大学英语四六级语法整理

Tense (时态)

示不用时间完成的动作或保持的状态。共16种，重点10种。 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态 现在 do am have have does is doing has done has been doing are 过去 did was had done were doing 将来 will will will shall do shall be doing shall have done ﹡ would do 过去将来 （判断时态→翻译→填表）,辅助时间轴 I．一般时态：示现在、过去、将来、的动作状态或特征。

1. 一般现在时：示习惯动作，一般状态，客观规律、真理以及与其相关。 e.g.

他每天六点起床。He gets up at six everyday. 地球是圆的。The earth is round. He said the earth is square. 2. 一般过去时：示过去某个时间发生且一下子就完成的动作(常与示过去的时间词、状语或

从句连用， 如yesterday, last week, a few days ago, when等)； 或过去习惯性的动作。

e.g.

上个礼拜我们遇到了他。We met him last week.

他总是最后一个到教室。 He always went to class last.

上周五你看中国好声音了吗？ Did you watch the Voice of China last Friday? 3. 一般将来时：示将来某个时间会发生的动作； 将来反复、习惯性动作。

e.g. 明天早饭我吃鸡蛋和面包。I will have eggs and bread tomorrow morning.

我们这学期每礼拜有五节英语课。We will have five English lessons every week this term. Tips:

1. 一般现在时

1） 标志词汇：often, usually, sometimes, always, twice a month, every week, on Sundays, occasionally(偶尔)，frequently（频繁地，经常），at intervals(有时)，rarely（很少，几乎不）等。

2）as soon as, when, after等引导的时间状语从句，

或If，unless等引导的条件状语从句中， 常用一般现在时代替一般将来时（主将从现）

e.g. I will tell him as soon as he comes back. 除非海枯石烂 We will go swimming if it is fine tomorrow.

If he doesn’t tell her the truth now, he’ll simply keep on asking her until she . (CET-4, 98-6)

A. does B. will do C. has done D. would do

I will never leave you, unless the seas run dry and the rocks crumble. 海枯石烂情缘在。 e.g.

The film begins in a minute. 电影一会就开始放映。 2. 一般过去时

I was a girl. False

I was a sassy girl. I used to be a sassy girl

1）used to do sth. 过去常常做某事，现在不做了。

e.g. You used to get up early in the morning, usedn’t you/didn’t you?否定 used not to/ usedn’t 区分： sb be used to doing sth. 习惯于 Sth be used to do 被用来做

2）示委婉语气：一些实意动词，如want, wonder, think, hope. e.g. I hoped you could give me some advice. 3) 常用于虚拟语气：（第三章） 3. 一般将来时

几种替代形式：be going to do, be to do, be about to do常示按计划、安排、打算、即将要发生的

（判断时态→翻译→填表）

II．进行时态：现在、过去、将来一个时间点或时间段正在进行的动作。 1. 现在进行：示此时此刻正在进行的动作

或现阶段正进行的动作（动作不一定正进行） e.g.

电话铃响了，请你接一下好吗？The telephone is ringing, would you answer it please? 他目前在大学教数学。He is teaching Math at college. 我现在正在上语法课。

2. 过去进行时：示过去某时、过去某段时间正发生的动作； 过去反复的习惯 e.g.

1) When I called him, he was having dinner.

2) Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk. 昨天这个时间我正在

3. 将来进行时：将来某时正进行的动作

或要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作 e.g. 明天这时我将正在读书。I will be reading this time tomorrow.

我兄弟一定会关照你的，我今天给他打个电话，然后他就会等你去。

(My brother will take care of you. I will call him today, and) he will be expecting you. 暑假 的这个时候我正在 Tips:

1. 现在进行

1) 有些词不可用于进行时：如示感觉、感情、存在、丛属，除非词义改变 感觉：see, hear, smell, taste, feel等 感情：hate, fear, love, like, prefer等 存在：exist, stay 等

从属：belong, own e.g.

He looks happy.

He is looking for his book. （词义改变） 我爱你. I am loving you.X 2) 示将来：指按计划安排要发生、即将开始的动作,常用词：start, come, go, leave, arrive, return e.g.

They are leaving for Hongkong next month.

3) 带感情色彩，示赞赏或讨厌: 这时与always, continually, consistently连用 e.g. He is always coming late. 他总是来晚。

4）示委婉语气：某些实意动词，如want, wonder, think,hope等。 e.g. I am hoping you will give me some advice.

