高三语法总结 - 图文

高三语法复习内容

语法复习一：句子成分 语法复习二、主谓一致 语法复习三：名词性从句 语法复习四：定语从句

语法复习五：强调句、It的用法、省略和插入语 语法复习六：状语从句 语法复习七：倒装句 语法复习八：动词时态和语态 语法复习九：非谓语动词

语法复习十：动词的语气——虚拟语气 语法复习十一：助动词与情态动词

语法复习一：句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句

一、句子成分

（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。

（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：

During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）

We often speak English in class.（代词）

One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）

The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）

When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）

It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）

（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. （四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词）

The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词）

Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式）

His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词）

The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）

（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）

The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）

They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）

I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.

（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾

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语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：

His father named him Dongming.（名词） They painted their boat white.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词） You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）

（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：

Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）

China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）

Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）

（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：

Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）

He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination（.不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下：

How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）

Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）

She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）

In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语）

练习一

一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：

1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.

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10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English. 14. Do you have anything else to say? 15. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet. 二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（—）、谓语（＝）、宾语（～）：

I hope you are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.

三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（—）、状语（＝）、补语（～）：

Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. It's great! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents.

四、选择填空：

( )1. ____ will leave for Beijing.

A. Now there the man B. The man here now C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now ( ) 2. The weather ____.

A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold ( ) 3. The apple tasted ____.

A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet ( ) 4. He got up ____ yesterday morning.

A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter ( )5. The actor ______at the age of 70.

A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded ( )6. ____ were all very tired, but none of ____ would stop to take a rest.

A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we ( )7. He found the street much ______.

A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly ( ) 8.I think _____necessary to learn English well.

A. its B. it C. that D. that is ( ) 9. The dog ____ mad.

A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked ( )10.I will never forget the day ______ I joined the army.

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A. that B. when C. in which D. where

二、简单句、并列句和复合句

（一）句子种类两种分类法

1、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she?

3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! 2、按句子的结构可分三种：

1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。 e.g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。

3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。

e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. （二）简单句的五种基本句型

1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student. 2、主语+不及物动词：e.g. We work.

3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary. 4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car. 5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh. 注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。

（三）并列句的分类

1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John. 2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train. 3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.

（四）高考考点探讨

1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。

2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。

3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。

4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用一般式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。 如：We will go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow。

练习二、简单句、并列句和复合句

一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：

1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?

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4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.

6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. 8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it? 9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree. 10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.

二、判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句：

I hope you are very well（ ）. I'm fine, but tired（ ）. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm（ ）. August is the hottest month here（ ）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（ ） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（ ）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（ ）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（ ）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（ ）. But he employs more men for the harvest（ ）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（ ）. It doesn't often rain in the summer here（ ）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（ ）. Every evening we pump water from a well（ ）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（ ）.

Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（ ）. These parties often make us very happy（ ）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（ ）. It's great（ ）! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion（ ）. Some of my friends drink beer（ ）. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party（ ）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（ ）. There are five different time areas in the States（ ）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（ ）. How many different time areas do you have in China（ ）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（ ）. Please give my best regards to your parents（ ）. 三、选择填空：

1. Give me one more minute ____ I’ll be able to finish it. A. and B. or C. if D. so 2. It’s the third time that John has been late, ____? A. hasn’t he B. isn’t he C. isn’t it D. hasn’t it 3. ____ joyful he was to meet his brother again! A. How B. What C. What a D. What an 4. Let us pass, ____? A. shan’t we B. shall we C. won’t we D. will you 5. I suppose he’s serious, ____ ? A. do I B. don’t I C. is he D. isn’t he 6. You had better not smoke here, ____? A. will you B. had you C. shall you D. have you 7. Train as hard as you can ____ you’ll win the swimming competition. A. then B. but C. and D. or

8. I’m sorry to have to say this, ____ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night. A. and B. but C. so D. because 9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and ____. A. Henry hasn’t too B. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry 10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, ____ others enjoy swimming. A. or B. for C. while D. so 11. ---- Do you feel like going out ____ would you rather have dinner at home? ---- I’d like to go out. A. or B. and C. but D. so 12. ---- ―____ is the temperature today?‖ ----―It’s 38 degrees.‖ A. Which B. How C. How hot D. How high 13. ---- Your uncle isn’t an engineer, is he? ---- ____. A. Yes, he isn’t B. No, he isn’t C. No, he is D. He is 14. ____ friendly ____ to everyone!

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A. How, is she B. What, is she C. How, she is D. What, she is 15. Mary went to bed early, ____ she felt very tired. A. or B. so C. for D. yet 16. Mother ____ a dress when she cut her finger. A. was making B. makes C. is making D. made 17. He lay in bed ____ read something borrowed from library. A. but B. and C. or D. yet 18. ---- I’d really like some lunch but I have so much work to do. ---- ____ what you want and I can get it for you. A. Tell me B. If you would say to me C. You will tell me D. If you tell me 19. As he is strong, ____ can lift one hundred pounds. A. yet he B. but he C. and D. he 20. ---- I thought you had an umbrella. ---- I had, ____ I’ve lost it. A. since B. but C. because D. so 21. ____ down the radio ---- the baby’s asleep in the next room. A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn 22. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ fish. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ I like fish very much. A. and, and B. and, but C. or, and D. or, but 23. ---- Would you like to come to dinner tonight? ---- I’d like to, ____ I’m too busy. A. and B. so C. as D. but 24. Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away? A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise 25. She set out soon after dark ____ home an hour later. A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived 26. ―Can’t you read?‖ Mary said ____ to the notice. A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointed 27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter. A. whom B. where C. which D. while 28. ____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do. A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave 29. ---- Alice, you feed the bird today, ____? ---- But I fed it yesterday. A. do you B. will you C. didn’t you D. don’t you 30. ____ him and then try to copy what he does. A. Mind B. Glance at C. Stare at D. Watch 四、按要求完成下列句子：

1. He dares to tell the truth.（改为否定句）

2. They have lived here for more than ten years.（对画线部分提问）

3. There will be a sports meet at the end of this month, ____________?（完成反意疑问）

4. You must be careful with your pronunciation.（改为祈使句）

5. They went for a walk after supper yesterday evening.(改为一般疑问句)

6. It is an interesting story.（改为感叹句）

7. This magazine comes out（出版）every other week.（对画线部分提问）

8. They could hardly believe his words, ____________?（完成反意疑问）

9. The moon is shining brightly.（改为感叹句）

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10.Our English teacher is always encouraging us to speak English in class. （对画线部分提问）

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语法复习二、主谓一致

在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。

（一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。 1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you. 2、由连接词and或both … and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. 注意：① 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / ② 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room.. / No boy and no girl likes it. 3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall. 4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. 注意：① 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. ② 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America. 5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. 6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注意：people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child. 7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls. 注意：1） a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“…的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。

2） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持

一致。

Most of his money is spent on books.

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.

3） 在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由

more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。

Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。

8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.

（二）逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单

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数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。 1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing. 2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式， 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如： ―The Arabian Nights‖is an interesting story-book. 4、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table. 5、算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven. 6、一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn’t easy to study. 7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 8、“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。 （三）就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。 1、当两个主语由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right? 2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room..注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。

练习：主谓一致

1.I, who____ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English.

A.am B.is C.are D.be 2. The rich ____ not always happy.

A.are B.is C.has D.have 3. Neither Tom nor Jack and I ____ his students. A.are B.am C.is D.was

4. Mary as well as her sisters ____ Chinese in China. A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study

5. Neither my father nor I ____ at home.

A.am B.is C.are D.be

6. Not only my brother but also I ____ good at painting. Both of us ____ good painters., A.are;are B.am;am C.a没;are D.is;is

7. Every' boy and every girl ____ to attend the evening party. A.wish B.wishes C.is like D.like

8. Over 80 percent of the population of China ____ peasants. A.was B.is C. would be D.are

9. The population of China ____ larger than that of .any other country in the world. A.is B.are C.has D.have 10. Every means ____ tried but without any result.

A. have been B.is to be C.are to be D. has been 11. Alice, together with two boys,____ for having broken the rule.

A. was punished B. punished C. were punished D. being punished

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12. The League secretary and the monitor____ asked to attend the .meeting this afternoon. A.is B.was C.are D.is being 13. The great writer and professor____.

A. is an old man B. are both old men C. is an old man and a young man D. were two Chinese 14. There ____ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk. A.are B.is C.has D.have

15. A large number of students in our class____ girls. A. are B. was C. is D. be

16. The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses ____ much if people leave things as they are. A. doesn' t change B.don't change C.change D.changed 17. The Arabian Nights ____ well known to the English. A. is B. are C. was D. were 18. Chairman Mao' s works ____ published.

