴。

1、不完全对应 eat与汉语的“吃”:

Vocabulary

feed,consume,prey,graze,peck,pick 吃不开(be unpopular),吃不消(be unable to stand),吃醋 (be jealous),吃苦(bear hardships),吃亏(suffer losses; be at a disadvantage),吃一堑，长一智(a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit) )。Morning,marriage 2、固定搭配的语义差异 努力学习(work hard)不是(learn/ study hard); 半年six months,不常用half a year; 学知识gain/ acquire knowledge,不是learn knowledge。

3、汉语词典含义与英语习惯表达之间的 差异儿童票价减半 误：children’s fare reduced by half 正：half-price fare for children 一次专访 误：a special visit 正：an exclusive interview

必须引起密切注意 误：must cause close attention 正：require immediate attention 身体状况良好 误：good body condition 正：in good shape

走错了路

on the wrong road 正：be on the wrong track

误：walk

4、数词的语用含义差异一目了然 see with half an eye 一模一样 as alike as two peas 三言两语 in a few words; in one or two words 三心二意 to be in two minds 三思而后行 look before you leap 三三两两 by ones and twos 四面八方 all directions; all around; all quarters; far and near 七嘴八舌 all talking at once 半斤八两 six of one and half-a-dozen of the other 十之八九 ten to one 十全十美 be perfect in every way; be out of this world; to the nines

Quiz: talk along parallel lines “谈不到一块儿”、“各持己见” 、“意见不一致”; “英雄所见略同” familiar talk 熟悉的交谈 庸俗的交谈 goldbrick ≠金锭 懒汉，赝品 大忙人 ≠busybody busy bee 自食其言 ≠to eat one’s own words. to go back on one’s words

英汉两种语言的差异1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

直线型与螺旋型 分析型与综合型 抽象型与形象型 客观性与主观性 前重心与后重心 竹节句法与流水句法 理性型与绘画型

张衡还创造了世界上第一台观测气象的仪 器——候风仪anemograph 。他还制作了已 经失传的指南车。这种车不管怎么转弯，车 上的木制小人总是把

手臂指向南方。 Zhang Heng also created the world's first meteorological instrument —— anemograph. He made a pointing-south cart with a wooden figure always pointing southward no matter what direction the cart was moving in. The cart has since been lost.

一、直线型与螺旋型英语是典型的“直线型”思维，而汉语则是 典型的“螺旋型”思维。因此，英语里习惯 于直切主题，不拐弯抹角。而汉语则不同， 中国人常常要在点题之前作充分准备，最后 才把重点讲出来。英语里很喜欢使用现有理 论作演绎推理，而汉语里更喜欢归纳式讨论， 即先罗列现象或先摆出具体的事实再作抽象 总结。

①Time is an equal opportunity employer. ② Each human being has exactly the same number of hours and minutes every day. ③Rich people can’t buy more hours. ④Scientists can’t invent new minutes. ⑤And you can’t save time to spend it on another day. ②每个人每天所拥有的小时数和分钟数完全 相同，③富人不可能购买更多的小时，④科 学家也不能发明新的分钟，⑤并且你还不能 把时间留到另一天用，所以说，①时间是机 会均等的雇主。

二、分析型与综合型英语民族偏爱分析型思维，其思维方式是部分优先, 所以英语的句子特别注重形式上的完整及各部分之 间的关系在形式上的体现。而中国人偏好综合型思 维，其思维方式是整体优先, 即重整体轻分解, 善于 简洁含蓄地解释事物整体而不善于分析事物的内部 结构,所以汉语句子更注重整体表达效果，对形式上 的完整及各部分之间的关系是否严谨并不十分重视, 词和句子的意义常靠前后左右综合的意义网来理解。

①As it is too late for you to go home now, you had better stay overnight at this place. (as表明 主从句的因果关系) 现在回家太晚，你最好在这儿住一晚。(因果 关系靠内在逻辑关系来理解) ②天长地久有时尽，此恨绵绵无绝期。(白居 易)(注重整体表达效果，转折关系没有明 示) The eternal universe sometimes comes to an end, but my unceasing complaint knows no limit. (增加连词but,明确转折关系)

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