5）be的进行时：一时，暂时的性质；故意装模作样 You are being young. 假纯装嫩。英译汉 e.g.

You are being foolish. 你一时糊涂。你在装傻。 2. 过去进行时

示委婉语气：某些实意动词，如want, wonder, hope, think等 e.g.

I was hoping you could give me some advice. 3. 将来进行时

1）示按计划安排要发生的动作。

e.g. 不久我们就放假了。We will be taking our holiday soon. 2) 示委婉语气：

e.g. Will you be having some tea? 喝点茶吧？

III．完成时态：示已完成的动作

1. 现在完成时：示到现在已经完成的或刚刚完成的动作

或从过去某刻发生,现在仍延续着的动作(常与for，since连用) e.g. 到目前为止我已经完成这项任务了。I have already finished this task so far.

我们从童年起就彼此认识了。We have known each other since childhood. 到现在为止我已经学了十多年的英语了。 2. 过去完成时： 示到过去某时已经完成

或一个动作在另一个动作之前已经完成 e.g.

我们到那里时，篮球赛已经开始了。When we got there, the basketball game had already started. 到昨天为止， 3.将来完成时：示到将来某时已经完成，有明显的时间状语，如by next week, by the end of next year e.g.

到明天的这个时候，你已经到上海了。By this time tomorrow, you will have arrived in Shanghai. Tips:

1. 现在完成时：

1) 状语标志词：示到现在为止这段时间的状语标志词有 ，since, up (u)till now, so far, for..（后接示一段时间的短语）

e.g. 自从去年我们毕业以后，就再也没见过。We haven’t seen each other since we graduated last

year.

一般过去时（否）

2）区别 ：对现在是否有影响 现在完成时（是） e.g.

I have lost my key. （现在还未找到） I lost my key. (现在找到与否没有说明)

3）常用结构：It/This/That’s the first time+that…引导的复合句中，that引导的从句要用现在完

成时

e.g. This is the first time that I’ve drunk Californian champagne. 2. 过去完成时 1）示过去本来打算、希望做某事，但却没做：示希望、打算的动词，如hope, want, intend, plan, expect e.g.

我本打算告诉你这件事，但是我忘了。

I had planed to tell you about it, but I forgot to do so. 2) 特殊句型：

Hardly/Scarcely/Barely…when, No sooner… than…, It/This/That was the first time that…, It was +时间段+since…， …than sb. had thought/expected/hoped/wanted e.g. (P4)Hardly had I opened the door when he told me. No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain. It was the second time that he had been out with her. It was more than a year now since he had seen her. We arrived earlier than we had expected. 3.将来完成时 No tips.

IV. 完成进行时：是完成时的强化

现在完成进行时：示动作从过去某时开始一直持续到现在 (该动作可能已经终止，也可能继续下去) e.g.

我已经等了一个小时，但是她还是没来。I have been waiting for an hour, but she still hasn’t come. Tip:

现在完成时 ：对现在的影响 (强调结果) 区别

现在完成进行时：动作的延续型 e.g.

I have thought it over. 我已经考虑过这件事了。 I have been thinking it over. 我一直在考虑这件事。

Voice (语态)

语态也是动词的一种形式。英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态，英语中任何一个动词不是主动语态就是被动语态，没有语态的动词是不存在的。时态和语态紧密相连。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者（I ate an apple.）。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受着（The desk is cleaned.）

形式： 现在 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 am am have is done is being done has been done are are 过去 was was had been done were done were being done 将来 will will shall be done shall have been done 情态动can/may/should/would/might/must be done 词 I.使用场合： 1）不知道-动作执行者 His bike has been stolen. You are wanted outside.

2) 泛指、不言自明-动作执行者

The magazines in the library must not be taken away. 3) 动作承受者-谈话中心、需强调 My watch has been repaired. At last a plan has been made. 4) 委婉礼貌-避免提及自己、对方 You are wished to do it more carefully. 5) 行文流畅-避免变化主语

He arrived in London, where he was met by his friend.

Group work--- tranlation

1. 曾经调皮的小男孩模样发生了很大变化。（take place）

Great changes have taken place in the naughty boy’s appearance. (He becomes a handsome boy.)