A. has been B.have been C.was D.is 19. A chemical works____ built there.

A. is to being B.have been C. were to D.has been

20. The Olympic Games ____ held every ____ years.

A.is;four B.are;four C.is;five D.are;five

21 .The United States of America one of the most developed countries in the world. A.is B.are C.was D.were

22.He is the only one of the students who ____ elected. A. are B.have C.has D.is

23.This is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked. A.have B.has C. have been D.has been 24.Many a man ____ come to help us. A.have B.has C.is D.are

25.\A.is;is B.are;are C.are;is D.is;are

26. The police ____ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.

A. is searching for B. were searching for C. are searching for D. were searching 27.Your trousers____ dirty.You must have____ washed. A.is;il B.are;it C.are;them D.is;them 28.This pair of trousers ____ too long for him. A.is B.be C.are D.were 29. One and a half bananas ____ left on the table. A.is B.are C.has D.have 30. Eight times eight ____ sixty - four.

A.is B.are C.get D.equal

31 .Ten minutes____ an hour when one is waiting for a phone call. A.seems B.seem C.seemed D.seemes 32.____of the money____ run out.

A. Three-fifth; has B. Three-fifth; has been C. Three-fifths; has D. Three-fifths; have 33. The whole class ____ the teacher attentively.

A. are listening to B. is listening to C.are listening D. is listening 34.1 have finished a large part of the book, the rest of which___ more difficult.

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A.is B.are C.was D.were

35. Between the two rows of trees ____ the teaching building. A.stand B.stands C. standing D.are 36. Large quantities of water ____ for irrigation. A. is needed B. has -needed C. are needed D. need

37. That they were wrong in these matters ____ now clear to us all. A. is B.was C.are D.all 38.What we need____ good textbooks.

A.is B.are C.have D.has

39. What you said just now____ the matter we are discussing.

A.have something to at B. has something to do with C.had something to do with D.has been something to do with 40. More than one member ____ against the plan. A. is B.are C.has D.have

41. When and where to build the new factory ____ yet.

A. has not decided B. is not decided C. are not decided D. have not decided 42. Half of the fruit ____ bad.

A. are B. has C. is D. have

43. ____ either of your parents come to see you recently? A. Have B. Had C. Has D. Is 44. Mathematics ____ the language of science. A. are B. are going to be C. is D. is to be 45. My family ____ small. A. is B. were C. are D. makes

46. The following ____ some other examples. A. are B. is C. was D. were

47. They both have some friends; but his ____ more active. A. is B. will be C. was D. are 48. Both rice and wheat ____ grown in that country. A. is B. are C. was D. has

49. Early to bed and early to rise ____ a good habit. A. are B. is C. were D. was

50. To play basketball and to go swimming ____ useful for character-training. A. was B. is C. are D. were

51. Either he or I ____ to attend the meeting this evening. A. is B. am C. are D. be

52. ____ either he or I to attend the meeting this evening. A. Is B. Am C.Are D. Be

53. An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, ____ to be built here. A. are B. were C. is D. will

54. She as well as her brother ____ a League member. A. are B. were C. will D. is

55. His family ____ a big one. Now the family ____ watching TV. A. is, are B. are, is C. is, is D. are, are

56. It is I who ____ going to attend the meeting tomorrow. A. is B. am C. are D. be

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57. More than 60% of the students ____ the countryside. A. is B. are C. is from D. are from 58. Many a man ____ the novel.

A. has read B. have read C. is read D. are read

59. Tom is the only one of the students who ____ going to swim this afternoon. A. is B. was C. are D. were

60. Here ____ a pen, a few pencils and some paper for you. A. are B. is C. was D. were

61.Listening to loud music at rock concerts caused hearing loss in some teenagers. （10湖南） A. is B. are C.has D. have

62. Such poets as Shakespeare widely read，of whose works，however，some difficult to understand．（10四川）

A．are；are B．is；is C．are；is D．is：are

63. .Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who________evening dress. （10全国Ⅱ） A.wear B.wears C.has worn D.have worn

语法复习三：名词性从句

定义：在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。

名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 主语: His job is important

What he does is important. 表语: This is his job.

This is what he does every day.

My idea is that we should help her do housework everyday.

名词性从句 在复合句中能担任: 主语、宾语(介词宾语)、表语、同位语， 因此,根据它在句中不同的语法功能，可分为:

主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

注意：1.从句一律保持陈述语序。2. 名词性从句可以表示：事实和问 一、引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：

连接连词：that, whether, if , as if ,because（不充当从句的任何成分，且that 也没有任何意义） 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 连接副词：when, where, how, why 二、名词性从句的注意事况 1、what与that 的区别：

that 和 what 都可引导所有的名词从句。但是，what除起连接作用外， 还在名词性从句中充当成分，表示说的、做的、想的等内容， 可做 从句的主语、宾语、或表语。而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分， 只起连接作用。

Eg. That he stole a bike was true. 他偷了一部自行车是真的 The important thing is what you do , but not what you say .

重要的是你做什么，而不是说什么。

Practice:

1.what he wants is a book. 2. That he wants to go there is obvious. 3.The result is that we won the game. 4.This is what we want to know. 8. I have no idea what he did that afternoon. 2．that不可省略的情况：

a. 主语从句 、表语从句和同位语从句 b.用it做形式宾语的宾语从句

c.并列的宾语从句中的后几个从句的引导词that 不能省略

3、whether 和 if 的区别是: （在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代）

a. 主语从句 b. 表语从句 c. 同位语从句

e. 介词后的宾语从句只能用“whethr‖, （一般可以互换）

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f. whether to do 做动词宾语不能用if to do.（whether也可与动词不定式连用但if不能） g .whether or not 连在一起引导宾语从句时不用if. 名词性从句作：

一、主语从句：从句在句中充当主语成分， 1. 通常放在主句谓语动词之前 *

Eg. 1). That he will succeed is certain . 2) Whether he will go there is not known . 3) What he said is not true .

4) Where he hid the money is to be found out . 5) Whoever comes is welcome.

2. 也可以由形式主语it 来代替，而将主语从句放在句末。* (1)That you didn’t go to see the film is a pity.--? It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.

(2) Which football team will win the match is hard to say.--? It is hard to say which football team will win the match. 用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：

a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句

It is necessary that… 有必要…… It is important that… 重要的是…… It is obvious that… 很明显…… b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句

It is believed that… 人们相信…… It is known to all that… 从所周知…… It has been decided that… 已决定…… c. It + be +名词+ that-从句

It is common knowledge that… ……是常识 It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是…… It is a fact that… 事实是…… d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句

It appears that… 似乎…… It happens that… 碰巧…… It occurred to me that… 我突然想起

“if” 不能引导主语从句，应有“whether”引导。 @@

主语从句的 “that” 一般不能省。 “what”引导主语从句时，谓语动词：

@@ 1）常与其后的名词作表语一致 2）根据句子的语境而定。 1. What you left are only several old books. 2. What you said is of great importance. 3. What he says and does doesn’t concern me. 4. What he says and does don’t agree. 二、宾语从句：**

从句在句中充当宾语成分（ 可以作谓语动词、介词、不定式等非谓语动词的宾语） 连词：that, whether，if （ that 常可省略） who, what, which, whoever, whatever, when where why how

（1） 主语+谓语+宾语从句*

I heard (that) he joined the army. (由that 引导的宾语从句（that可以省略）)

He asked how much I paid for the violin.

I wonder whether you can change this note for me. She did not know what had hppened. I have no idea when he will be back. I have no idea who can finish the work. I have no idea which pen is mine.

(2) 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语（宾语从句）*

she told me that her mother would accecpt my invitation. Please tell me who was the first to invent the TV set. (3) 作介词宾语*

He depends on what I offer.

I’m interested in how he got there.

(4) 作某些形容词的宾语 （sure, happy, glad, certain, pleased , afraid, worried sorry , surprised等）* I’m sure (that) she will like this book.

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I’m afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.

We are glad (that)so many old friends will attend our tea party. 否定的转移：*

若主句的谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect,guess, imagine等其后宾语从句若含否定意义，一般 把否定词移到这些词上。

Eg. I don’t think this dress fits you well. 注意：*

1、当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，宾语从句的谓语动词可以用所需要的任何一种时态。 2、当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词要用相应的过去时态，但当宾语从句叙述的内容为客

观真理时，仍然用一般现在时。

The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound. * 1.The radio says it will be cloudy tomorrow. (be) 2.The headmaster hopes everything goes well. (go) 3.Tom says that they were playing (play) basketball at six o’clock yesterday evening. 4.I hear they have retured (return) it already.

5.He said that they had been members of the Party since 1948. (be)

三、 表语从句：从句在句中充当表语成分，一般放在连系动词之后. *

（be,look, seem, feel,remain and so on） * 作用：对主语进行解释说明。*

(1)The question is whether we can rely on him.

(2)That’s because we were in need of money at that time . (3)He looked as if he was going to cry . (4)That’s why I was late .

注意：that 不可省， 不能用 if，只能用whether, as if /as though/because 用于表语从句 1. That’s ___ the Party called on us to do.

A. why B. what C. how D. that 2. The reason is ___ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. Whether

四、同位语从句：

对名词作进一步解释说明，说明名词的具体内容，一般跟在一些抽象名词之后，（idea,belief, fact, truth,

problem, news, question等），一般由“that”或连接副词 when / where/why / how / whether 引导. (1)I got the news that the sports meeting was put off.

(2)The suggestion that Chinese students should begiven more free time is welcomed by many people. (3)The question how to tell him the truth is difficult. 2. 同位语的位置：

同位语有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.

I have heard the news that he visited our factory . I have heard the news that he told you the other day . 同位语从句和定语从句的区别：

1 同位语从句——that 只起连接作用，不作任何成分

定语从句 —— that 是关系代词，起连接作用和充 当宾语和主语 2同位语从句——同位语从句和前面的名词是同位关系，对名词进行补充说明 定语从句 ——定从和前面的名词是所属关系，对名词进行修饰，加以限定 3同位语从句——that 不能省

定语从句 ——that 在从句中作宾语时，可以省

练习：名词性从句

一、判断下列各句哪句含有名词性从句，并指出是什么从句： 1. China is no longer what it used to be.

2. The truth that the earth turn around the sun is known to all. 3. It was snowing when he arrived at the station.

4. How he persuaded the manager to change the plan is interesting to us all. 5. The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school. 6. The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointing. 7. That is where Lu Xun used to live.

8. He spoke as if he understood what he was talking about.

9. Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at middle school?

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10. I wonder why she refused my invitation. 二、用适当的连词填空：

1. I can’t decide ____________ dictionary I should buy. 2. That’s ____________ he refused my invitation.

3. I am very interested in ____________ he has improved his pronunciation in such a short time. 4. ____________ we need is more time.

5. The fact ____________ she had not said anything at the meeting surprised everybody. 6. ____________ and ____________ they will meet has not been decided yet. 7. Please tell me ____________ you are waiting for. 8. Is that ____________ you are looking for?

9. Would you please tell me ____________ the nearest post office is? 10. I don’t know ____________ he will agree to the plan or not. 三、选择填空：

1. Do you see _____ I mean?

A. that B./ C. how D. what 2. Tell me_____ is on your mind.

A. that B. what C. which D. why 3. We must stick to _____ we have agreed on.

A. what B. that C. / D. how 4. Let me see _____.

A. that can I repair the radio B. whether -I can repair the radio C. I can repair the radio D. whether can I repair the radio 5. Keep in mind _____.

A. that the teacher said B. what did the teacher say C. that did the teacher say D. what the teacher said 6. Could you advise me _____?

A. which book should I read first B. what book should I read first C. that book 1 should read first D. which book I should read first 7. He was criticized for _____.

A. he had done it B. what he had done C. what had he done D. that he had done it 8. Would you kindly tell me _____?

A. how can I get to the Beijing Railway Station B. how I can get to the Beijing Railway Station C. where can I get to the Beijing Railway Station D. whether can I get to the Beijing Railway Station 9. Mrs. Smith was very much impressed by _____.

A. what had she seen in China B. that she had seen in China C. what she had seen in China D. which had she seen in China 10. We took it for granted ___

A. that they were not coming B. that were they not coming C. they were coming not D. were they not coining 11. I really don't know _____

A. I should do next B. what should I do next C. what I should do next D. how I should do next 12. I'm afraid _____.

A. the little girl will have to be operated on B. that will the little girl have to operate on C. the little girl will have to operate on

D. that will the little girl have to be operated on 13. She walked up to _____ .

A. where did I stand B. where I stood C. I stood there D. where I stood there 14. Can you tell me _____?

A. who is that gentleman B. that gentleman is who C. who that gentleman is D. whom .is that gentleman 15. We'll give you _____.

A. that do you need B. what do you need C. whatever you need D. whether do you need 16. They want us to know _____ to help us.

A. what can they do B. what they can do C. how they can do D. how can they do 17. We must put _____ into practice.

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A. what we have learned B. that we have learned C. that have we learned D. what have we learned 18. Did she say anything about _____? A. that the work was to be done B. how was the work to be done C. that was the work to be done D. how the work was to be done 19. He was never satisfied with _____. A. what she had achieved B. had what she achieved C. she had achieved D. that she achieved 20. These photographs will show you _____.

A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like 21. Peter insisted _____ he pay the bill. A. on that B. what C. that D. on which 22. They urged _____ the library open during the vacation. A. when B. where C. why D. that

23. We wish we could have learned _____ when we were at high school. A. what you did B. that you had done C. that what you did D. what did you do 24.1 will describe to you _____ I saw when there. A. what B. that C. which D./ 25. From _____ I should say he is a good worker. A. what 1 know of him B. that I do know of him C. what do I know of him D. that do I know of him 26. I will give this dictionary to __ wants to have it. A. whomever B. anyone C. whoever D. someone 27._____ they will come here hasn' t been decided yet. A. What B. That C. When D. Where 28. _____ was said here must be kept secret. A. Who B. The thing C. Whatever D. Where 29. It is still a question _____ we shall have our sports meet. A. if B. that C. what D. when 30. I'm going anyway. _____ she will go is up to her to decide. A. If or not B. Whether or not C. If D. That 31. It is strange _____ she have left without saying a word. A. that B. what C. why D. how 32. It is very clear _____ our policy is a correct one. A. what B. that C. why D. where 33. _____ Mr Zhang said is quite right. A. That B. When C. What D. Whether 34. It has been decided _____ he will be sent there. A. if B. whether C. why D. that 35. It doesn' t matter _____he' s come back or not. A. if B. whether C. that D. when 36. It's a great pity _____ we won’t be able to finish the task on time. A. when B. that C. why D. where 37. It happened _____ I wasn't there that day. A. when B. why C. where D. that 38._____ you have done might do harm to other people. A. What B. That C. Which D. The things 39. _____ leaves the room last ought to turn oft the lights. A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D.Who 40._____ the 2000 Olympic Games won't be held in Beijing is known to all. A. Whether B. If C. Whenever D. That 41. _____ fails to see this will make a big mistake. A. That B. Whoever C. Whether D. Whether or not 42. __ we need more equipment is quite obvious. A. What B. Whether C. That D. Whatever 43. Has it been announced _____?

A. when are the planes to take off B. that are the planes to take off C. where are the planes to take off D. when the planes are to take off 44. That is _____ we all support his idea.

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A. what B. why C. where D. when 45. That’s _____ we should do. A. that B. what C. how D. why 46. _____ is troubling me is _____ I don’t understand _____ he said A. What; that; what B. What; what; what C. That; that; what D. Why; that; which 47. Things were not _____ they seemed to be. A. when B. why C. that D. what 48. That’s _____ I want to say. A. all what B. what C. all which D. what that 49. That’s _____ . A. where our differences lie B. our differences lie there C. where do our differences lie D. that where our differences lie 50. That is _____ . A. where lived he there B. where did he live C. where he lived D. that where he lived 51. The questions is _____.

A. whether is it worth doing B. that if it is worth doing C. whether it is worth doing D. if it is worth doing 52. Water will continue to be _____ it is today.

A. how B. which C. what D. as 53. That's_____.

A. how did I become a teacher B. how I became a teacher C. how a teacher I became D. that I became a teacher 54. They are just _____.

A. that what shall I have B. what shall I have C. that I shall have what D. what I shall have 55. It looked ____.

A. as if it was going to rain B. that as if it was going to rain C. as if was it going to rain D. as if that it was going to rain 56. That's_____.

A. how she did it B. that how did she do it. C. how did she do it D. what she did it 57. That is _____ we decided to put the discussion off.

A. where B. which C. that D. why 58. That’s _____ I lived when I was ten years old. A. where B. at which C. there where D. when

59. My suggestion is _____ we should send a few comrades to help them. A. if B. that C. when that D. that where 60. The idea _____ all people are selfish is wrong. A. what B. that C. why D. if 61. We heard the news _____ our team had won. A. that B. what C. whether D. why 62. The fact _____ he hadn’t said anything surprised us all. A. why B. if C. that D. whether 63.I have no idea _____ she will be back.

A. that B. where C. that when D. when 64. We must keep in mind the fact _____ China is still a developing country.

A. whether B. that C. why D. when 65. They have no idea at all _____.

A. where he has gone B. where did he go C. where has he gone D. which place he has gone 高考链接

1. ______ matters most in learning English is enough practice. (2007年全国卷II) A. What B. Why C. Where D. Which

2. _____ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general readers. （2007年北京卷） A. That B. What C. Whether D. Where

3. The traditional view is _____ we sleep because our brain is ―programmed‖ to make us do so. （2007年北京卷）

A. when B. why C. whether D. that

4. The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make ____ it is. （2007年天津卷）

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A. what B. which C. how D. where

5. Having checked the doors were closed, and ____ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door of his bedroom.