2. 在班里他受到很多女孩的照顾。（take good care of） He is taken good care of by many girls in his class. 3. 生日那天他收到一条领带作为礼物。 A tie is given to him as a birthday present. He is given a tie as a birthday present. 4. 据说他很喜欢这件礼物。

It is said that he likes this gift very much.

5. 这条领带摸起来很光滑而且是现在最畅销的一种。 This kind of tie feels smooth and it sells best nowadays. 6. 这件礼物很值得珍藏。

This gift is well worth treasuring.

II.注意问题

1. 短语动词的被动语态: 通常短语被看作整体，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略 2. 不及物动词、短语（happen, occur, take place, break out等）

示状态的词、短语（fit , suit, lack, look like, resemble ） 无被动

e.g. Tom looks like/resembles his father. My shoes don’t fit me.

3.主动变被动时，如果动词后跟双宾语，其中之一变主语，另一个不变；

直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前加介词to,for,from

e.g.

I gave my husband a tie as a birthday present.

→My husband was given a tie as a birthday present. →A tie was given to my husband as a birthday present. 4.常用搭配：

It is said that… It’s reported that… It’s believed that… It’s well known that… It’s assumed that… III．. 主动表被动 A． 谓语动词的主动表被动

1.感官动词:feel, smell, taste, look等 What does the perfume smell like? His excuse sounds unconvincing.

2.一些与can’t, won’t 连用的动词，如lock, shut, move, act等 The window won’t shut. The engine can’t move.

3.一些与well, easily, perfectly等连用的表示事物的性质、状况的词，如sell, wash, clean, burn Umbrellas sell best in winter. My pen writes well. B. 非谓语动词主动表被动

1. 动名词，如be worth, want, need, require+ doing This plant needs watering twice a week. It’s an idea that’s worth considering. 2. 不定式

1）不定式做名词的定语时，（e.g. something to read, anything to eat） 满足条件 不定式与前面的名词或代词有动宾关系 并与句中另一个名词或代词有主谓关系

(如果不能同时满足，则要用其被动形式表被动)

e.g.

I have nothing to do this afternoon.

Have you anything to be taken to your parents?

He has something to do. (自己做)

区别： He has something to be done (by anyone else). (别人做) ★This house is said to have been built a century ago. 2）可用于there be 结构

There is nothing to worry about. There is nothing to be worried about.

3. 主语+be +adj.+ 不定式， 形容词后跟不定式做状语＆句子主语是不定式的逻辑宾语 e.g.

He is easy to convince.

She is pleasant to work with.

﹡It 做形式主语时， It is +adj.+ to do

It实意词+adj. + to be done 4. be to 固定结构：be to let/blame

Which driver was to blame for the accident? These rooms are to let. C. 介词短语示被动

介词for, on, above, under, in, within, out of 等后面接表示动作的名词时，表达被动含义。

IV. 非谓语动词的被动 A． 不定式的被动：to be + done（ 动词过去分词）

示逻辑主语是动作的承受者，可做主、表、宾、定、状、补语。 To be loved by so many people is also annoying. I hope to be invited to the party. (宾)

△时间变化： 不定式动作先于谓语→不定式被动式的完成时to have been done; 不定时动作同时于谓语→不定时被动式的进行时 to be being done. e.g.

The bank is reported to have been broken into last night. Rainforests are reported to be being cut down rapidly. B. 动名词的被动：being done

He laughed at my being scolded by the teacher. I am proud of being regarded as a national hero. C. 过去分词示被动

Given more time, I will do it better.

United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡——富兰克林

Subjunctive Mood (I)

Part I. Warm-up

1. 如果上天再给我一次机会，我会对那个女孩说三个字。

If I were given another chance, I would say three words to the girl. 2. 如果刘翔那天没摔倒，那结果会是怎样？

If Liuxiang hadn’t fallen that day, what would have happened?/ what result would have been?

3. 要是世界上有后悔药就好了。

If only there existed the medicine for regrets.

如果明天下雪的话，我就嫁给你，但是你要知道，现在是夏天。

If it snowed tomorrow, I would marry you. But you need to know that it’s summer now.