(2007年湖南卷)

A. why B. that C. when D. where

6. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? That’s _____ the jobs are. （2007年浙江卷） A. where B. what C. when D. why

7. Choosing the right dictionary depends on _____ you want to use it for. (2007年江苏卷) A. what B. why C. how D. whether

8. You can only be sure of ____ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _____you might get in the future.

(2007年安徽卷)

A. that; what B. what; X C. which; that D. X; that

9. _____ parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children. （2007年陕西卷）

A. That B. Which C. What D. As

10. Could I speak to ____ is in charge of International Sales, please? （2007年山东卷） A. anyone B. someone C. whoever D. no matter who

11. It is none of your business ____ other people think about you. Believe yourself. （2007年福建卷） A. how B. what C. which D. when

12. People in Chongqing are proud of ______ they have achieved in the past ten years. （2008 重庆卷） A. that B. which C. what D. how

13. The last time we had great fun was _____ we were visiting the Water Park. （2008 天津卷） A. where B. how C. when D. why

14. Tomorrow is Tom’s birthday. Have you got any idea ______ the party is to be held? （2008 陕西卷） A. what B. which C. that D. where

15. The companies are working together to create ______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. （2008北京卷）

A. which B. that C. what D. who

16. _____ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing. （2008 高考试题 福建卷 ） A. It B. What C. As D. Which

17. When asked _____ they needed most, the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved. （2008 湖南卷） A. what B. why C. whom D. which

18. The English spoken in the United States is only slightly different from ______ spoken in England. （2008 全国卷） A. which B. what C. that D. the one

19. It was along the Mississippi River _____ Mark Twain spent much of his childhood. （2008 天津卷） A. how B. which C. that D. where

20. –Is there any possibility _____ you could pick me up at the airport? （2009浙江卷） --No problem.

A. when B. that C. whether D. what

21. At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see ______it got any better. （2009北京卷） .

A. when B. how C. why D. if

22. Could I speak to ____ is in charge of International Sales please? （2009全国卷） A. who B. what C. whoever D. whatever

23. the fact has worried many scientists _____the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. （2009江西卷） A. what B. which C. that D. which

24. We should consider the students’ request ____ the school library provide more books on popular science （2009重庆卷）

A. that B. when C. which D. where

25. The bow-to book can be of help to _____ wants to do the job. （2009陕西卷） A. who B. whomever C. no matter who D. whoever

26. It is obvious to the students ____ they should get well prepared for their future. （2009天津卷） A. as B. which C. whether D. that

27. A good friend of mine from ______I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing. (2009安徽卷) A. how B. whom C. when D. which

28. We should respect food and think about the people who don’t have we have here and treat food nicely.

A. that B. which C. what D. whether（10福建）

29. Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew she was so angry. （10湖南） A. where B. whether C. that D. why 30. As a new graduate, he doesn’t know it takes to start a business here. （10天津）

A. how B. what C. When D. which

31. some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.?（??北京）?

A. Whether B. What C. That D. How

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32．—How about camping this weekend, just for a change? （10浙江） —OK, you want. A．whichever B．however C．whatever D．whoever

33．It is uncertain side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it. A．that B．what

C．how D．whether

34. One reason for her preference for city life is she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants. （10上海）

A. that B. how C. what D. why

www.ks*5u.co

35. Before the sales start, I make a list of ______ my kids will need for the coming season. （10山东） A. why B. what C. how D. which

36. When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know . （10上海）

A. he is entering which lane B. which lane he is entering

C. is he entering which lane D. which lane is he entering 37．How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on he goes with，whether his friends or relatives A．what B．who C．how D．why（10四川）

38. We haven’t discussed yet ______ we are going to place our new furniture. （10全国Ⅰ） A. that B. which C. what D. where

39. I want to be liked and loved for I am inside. （10湖北） A. who B. where C. what D. how 40.—Have you finished the book? （10全国Ⅱ）

---No,I’ve read up to_________the children discover the secret cave. A.which B.what C.hat D.where

41. —I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays. （10江苏） —That’s_______I don’t agree .You should have a more active life. A.where B.how C.when D.what

42. Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was __ it was rather closely modeled on his own life. （10北京）

A. what B. that C. why D. whether

语法复习四：定语从句

（一）定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导

1、关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as 2、关系副词：when, where, why

关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用， 同时在从句中又充当句子成分。

e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.（关系代词who在从句中作主语） The comrade with whom I came knows French.（whom在从句中作介词with的宾语）

3、关系代词和关系副词的用法：1）当先行词为人时用who 作主语，whom作宾语；2）当先行词为物或整个句子时用which ，可作主语或宾语；3）先行词为人、物时用that ，可作主语或宾语；4）whose用作定语，可指人或物；5）关系副词when（指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，where（指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语），why（指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语）。

（二）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。 e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.（去掉定语从句，意思就不完整） 2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。 e.g. Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.（who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译）

（三）使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题

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1、that与which的区别。

1）用that而不用 which的情况：①先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, …；②先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；③先行词有only, very, any等词修饰；④先行词既有人又有物时。

e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。 The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。

This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。 Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。

2）用which而不用 that的情况：①引导非限制性定语从句；②代表整个主句的意思；③介词 + 关系代词。 e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。

This is the room in which my father lived last year. 这是父亲去年居住过的房子。 3）as引导定语从句时的用法

①as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same … as, such … as结构中。 e.g. I want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。 Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。 ②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。

e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。

3）as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别

①当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。 e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected. He made a long speech, which was unexpected. ②当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。

e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.

2. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。

e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。 The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.

3. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。

e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.

4. 引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词 + which”来代替。

e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the People’s Republic of China was founded.

5. 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。

e.g. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.

6. 介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略；介词在句尾，关系代词可有which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who，且可省略。

e.g. The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.

练习、定语从句

一、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句：

1. The fan is on the desk. You want it.

2. The man is in the next room. He brought our textbooks here yesterday.

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3. The magazine is mine. He has taken it away.

4. The students will not pass the exam . They don’t study hard.

5. The woman is our geography teacher. You saw her in the park.

6. The letter is from my sister. I received it yesterday.

7. The play was wonderful. We saw it last night.

8. The train was late. It was going to Nanning.

9. The boy is my brother. He was here a minute ago.

10. The tree is quite tall. He is climbing it.

11. Here is the girl. Her brother works in this shop.

12. That’s the child. We were looking at his drawing just now.

13. This is the boy. His sister is a famous singer.

14. I want to talk to the boys. Their homework haven’t been handed in.

15. Is that the woman? Her daughter is in my class.

16. He used to live in a big house. In front of it grew many banana trees.

17. They passed a factory. At the back of the factory there were rice fields.

18. The soldier ran to the building. On the top of it flew a flag.

19. In the evening they arrived at a hill. At the foot of the hill there was a temple.

20. She came into a big room. In the middle of it stood a large table.

二、根据句子意思，在第一个空白处填入介词，在第二个填入关系代词whom或which:

1. The person ________ ________ I spoke just now is the manager that I told you about. 2. The pencil ________ ________ he was writing broke.

3. Wu Dong, ________ ________ I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.

4. The two things ________ ________ Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English. 5. Her bag, ________ ________ she put all her books, has not been found.

6. The stories about the Long March, ________ ________ this is one example, are well written.

三、选择填空：

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1. The man ____ visited our school yesterday is from London. A. who B. which C. whom D. when 2. The woman ____ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers. A. whose B. who C. whom D. which 3. Because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten. A. that B. which C. what D. as

4. Do you remember those days ____ we spent along the seashore very happily? A. when B. where C. which D. who

5. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera ____ he lost last week. A. which B. that C. whom D. as 6. Those ____ want to go please sign their names here. A. whom B. which C. who D. when 7. Where is the man ____ I met this morning? A. when B. where C. which D. who 8. Who is the woman ____ is sweeping the floor over there? A. who B. / C. that D. when 9. The man ____ you talked just now is a worker. A. who B. whom C. to whom D. to who 10. The man ____ you are going to make friends is my father’s neighbour. A. with whom B. when C. to whom D. which 11. The doctor ____ is leaving for Africa next month. A. the nurse is talking to him B. whom the nurse is talking C. the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking 12. The man ____ around our school is from America. A. which you showed B. you showed him C. you showed D. where you showed 13. He talked about a hero ____ no one had ever heard. A. of whom B. from whom C. about that D. who

14. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions ____ were asked in French. A. where B. who C. in which D. which 15. Have you read the book ____ I lent to you? A. that B. whom C. when D. whose 16. Finally, the thief handed over everything ____ he had stolen to the police. A. that B. which C. whatever D. all

17. The foreign guests, ____ were government officials, were warmly welcomed at the airport. A. most of them B. most of that C. most of whom D. most of those 18. This is the very letter ____came last night. A. who B. which C. that D. as

19. I know only a little about this matter; you may ask ____ knows better than I. A. whoever B. whomever C. anyone D. the one 20. This is the school ____ we visited three days ago. A. where B. / C. when D. what 21. This is the factory ____ we worked a year ago. A. where B. that C. which D. on which 22. Nearby were two canoes ____ they had come to the island. A. which B. in which C. that D. /

23. Jack is pleased with ____ you have given him and all ____ you have told him. A. that, what B. what, that C. which, what D. that, which

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24. Do you work near the building ____ colour is yellow? A. that B. which C. its D. whose 25. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ____ she could turn for help. A. whom B. who C. to whom D. form whom 26. Is this school ____ we visited three years ago? A. the one B. which C. that D. where 27. Is this the school ____ we visited three years ago? A. the one B. where C. in which D. /

28, How many students are there in your class ____ homes are in the country? A. whose B. who C. whom D. which 29. Alice received an invitation from her boss, ____ came as a surprise. A. it B. which C. that D. he

30. The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriage ____ already seven other people. A. when there were B. which there were C. that there were D. where there were 31. I live in the house ____ windows face south. A. which B. whose C. where D. in that 32. ---- What game is popular with them? ---- The ____ most is tennis. A. game they like it B. game they like C. best game they like D. best game they like it 33. They stayed with me for three weeks, ____ they drank all the wine I had. A. which B. which time C. during which time D. during which 34. The room ____ Mr White lives is not very large. A. that B. which C. where D. when 35. Don’t forget the day ____ you were received into the Youth League. A. when B. that C. at which D. where 36. I’ve finished writing the novel, ____ is to be published next month. A. that B. what C. which D. when

37. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, ____ was unexpected. A. which B. as C. that D. it 38. ____ is known to all, English is not very difficult to learn. A. What B. As C. That D. Which 39. The old man had three sons, all of ____ died during World War Ⅱ. A. whose B. that C. whom D. who 40. I have bought two pens, ____ write well. A. none of which B. neither of which C. both of which D. all of which 41. Do you know the reason ____ she has changed her mind? A. why B. which C. for that D. of which 42. He failed in the exam, ____ proves that he wasn’t working hard enough. A. which B. what C. it D. that 43. During the week ____ he tried to collect materials for his article. A. following B. followed C. to follow D. that followed 44. ____ was expected, he succeeded in the exam. A. It B. Which C. As D. That

45. He studied hard and later became a well-known writer, ____ his father expected. A. that was what B. what was that C. and which was D. which was what 46. We should read such books ____ will make us better and wiser. A. when B. as C. whose D. what 47. You must show my wife the same respect ____ you show me.

24

A. when B. as C. whose D. what 48. He is absent, ____ is often the case. A. what B. which C. who D. as 49. It is the first time ____ I have come to your city. A. that B. which C. what D. when 50. Who ____ has the same idea as it will do it in this way. A. who B. that C. whom D. which

51. I shall never forget those years ____ I lived in the country with the farmers, ____ has a great effect on my life. A. that, which B. when, which C. which, that D. when, who 52. This is the only book ____ I can find. A. that B. which C. it D. with which 53. I don’t like ____ you speak to her. A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which 54. That is one of those books that ____ worth reading. A. is B. are C. has D. have 55. This is the only one of the students whose handwriting ____ the best. A. is B. are C. has D. have 56. There was ____ to prevent the accident. A. something could do B. anything we could do

C. nothing we couldn’t do D. nothing we could do 高考链接

1. Some preschool children go to a day care center, _____ they learn simple games and songs. (全国I ) A. then B. there C. while D. where

2． We shouldn’t spend our money testing so many people , most of _____ are healthy. (2007年北京卷)

A. that B. which C. what D. whom

3. His movie won several awards at the film festival, _____ was beyond his widest dream. （2007年北京卷） A. which B. that C. where D. it

4. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity ____ sight matters more than hearing. （2007年天津卷）

A. when B. whose C. which D. where

5. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _____ they can be controlled on purpose. (2007

年重庆卷)

A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which

6. By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, _____ can be very eye-opening and rewarding. (2007年湖南卷)

A. who B. which C. what D. that

7. Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, ____ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. （2007年浙江卷） A. that B. which C. who D. where

8. Eric received training in computer for one year, ___ he found a job in a big company. （2007年辽宁卷） A. after that B. after which C. after it D. after this

9. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, ____ wanted to buy it. (2007年安徽卷)

A. none of then B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom

10. Today, we will discuss a number cases ____ beginners of English fail to use the language properly. （2007年陕西

卷）

A. which B. as C. why D. where

11. He was educated at the local high school, _____ he went on to Beijing University. (2007年江苏卷) A. after which B. after that C. in which D. in that

25

12. After graduation she reached a point in her career ____ she needed to decide what to do. (2007年江西卷) A. that B. what C. which D. where

13. It is reported that two schools, ____ are being built in my hometown, will open next year. （2007年四川卷） A. they both B. which both C. both of them D. both of which

14. The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _____ are beyond our control. （2008 湖南卷）

A. most of them B. most of which C. most of what D. most of that

15. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, _______ New York is an example. （2008 四川卷）

A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which

16. They will fly to Washington, ______they plan to stay for two or three days. （2008 重庆卷） A. where B. there C. which D. when

17. Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers ____consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. （2008 江西卷）

A. where B. when C. who D. which

18. By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _______ appeared a rare rainbow soon. （2008 高考试题 福建卷

A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which

19. I’ll give you y friend’s home address, ______I can be reached most evenings. （2008北京卷） A. which B. when C. whom D. where

20. The road conditions there turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. （2008 全国卷B） A. it B. what C. which D. that

21. It was in New Zealand ___ Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith. （2008 全国卷B） A. that B. how C. which D. when

22. The man pulled out a gold watch, ______ were made of small diamonds. （2008 陕西卷）

A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of C. which the hands of D. the hands of which 23. I have reached a point in my life ____ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. （2009浙江卷） A. which B. where C. how D. why

24. ---What do you think of teaching, Bob? （2009北京卷）

---I think it fun and challenging. It is a job _____ you are doing something serious but interesting. A. where B, which C. when D. that

25. Life is like a long race, ____ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. （2009重庆卷） A. why B. what C. that D. where

26. Gun control is a subject ____ Americans have argued for a long time. （2009陕西卷） A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which

27. A person _____ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails. （2009天津卷） A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever

28. I travel to the Baihai New Area by light railway every day, ____ do many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin （2009天津卷）

A. as B. which C. when D. though

29. Whenever I met her, _____ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. （2009山东卷） A. who B. which C. when D. that

30. They have won their last three matches, _____ I find a bit surprising actually. （2009辽宁卷） A. that B. when C. what D. which

31. It’s helpful to put children in a situation _______they can see themselves differently. (2009福建卷) A. that B. when C. which D. where

32. Many children， _______ parents are away working in big cities，are taken good care of in the village. (2009安徽

26

卷)

A. their B. whose C. of them D. with whom

33. The house I grew up _____ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. （2009江西卷） A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which

34. Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet life has developed gradually. （10福建） A. that B. where C. which D. whose

35. I've become good friends with several of the students in my school I met in the English speech contest last year.

A. who B. where C. when D. which （10湖南） 36 The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister ______ she would stay for an hour. A where B who C which D what （10江西） 37. That’s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen. （10山东） A. that B. which C. whose D. What

38. Wind power is an ancient source of energy we may return in the near future.

A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which 39. Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut? （10天津） You should try the barber’s I go. It’s only 15. A. as B. which C. where D. that

40．After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling， turned out to be a wise decision． A．that B．which C．when D．where （10四川） 41. As a child , Jack studied in a village school ,_____ is named after his grandfather. （10全国Ⅰ） A. which B. where C. what D. that 42. The newly built café, the walls of_______ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, specially after hard work.

A. that B. it C. what D. which （10江苏）

43. The old temple _______ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair. （10陕西） A. where B. which C. its D. Whose

44. I refuse to accept the blame for something ________was someone else’s fault. （10全国Ⅱ） A. who B. that C. as D. what

45. Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. （10北京） A. what B. whose C. which D. that

46. In china, the number of cities is increasing ________development is recognized across the world. （10重庆） A. where B. which C. whose D. that

47．The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of left their village homes for a better life in the city. A．whom B．which （10浙江）

C．them D．those

语法复习五：强调句、It的用法、省略和插入语

一、强调句

（（一）强调句句型

1、陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。

It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.

2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。 27

Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?

3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？ When and where was it that you were born?

4、强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。 强调主语： 强调宾语： 强调地点状语： 强调时间状语： Where did you meet him in the street yesterday?(对疑问词提问)

5、注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was … ，其余的时态用It is … 。 It is／was…that…强调句型中，that作宾语时可以省略，例如：

It was a new dictionary (that) Father bought for me. 父亲给我买的是一本新字典。 Was it her (that) you were talking about? 你刚才是和她在谈话吗？

（二）not … until … 句型的强调句

1、句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分 e.g. 普通句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back. 强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.