Part II. Theoretical explanation

英语的动词一般可带有三种不同的语气：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。不同的语气用动词的不同形式（有的还借助句法形式）来表示。 Definition of subjunctive mood

虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等 (在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。

一、Subjunctive mood in the clauses of condition（虚拟语气在条件句中） 虚拟条件 主句

与现在事实相If+主语+did/were 反的假设 （动词be用were) 与过去相反的假设 与将来相反的假设 If+主语+had +done 1、If+主语+were to+ 动词原形 2、If+主语+should do 主语+ would/might/could do 主语＋would /might /could＋have done 主语＋would do might/ could do

For example:

(1) If Monday had a face, I would punch it. 如果星期一有一张脸，我会给它一拳。

(2) If I hadn't walked so fast that day, I wouldn't have been attacked by the big yellow dog. 如果那天我不是走的那么快，就不会被大黄狗袭击。 (3) If I were to win 1 million pounds, I would buy a new house. 如果我赢了一百万英镑，我就会买套新房子。 Attentions:

1. 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为：错综时间条件句，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整 Eg.: If you hadn’t stayed up late, you wouldn’t be sleepy now. Joke:

A: I don’t like my mother-in-law.

B: Listen, don’t you realize that you couldn’t have your wife if it hadn’t been for your mother-in-law.

A: Yes, that’s why I don’t like her. 2. 省略句

在条件句中，可省略 if，把were ,had, should 提到句首，变为倒装句式． 1)If I were given another chance, I would say three words to the girl. Were I given another chance, I would say three words to the girl.

2) If Liuxiang hadn’t fallen that day, what would have happened?/ what result would have been? Had Liuxiang not fallen that day, what would have happened?/ what result would have been?

3）If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.

Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.

3. But for, without, otherwise, but that, thanks to等词或词组 主句动词仍虚拟 e.g．But for your help, they couldn’t have won the game.

Chapter 3 Subjunctive Mood (II)

New lesson 特殊虚拟

(1) 退一时态型 西 药 好 用 希望 要是 好用 宁愿

wish if only as if/though would rather a. wish

E.g. I wish that I could put all my thoughts into your heads.

I wish that I hadn't hurt you at all. I wish that she would forgive me. b. if only

E.g. If only that I could put all my thoughts into your heads.

If only that I hadn't hurt you at all. If only that she would forgive me. c. as if/as though

E.g. He walks as if he was Pigsy.

It seems as if not a singer day had gone by. d. would rather

sb. would rather do than do

I would rather attend the grammar class then play dota in my dorm. sb. would rather sb. did

I would rather you played dota. sb. would rather sb. had done sth.

I would rather you had played dota yesterday. (4) 一般过去型 It's time/about time/high time that sb./sth. did sth. It's high time that you got married.

It's high time that you made a plan for your future. (5) should do 型

动词虚拟（宾语从句） 一个坚持 insist

两个命令 order command

四个要求 request require demand ask

五个建议 suggest advise propose recommend move

E.g. Miss Wang suggests that men's room should be rebuilt to women's room in the building. 注意：suggest 当表示―暗示、表明―讲时，insist 表示‖坚持认为―之意时，应用陈述语气。 Eg. The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work. The man insisted that he had never stolen the money. 形容词虚拟 （主语从句） ① -ed 型

It's suggested that men's room (should) be rebuilt to women's room in the building. ② 重要性 必要性

六个重要 important essential crucial vital necessary significant

It's essential that students (should) have enough time to play and relax. 名词虚拟 （表语从句，同位语从句）

suggestion, insistence, advice, proposal, recommendation, motion

Miss Wang's suggestion is that men's room should be rebuilt to women's room in the building.

The suggestion that men's room should be rebuilt to women's room in the building is offered by Miss Wang.

lest / for fear that

Wear more for fear that you should catch a cold.

另外：But for, without, otherwise, but that, thanks to等词或词组 主句动词仍虚拟 e.g．But for your help, they couldn’t have won the game.

Modal Verbs（情态动词）

Introduction

A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality – that is, likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation. Modal auxiliary verbs give more information about the function of the main verb that follows it.情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在大学英语四、六级考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容： （1）Modal verb + have + v-ed （2）Modal verb + be + v-ing

（3）Modal verb+ have been + v-ing （4）Special use of some modal verbs Usage

表示猜测语气强弱程度 must may might can could e.g. He must have been to London. Must & have to

表示必须、必要。如：

You must come in time. 回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustn't，而要用needn't或don't have to。

— Must we hand in our exercise books today? — Yes, you must. (No, you don’t have to.)

―must be + 表语‖的结构表示对现在的状态的推测，它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。 You had only an apple at breakfast today. You must be hungry now.