Not until she had arrived home did she remember her appointment with the doctor. 2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not … 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。

（三）谓语动词的强调

1、It is/ was … that … 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。 e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。 He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。 Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！ 2、注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。 补充：1人们还可以通过改变句子结构或颠倒正常语气的手段来进行强调。例如： Never will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. 中国决不会第一个使用核武器。

Only in this way can we catch up with and surpass the world's advanced level of science and technology. 只有这样，我们才能赶上并超过世界先进科技水平。 Happy are those who are content. 知足常乐。

2． 用主语从句+BE+被强调部分，主语从句常用what引导。例如： John wants a ball. 约翰想要一个球。

What John wants is a ball. 约翰想要的是一个球。 Mary gives piano lessons every day. 玛丽每天教钢琴。

What Mary does every day is (to) give piano lessons. 玛丽每天干的工作是教钢琴。

二、It的用法

（一）作人称代词

1、it代替前面（或后面）的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。 e.g. You cannot eat your cake but have it.（it代替前面的cake） Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us. （it代替后面的air） They say he has left town, but I don’t believe it. （it代替前面They…town分句中的情况） 2、代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。

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e.g. Yesterday we saw a big tree. It was fully twenty metres high. （it代替前面的tree） The baby cried because it was hungry. （it代替前面的baby） 3、在某些习惯说法中，可以代替人。 e.g. ---- Someone is knocking at the door, Peter. ---- Who is it? ---- It’s me. ---- Who are singing? ---- It is the children. ---- The light is still on in the lab. It must be the third-year students doing the experiment. 4、it与one的区别：这两个词都可以代表前面说过的名词，但it用于同名同物的场合；one则用于同名异物的场合。 e.g. ---- Do you still have the bicycle? ---- No, I have sold it. ---- Is this knife yours? ---- No. It is Xiao Zhang’s. Mine is the one on the desk. 5、it与that的区别：两词都可代替某一特定名词，但that指同一类，并非同一个。 e.g. The climate of South China is mild（温和的）; I like it very much.（it指the climate of South China） The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.（that指the climate）

（二）作无人称代词

it作无人称代词时，除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外，另一个特点是它后面的内容都是表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。 It is fine (rainy, windy, etc.). It is noon. It is a half hour’s walk to the factory. It is eighteen square metres in area. What does it matter?

（三）作强调词，构成强调结构

用以帮助改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分受到强调。“It is (was) + 所强调的成分 + that (who) + 其它成分。”在这个句型中，it本身没有词义。详见“一、强调句”。

（四）引导词it作形式主语（宾语）

为了使句子平衡，常采用形式主语（或宾语）it ，而把真正的主语（或宾语）置于句子后面。通常引导词it与它所代替的句子成分中间要夹有某些词。 e.g. It takes half an hour to go there on foot.（It与to go there on foot之间夹有takes half an hour四个词） We thought it strange that Mr Smith did not come last night. （it与that从句中间夹有 strange） 但有时it与所替代部分之间并不夹有其它词。 e.g. You may depend on it that they will support you.（因为介词on之后一般不直接接that引导的宾语从句。注意：it不是多余的，不能当作错句）

练习一、强调句、It的用法

1. My bike is missing. I can’t find ____ anywhere. A. one B. ones C. it D. that 2. ---- Who’s that? ---- ____ Professor Li. A. That’s B. It’s C. He’s D. This’s 3. ____ was Jane that I saw in the library this morning. A. It B. He C. She D. That 4. ---- Have you ever seen a whale alive? ---- Yes, I’ve seen ____. A. that B. it C. such D. one 5. The color of my coat is different from ____ of yours. A. this B. that C. it D. one 6. ____ will do you good to do some exercise every morning. A. It B. There C. Those D. You 7. We think ____ our duty to pay taxes to our government. 29

A. that B. this C. its D. it 8. The climate of Shanghai is better than ____ of Nanjing. A. that B. it C. which D. what 9. ____ four years since I joined the Army. A. There was B. There is C. It was D. It is 10. How long ____ to finish the work? A. you’ll take B. you’ll take it C. will it take you D. will take you 11. It was through Xiao Li ____ I got to know Xiao Wang. A. who B. whom C. how D. that 12. It was in the rice fields ____ we had our league meeting. A. where B. that C. in which D. on which 13. It was on October 1st ____ new China was founded. A. which B. when C. as D. that 14. Was it because he was ill ____ he asked for leave? A. and B. that C. that’s D. so

15. Mary speaks in a low voice; ____ is difficult to know what she is saying. A. it B. that C. so D. she 16. It was ____ I met Mr Green in Shanghai. A. many years that B. many years before C. many years ago that D. many years when 17. ____ is not everybody ____ can draw so well. A. It, all B. It, that C. There, who D. There, that 18. So ____ that no fish can live in it. A. shallow is the lake B. the lake is shallow C. shallow the lake is D. is the lake shallow

三、省略

为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：

（一）简单句中的省略

1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。 e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.（括号内为省略的词语，下同） (I) see you tomorrow. (It) Doesn’t matter. 2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。

e.g. (There is) No smoking. (Is there) Anything wrong? Why (do you) not say hello to him? 3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。 e.g. ---- Are you going there? ---- I’d like to (go there). He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance). 注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have。 e.g. ---- Are you an engineer? ---- No, but I want to be. ---- He hasn’t finished the task yet. ---- Well, he ought to have. 4、省略表语。

e.g. ---- Are you thirsty? ---- Yes, I am (thirsty). 5、同时省略几个成分。

e.g. Let’s meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday. ---- Have you finished your work? ---- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet. 两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。 e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.

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（二）并列句中的省略

I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.

（三）主从复合句中的省略

1、主句中有一些成分被省略。 e.g. (I’m) Sorry to hear that you are ill. (It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance. 2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。 e.g. ---- Is he coming back tonight? ---- I think so. ---- Is he feeling better today? ---- I’m afraid not. 这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believe not. I hope not等。（但I don’t think so比I think not更常用）。

（四）其它省略

1、连词that的省略：

①、宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。 ②、在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略。 ③、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。 2、不定式符号to的省略 ①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。 e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.

②、某些使役动词（如let, make, have）及感官动词（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原。

e.g. ---- I saw the boy fall from the tree. ---- The boy was seen to fall from the tree. ③、介词but前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to。 e.g. The boy did nothing but play.

3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语 + be”部分。（参看“状语从句”有关部分）

4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分） 5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。

e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).

四、插入语

英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或者句子，用来补充某些含义。语法上称他们为“插入语”。

（一）插入语的类型：

1、单词（多是副词），如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。 e.g. She is looking fit, though. 他看起来倒是健康。 I can, however, discuss this when I see you. 2、短语

e.g. China and India, for example, are neighbours. By the way, where are you from? 3、句子

e.g. He is an honest man, I believe. Jack, as far as I know, isn’t clever.

（二）插入语的位置

通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。但有时，也可位于句首或句末（见上面例句）。也有时，并不用逗号隔开。 e.g. You know that I think you are wrong. 我认为，你明白你错了。 What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？ 31

（三）插入语在句中的作用

一般来说，插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。 e.g. He got the news from nobody knows where. 他这消息谁也不知道是从哪儿得来的。

（四）插入语的特殊用法

下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句，也可认为包含有“插入语”。这种疑问句（有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句”）常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高。常用动词有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等。 e.g. How long did you say she would stay here? When do you suppose they’ll be back? How old did you think she was

（五）插入语的几种典型用法

1.许多分词短语可以用作插入语，这样的分词短语有：strictly speaking（严格地说），generally considering（一般认为）， judging from……（根据……判断）等。

2.常用作插入语的副词或副词短语有：indeed（的确），surely（无疑），however（然而），frankly（坦率地说），obviously（显然），naturally（天然地），luckily （happily） for sb.（算某人幸运），fortunately（幸好），strangely（奇怪），briefly（简单地说）等。

3.常用作插入语的介词短语有：in conclusion（总之），in a word（简而言之），in short（简而言之），in general（一般说来），in a sense（在某种意义上），in my view（在我看来），in his opinion（按照他的看法），in fact（事实上），at first（首先）， in addition（此外），of course（当然），to my surprise（使我惊奇的），to her regret（使她遗憾的），for example（例如）等。

4.用简短的句子结构作插入语，它们常置于句中或句末。这类简短的句子有：I am sure（我可以肯定地说），I believe（我相信），do you know（你知道吗），you see（你明白），I’m afraid（恐怕），it is said（据说），I suppose（我想），what’s more（而且），what’s worse（更糟糕的是），that is（也就是说），what is important（重要的是）等。 常用作插入语的不定式短语有：to be sure（无疑地），to sum up（概括地说），to tell the truth（老实说）等。 5.常用作插入语的形容词或其短语有： funny（真可笑），needless to say（不用说），most important of all（最为重要），worse still（更糟糕的），even better（更好）等。

练习二、省略和插入语

1. ---- Won’t you have another try? ---- ____. A. Yes, I will B. Yes, I won’t C. Yes, I will have D. Yes, I won’t have 2. ---- I won’t do it any more. ---- ____? A. Why don’t B. Why don’t do it any more C. Why not D. Why not do 3. ---- Do you think it will snow tomorrow? ---- ____. A. No, I don’t think B. I don’t think C. No, I don’t so D. I don’t think so 4. ---- Will he fail in the exam? ---- ____. A. Don’t hope to B. Let’s hope not C. Not hope so D. Let’s hope not to 5. ____ usual, I have forgotten something. A. As B. As it is C. It’s D. That is 6. ____ she a man, she might be elected president. A. If B. Unless C. Was D. Were 7. ____ I had time, I would have played it again. A. If B. Unless C. Had D. When 8. ____ it rain tomorrow, I’d stay at home. A. Should B. Would C. When D. If

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9. I like sports and ____ my brother. A. so B. so does C. so is D. so likes 10. Francis, ____ born in Kentucky, lived and practised law in Missouri. A. was B. He was C. who is D. although 11. ---- Aren’t you the manager? ---- No, and I ____. A. don’t want B. don’t want to C. don’t want to be D. don’t 12. ---- Have you fed the dog? ---- No, but ____. A. I am B. I’m just going to C. I’m D. I’m just going

13. Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard（标准） — ____, you failed. A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time 14. How long ____ she would stay here? A. did she say B. she said C. did D. / 15. ____ could do such thing? A. Whom do you think B. Who do you think C. Do you think whom D. Did you think who

练习三、综合训练

1. John was ill. Have you heard about ____? A. this B. he C. it D. the one 2. Hurry up! ____ getting darker and darker. A. The sky is B. It’s C. Weather is D. Time is 3. It’s the third time ____ I have been here. A. that B. when C. after D. who 4. It was simply for that reason ____ I wouldn’t tell him the truth. A. why B. which C. so D. that 5. Was it in the place ____ the last emperor died? A. where B. that C. which D. in which 6. ____ is no difference between A and B. A. It B. Where C. There D. What 7. It ____ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago. A. was B. were C. are D. had been

8. He said, ― ____ a long way to school. ____ a long way to go yet before we arrive.‖ A. It is, It is B. There is, There is C. There is, It is D. It is, There is 9. I don’t like ____ you speak to her. A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which 10. If you go to Xi’an, you’ll find the palaces there more magnificent than commonly ____. A. supposing B. suppose C. to suppose D. supposed 11. ____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It

12. It was about 600 years ago ____ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. A. that B. until C. before D. when 13. It was not until 1920 ____ regular radio broadcast began. A. while B. which C. that D. since 14. ---- Do you mind my taking this seat? ---- ____. A. Yes, sit down please not C. Yes, take it please D. No, you can’t take it

15. ---- I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? --- Not at all. ____. A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not C. I’d like it D. I’d be happy to 16. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _____. 33

B. No, of course

A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 17. It was not until she came to see us ____ her mother was ill in bed. A. when we knew B. that did we knew C. that we knew D. that did we know 18. ---- This store has such high prices. ---- I agree. Never again ____ here. A. I will shop B. will I shop C. I do shop D. shop I 19. ____ was his kindness that everyone praised him. A. It B. What C. So D. Such 20. ____, he would have passed the exam. A. If he were to study B. If he studied hard C. Had he studied hard D. Should he study hard 21. ---- David has made great progress recently. ---- ____, and ____.

A. So he has, so have you B. So he has, so you have C. So has he, so have you D. So has he, so you have 22. No sooner ____ they rushed out into the street. A. did they hear the news than B. did they hear the news when C. had they heard the news than D. had they heard the news when 23. He was unable to make such progress, ____. A. hard as he tried B. as hard he tried C. hard he has tried D. tried hard as he 高考链接

1. It ____ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks ____I found we had a lot in common. （2007年浙江卷） A. was until; when B. was until; that C. wasn’t until; when D. wasn’t until; that

2. I don't mind her criticizing me, but ____ is how she does it that I object to. (2007年江西卷) A. it B. that C. this D. which

3. It is not who is right but what is right ____ is of importance. (2007年重庆卷)

A. which B. it C. that D. this

4.. The doctor thought ___________would be good for you to have a holiday. A. this B. that C. one D. it

5. The fact that she was foreign made _____difficult for her to get a job in that country A. so B. much C. that D. it

语法复习六：状语从句

由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。

（一）时间状语从句

表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner … than, hardly (scarcely) … when, every time等引导。

e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting. He started as soon as he received the news. Once you see him, you will never forget him. No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep. （二）原因状语从句 原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。 e.g. He is disappointed because he didn't get the position. As it is raining, I will not go out. Now that you mention it, I do remember.

（三）地点状语从句

引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。 e.g. Sit wherever you like. Make a mark where you have a question.

（四）目的状语从句

引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。

e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you. 34

（五）结果状语从句

She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons. He left early in case he should miss the train.

结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so … that, such … that等引导。 e.g. She was ill, so that she didn’t attend the meeting. He was so excited that he could not say a word. She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.

（六）条件状语从句

条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。 e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch. You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean. So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months. You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you don’t go too far away from the river bank. If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.

（七）让步状语从句 让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether … or, no matter who (when, what, …) 等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。 e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot. Child as he is, he knows a lot. Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, I’ll never change my mind.

（八）方式状语从句 方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。 e.g. You must do the exercise as I show you. He acted as if nothing had happened.

（九）比较状语从句 比较状语从句常用than, so (as) … as, the more … the more等引导。 e.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have. He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford. The busier he is, the happier he feels.

（十）使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题 1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。 e.g. We’ll go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow. I’ll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai. 2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be ，就可省略从句中的“主语 + be”部分。 e.g. When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night. If (you are) asked you may come in. If (it is) necessary I’ll explain to you again. 3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。 e.g. You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句） Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词） I don’t know where he came from.（宾语从句） Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句） This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）

练习、状语从句

一、用横线划出下列句子中的状语从句，并指出是哪种状语从句： 1. Child as she is, she knows a lot of things.

2. The more I can do for the class, the happier I’ll be. 3. He talks as if (as though) he knew all about it.

4. He is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him. 5.I shall go to the park unless it rains.

6. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 7. Where there is water, there is life.

8. He studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates. 9. Since you are very busy, I won't trouble you. 10. Even if (though) I fail, I’ll never lose heart.

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11. Once you begin the work, you must continue. 12. I will find her wherever she may be.

13. Now that you've come, you'd better have dinner with us. 14. He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep. 15. We must do everything as he tells us. 16. India is much bigger than Japan.

17. No matter when you come, you are warmly welcome.

18. As (So) long as you work hard, you can catch up with the other classmates.

二、用适当的连词填空：

1. Dr. Bethune (白求恩) came to China __________ he was fifty. 2. He began to work __________ he got there.

3. Let's begin our meeting __________everyone is here.

4. I like the English people, __________ I don't like their food. 5. __________ you go in China, you can see smiling faces. 6. He didn't come to the lecture, __________ he was very busy. 7. __________we had enough time, we walked to the cinema. 8. They will help you __________ you meet with difficulty.

9. _________ we came to the university, we have learnt quite a lot.

10.I didn't join them yesterday evening __________ I had to go to an important meeting. 11. We would try to get a car __________we could all travel together more easily.

12. She wouldn't forget her mother's birthday __________ she seldom wrote to her family. 13. We're doing everything we can to make things as easy for you ___________we can.

14. The meeting became so disorderly __________ the speaker had to shout the audience down. 15. He was angrier __________ ever before.

16. __________ you lock all the doors, he can still manage to get in. 17. The boy was so tired __________ he fell asleep on the bus. 18. Hard _________ he tried, he couldn’t force the door open.

三、选择填空：

1. I’ll let you know ____ he comes back. A. before B. because C. as soon as D. although 2. She will sing a song ____ she is asked. A. if B. unless C. for D. since 3. We will work ____ we are needed. A. whenever B. because C. since D. wherever 4. Read it aloud _____ the class can hear you.

A. so that B. if C. when D. although 5._____ you go, don't forget your people.

A. Whenever B. However C. Wherever D. Whichever 6. It is about ten years _____ I met you last.

A. since B. for C. when D. as 7. They will never succeed, _____ hard they try.

A. because B. however C. when D. since 8. _____ still half drunk, he made his way home.

A. When B. Because C. Though D. As 9. _____ she was very tired, she went on working.

A. As B. Although C. Even D. In spite of 10. Busy _____ he was, he tried his best to help you.

A. as B. when C. since D. for 11. I learned a little Russian _____ I was at middle school.

A. though B. although C. as if D. when 12. _____ we got to the station, the train had left already.

A. If B. Unless C. Since D. When 13. _____ the rain stops, we' 11 set off for the station.

A. Before B. Unless C. As soon as D. Though 14. She was _____ tired _____ she could not move an inch.

A. so, that B. such, that C. very, that D. so, as 15. We didn’t go home _____ we finished the work.

A. since B. until C. because D. though 16. I'll stay here _____ everyone else comes back.

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A. even if B. as though C. because D. until 17. Although it's raining, _____ are still working in the field.

A. they B. but they C. and they D. so they 18. Speak to him slowly _____ he may understand you better.

A. since B. so that C. for D. because 19. You'll miss the train ______ you hurry up.

A. unless B. as C. if D. until

20. When you read the book, you' d better make a mark _____ you have any questions.

A. at which B. at where C. the place D. where 21. We'd better hurry ______ it is getting dark.

A. and B. but C. as D. unless 22. I didn' t manage to do it _____ you had explained how.

A. until B. unless C. when D. before 23._____ he comes, we won't be able to go.

A. Without B. Unless C. Except D. Even 24. I hurried _____ I wouldn't be late for class.

A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless 25. _____ I catch a cold, I have pain in my back.

A. Every time B. Though C. Even D. Where 26.____ I admire David as a poet, I do not like him as a man.

A. Only if B. Much as C. As much D.If only 27. Bring it nearer _____ I may see it better.

A. although B. even though C. so that D. since 28. You may arrive in Beijing early _____ you mind taking the night train.

A. that B. though C. unless D. if

29. Helen listened carefully _____ she might discover exactly what she needed.

A. in that B. in order that C. in case D. even though 30. More people will eat out in restaurants _____ they do today.

A. than B. when C. while D. as

31._____ hard she tries, she can hardly avoid making mistakes in her homework.