―must + have + 过去分词‖的结构常用在肯定句中，表示推测过去某事―一定‖发生了。其否定形式为：can't / couldn't have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。如: You look so sleepy. You must have stayed up late last night.

―must + have been doing‖ 常用在肯定句中，表示对过去某时正在发生事件的推测，意为―肯定正在，一定正在‖。

It must have been raining this time yesterday.

e.g昨晚这个时候你肯定在玩游戏而不是在做作业。 May & might

表示许可。表示请求、允许时，might比may的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时要用mustn't表示―不可以‖、―禁止‖、―阻止‖之意。如： You may drive the car.

— Might I use your pen? — No, you mustn't.

用May I ... 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中，用Can I ... 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。 2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如： May you succeed!

3.表示推测、可能（疑问句不能用于此意）。 He may be very busy now.

4. ―may(might) + have + 过去分词‖表示推测过去某事―也许‖发生了。如： He may(might) (not) have gone to London.

5. ―may(might) + have been doing‖表示推测过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。 He may / might have been buying cellphone when you saw him. Shall & should

―should + have + 过去分词‖结构一般表示义务，肯定句表示应该做到而实际上没有做到，并

包含一种埋怨、责备、建议或指正的口气。否定句则表示已经发生了本不该发生的事。 You should have told him the paint on that seat is wet. I should have helped her, but I never could. They shouldn’t have left so soon. Can & could

. ―can(could) + have + 过去分词‖的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。 He cannot have been to that town.

The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it? dare和need的用法

1. need表示―需要‖或―必须‖，作情态动词时，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用 must, have to, ought to,或should代替。如： You needn’t come so early.

— Need I finish the work today? — Yes, you must.

注意：needn’t + have done （即+不定时的完成时）―表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事‖。如：

You needn’t have waited for me.

You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have classes this morning.

Chapter four Inversion（倒装）

Part I. Warm-up

1. There stands/is a tree. 2. Here comes the bus.

3. ―I like Voice of China.‖ ―So do I.‖

4. ―Zheng Hong didn’t enter the top four.‖ ―Neither did Li Daimo.‖ Part II. Theoretical explanation 一、Partial inversion (部分倒装)

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。

1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time决不, in no way, not until, by no means, under no condition, on no account… 等。例如： Never have I seen such a performance. 从未见过如此糟糕的表演。

Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。

2. 以否定词开头的固定短语搭配，有否定词的部分倒装

如 Not only…but also；Hardly/Scarcely…when； No sooner… than；Not until。 1) 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。

Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。 Not until he lost the chance did he realize its importance.

典型习题： Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.

A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know 答案D.

2）Not only did he refuse the gift, but he also severely criticized the sender. 他没有收下礼物，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。

注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构，如Not only you but also I am

fond of music。

3）Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。 4）No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。 用这些词表示\也\、\也不\的句子要部分倒装。例如： Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 汤姆会讲法语，杰克也会。 If you won't go, neither will I.你不去，我也不去。

注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为\的确如此\。例如：

Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 汤姆邀我去踢球，我去了。 ---It's raining hard.---So it is. 雨下得真大。是呀。 4. only在句首倒装的情况。例如：

Only in this way, can you learn English well. 只有这样，你才能学好英语。

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次，他才来参加会议。 Only when one loses freedom does one know its value.一个人只有在失去自由后才知道自由的可贵。

如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。例如：

Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得狠重时，他才卧床休息。 注意：Only 修饰主语不倒装。 5. 其他部分倒装

1） so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得很，动也不敢动。

So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。

2） 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。

例如： Were I you, I would try it again. 我是你的话，就再试一次。 二、Full inversion (全部倒装)

全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：

1） here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如：

Then came the chairman. 那时总裁来了。 Here is your letter. 你的信。

There in Greece lived a famous thinker, named Aristotle .