A. Much B. However C. As D. Although 32. Poor _____ it may be, there is no place like home, _____ you may go.

A. as; wherever B. though; whenever C. in spite of; when D. that; wherever 33. The child was __ immediately after supper.

A. enough tired to go to bed B. too tired to go to bed C. so tired that he went to bed D. very tired, he went to bed 34. The history of nursing __ the history of man.

A. as old as B. is old than C. that is as old as D. is as old as 35. _____ born in Chicago, the author was famous for his stories about New York.

A. Since B. Once C. When D. Although 36._____ we stood at the top of the building, the people below were hardly visible.

A. As B. Although C. Unless D. In spite of 37. Scarcely was George Washington in his teens _____ his father died.

A. than B. as C. while D. when 38. _____ David goes, he is welcome.

A. Whichever B. However C. Wherever D. Whatever 39. The house stood _____ there had been a rock.

A. which B. at which C. when D. where 40. Small _____ it is, the pen is a most useful tool.

A. because B. so C. if D. as

41. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced _____ tractors in 1988 as the year before.

A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as 42. The piano in the other shop will be _____, but _____.

A. cheaper; not as better B. more cheap; not as better C. cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good 43. John plays football _____, if not better than, David.

A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as 44. Although he is considered a great writer,

A. his works are not widely read B. but his works are not widely read C. however his works are not widely read D. still his works are not widely read 45. ___ the day went on, the weather got worse.

37

A. With B. Since C. While D. As 46.—What was the party like?

—Wonderful. It' s years _____ I enjoyed myself so much. A. after B. when C. before D. since

47. It was not _____ she took off her dark glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.

A. when; that B. until; that C. until; when D. when; then 48. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _____ great it is.

A. what B. how C. however D. whatever

49. After the war, a new school building was put up _____ there had once been a theatre.

A. that B. where C. which D. when 50._____, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.

A. However late is he B. However he is late C. However is he late D. However late he is 51. He will come to call on you the moment he ____ his painting. A. will finish B. finished C. has finished D. had finished 52. ____ difficult the task may be, we will try our best to complete it in time. A. No matter B. No wonder C. Though D. However 53. It was ____ that she couldn’t finish it by herself. A. so difficult a work B. such a difficult work C. so difficult work D. such difficult work 高考链接

1. We had to wait half an hour _____ we had already booked a table. （2007年辽宁卷） A. since B. although C. until D. before

2. The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time _____ we meet again. (2007年安

徽卷)

A. after B. before C. since D. when

3. --_________when has the country been open to international trade? （2007年陕西卷） --1978, I suppose.

A. Sicne B. In C. From D. After

4. The book was written in 1946, ____ the education system has witnessed great changes.（2007年山东卷） A. when B. during which C. since then D. since when

5. ____ I really don't like art, I find his work impressive. （2007年山东卷） A. As B. Since C. If D. While

6. My parents live in a small village. They always keep candles in the house ______ there is a powercut. (2007年重庆

卷)

A. if B. unless C. in case D. so that

7. _______, his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting. (2007年重庆卷) A. Strange as might it sound B. As it might sound strange C. As strange it might sound D. Strange as it might sound

8. Most birds find it safe to sleep in the trees, but ____ they have eggs or young children, they don't use a nest. (2007年湖南卷)

A. why B. how C. unless D. where

9. The village has developed a lot _____ we learned farming two years ago. （2007年福建卷）

A. when B. which C. that D. where

10. You will be successful in the interview ____ you have confidence. （2007年福建卷）

A. before B. once C. until D. though

11. He was told that it would be at least three months _____he could recover and return to work. (2007年江西卷)

A. when B. before C. since D. that

12. I won't tell you, _____ something unexpected happens. (2007年全国I ) A. unless B. whether C. because D. while 13. ---Where’s that report? (2007年北京卷)

---I brought it to you _____you were in Mr. Black’s office yesterday. A. if B. when C. because D. before 38

13. Leave your key with your neighbor ____ you lock yourself out one day. (2007年北京卷) A. ever since B. even if C. soon after D. in case

15. Pop music is such an important part of society ____ it has even influenced our language.

A. as B. that C. which D. where （2007年北京卷）

16. Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water _____ they are not managed carefully. （2007年北京卷） A. though B. before C. until D. if

17. Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice, ____ they knew it to be valuable. （2007年浙江卷） A. as if B. now that C. even though D. so that

18. It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life _____ we’ve actually had that lesson. （2007年天津卷） A. until B. after C. since D. when

19. I haven’t seen Ann for ____ long that I’ve forgotten what she looks like. （2008 四川卷） A. such B. very C. so D. too

20. Animals suffered at the hands of Man _______ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural and to provide food for more people. （2008 江西卷）

A. in which B. for which C. so that D. in that

21. My English teacher’s humor was ____ make every student burst into laughter. （2008 江西卷） A. so as to B. such as to C. such that D. so that

22. Nancy enjoyed herself so much ______ she visited her friends in Sydney last year. （2008 高考试题 福建卷 ） A. that B. which C. when D. where

23. There were some chairs left over _____ everyone had sat down. （2008 四川卷） A. when B. until C. that D. where

24. It was not until midnight ______they reached the camp site. （2008 重庆卷） A. that B. when C. while D. as

25. A small car is big enough for a family of three ____ you need more space for baggage. （2008 全国卷B） A. once B. because C. if D. unless

26. —Did you return Fred’s call? （2008北京卷） —I didn’t need to ____ I’ll see him tomorrow.

A. though B. unless C. when D. because

27. I’m sorry you’ve been waiting so long, but it’ll still be some time ____ Brian gets back. （2008北京卷） A. before B. since C. till D. after

28. _____ the Internet is of great help. I don’t think it’s a good idea to spend too much time on it. （2008 湖南卷） A. If B. While C. Because D. As

29. ______ hungry I am, I never seem to be able to finish off this loaf of bread. （2008 辽宁卷） A. Whatever B. Whenever C. Wherever D. However

30. I used to love that film ______ I was a child, but I don’t feel it that way any more. （2008 辽宁卷） A. once B. when C. since D. although

31. The lawyer seldom wears anything other than a suit ______ the season. （2008 全国卷） A. whatever B. wherever C. whenever D. however

32. —Have you got any idea for the summer vacation? （2008 全国卷） —I don’t mind where we get ______ there’s sun, sea and beach. A. as if B. as long as C. now that D. in order that

33. All people, ______ they are old or young, rich or poor, have been trying their best to help those in need since the disaster. （2008 重庆卷）

A. even if B. whether C. no matter D. however

34. According to statistics, a man is more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer _____ a woman. （2009江西卷） A. than B. such C. so D. as

35. The medicine works more effectively ______ you drink some hot water after taking it. （2009浙江卷）

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A. as B. until C. although D. if

36. You may use the room as you like _____ you do it up afterwards. （2009北京卷） A. so far as B. so long as C. in case D. even if

37. It was ______ he came back from Africa that year _____ he met the girl he would like to marry. （2009江西卷） A. when, then B. not; until C. not until; that D. only; when

38. Unsatisfied _____ with the payment, he took the job just to get some experience. （2009重庆卷） A. though was he B. though he was C. he was though D. was he though

39. The little girl who got lost decided to remain _____ she was and wait for her mother. （2009山东卷） A. where B. what C. how D. who

40. It just isn’t fair: _____ I was working as a waiter last month, my friends were lying on the beach. （2009辽宁卷） A. Whenever B. though C. for D. while

41. She had just finished her homework _____her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday. (2009福建卷)

A. when B. while C. after D. since 42. – I wonder how much you charge for your services. (2009安徽卷) -- The first two are free ______the third costs $30. A. while B. until C. when D. before

43. （10湖南）Tim is in good shape physically he doesn't get much exercise. A. if B. even though C. unless D. as long as 44.（10山东）The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day, ______ accompanied by an adult.

A. once B. when C. if D. unless

45（10上海） you may have, you should gather your courage to face the challenge. A. However a serious problem B. What a serious problem

C. However serious a problem D. What serious a problem

46（10四川）Because of the heavy traffic，it was already time for lunch break she got to her office．

A．since B．that C．when D．until

47（??陕西）John thinks it won’t be long he is ready for his new job. ? A. when B. after C. before D. since

48（10重庆）Today, we will begin ________we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out. A. when B. where C. how D. what

语法复习七：倒装句

英语的基本句型是主语 + 谓语。如果将主语与谓语调换, 称倒装句。倒装句分全倒装句和半倒装句。 一、 全倒装: 主语与谓语交换位置不需任何助动词, 叫全倒装。全倒装有以下三种 情况:

1、当here, there, out, in, up, down等副词放在句首时, 句子需全倒装: There goes the bell! 铃响了！ There lived an old man. Here comes the bus. 注意:

①在这种情况下倒装仅限于不及物动词或be动词, 像go, come, mush等。 ②主语如果是代词时不需倒装如Away he went. 他走远了。 2、方位状语在句首, 如:

In front of the house stopped a police car.

Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island. Under the tree sat a boy.

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