2） 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如： Out rushed a boy from the classroom. 教室里窜出一个男孩。 Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一个老妪。

注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：

Here he comes. 他来了。 Away they went. 他们走开了。

3 ) 表语置于句首时，倒装结构为―表语+连系动词+主语‖ ① 形容词+连系动词+主语

Happy are those who are contented. 知足者常乐。 ② 过去分词+连系动词+主语

Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people. ③ 介词短语+be+主语

Among the gifts are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys. 6. as, though 引导的倒装句

as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。 Shortest as he is, he is the richest of the three. 虽然他是三个人中最矮的，却是最富有的。 Disabled as he was, he tried his best to serve the people. 虽然他残疾了，但他仍尽力为人民服务。 但需注意：

1） 句首名词不能带任何冠词。

Boy as he is, he likes to wear girl’s clothes. 他虽是个男孩，但却喜欢穿女孩的衣服。

2） 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 他工作很努力，但总不能让人满意。

注意：让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。

Subordinate Clauses（从句）

◆Lead in

In a restaurant, ―when will we get married..‖ W: My question is when we will get married. M: I have no idea when we will get married.

W: Jack, I am dying to know when we will get married. M: Lucy, when we will get married is hard to say.

W: Stop! If you can’t make a decision within a month, I will break up with you. 1. I don’t know his name. 2. His name is Wang Ermazi. 3. Wang Ermazi is his name.

Nominal Clauses（名词性从句） 1. the object clause 宾语从句 2. the subject clause 主语从句

3. the appositive clause 同位语从句 4. the predicative clause 表语从句 I. 陈述语序 II. 关联词

1. 从属连词 that\\whether\\if

2. 关系代词 who/whom/which/ what 3. 关系副词 when/where/ why/how III. that &what

1. That Yao Chen got married is known to all.

2. What we are concerned about is when the winter vacation begins. 3. Show me what love is.

4. Show me (that) wonders can be true.

* 5. He told me (that ) he was preparing for CET4 and that he wanted to pass CET 6. 6. The wedding is perfect except that the bride ran away. IV. whether/if

1. The question is whether you can find somebody to go to KFC. If × 2. Whether you miss me or not makes no difference to me. If ×

3. I wonder if/ whether you’ll take a part time job or not during the winter vacation. 4. It all depends on whether people support him. If × V. It

主语从句

1. It is/was adj that 2. It is/was -ed that 3. It is noun that

4 It happens/ occurs to sb. that 宾语从句

He makes it clear that we must finish it on time. VI. 同位语从句

1. The news that YaoChen got married is known to all.

2. I have a question whether or not you can go with me. If × 3. He didn’t get the order when they should begin this program.

News/plan/fact/information/advice/suggestion/proposal/report/ idea/thought/view ect.

Attributive Clause(定语从句)

To introduce what we learned last week: who can tell me what we learned last week? (the object clause)

Theory review； 1. that 2. what

3. if/whether ☆Lead-in

Song: that’s why you go away

Baby, won’t you tell me why there is sadness in your eyes. Love is one big illusion I should try to forget I’m the one who is feeling lost right now But I’m not the man your heart is missing.

Eg: I have a pretty wife.

I have a wife who/that is pretty.

1) Eg: I have lived in Qingdao for ten years.

Qingdao is a city where I have lived for ten years. ☆Definition

(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。

(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。 (3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词：

指人----who(主语、宾语)，whom (宾语)

----that (主语、宾语)，whose (定语)

指物----that (主语、宾语)，which(主语、宾语) 关系副词： 注意：①关系副词里面没有how。 ②关副在从句中做状语 ☆Classification

(1) 限制性定语从句：是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语， 如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句关系十分密切， 写时不用逗号分开。

Eg: The boys who wanted to play games were disappointed when there was a power cut.

(2) 非限制性定语从句: 和主句关系不很密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明， 如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句， 写时往往逗号分开。

Eg: e.g.The boys, who wanted to play games were disappointed when there was a power cut.

注意：引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不可用that，指人时用who(主语),whom(宾语)，指物时须用which.

e.g:He made the same mistakes again, which made his teacher very angry. ☆Attentions

I：关系代词 VS 关系副词

缺少主语或者宾语选择关系代词。 缺少状语选择关系副词。 This is the factory that I visited

This is the factory where/in which I worked.

Conclusion: 根据定从中所缺成分确定用关代还是关副。 Do you remember the place where I first met you. I will never forget the days when I stayed with you. That’s the reason why we broke up. The sweater that/which I bought online is too big. II. that/which

1. 只用that（可指人或物，可做主语,宾语，不可引导非限定性定语从句。） ① 先行词是all, much, little ,everything, nothing, anything指物时只that。 e.gOur parents always do all that they can do for us. Is there anything that you know about Jobs?

②先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，无论指物还是指人均用that。 e.g: She is the most beautiful girl that I have seen. ③先行词既有人也有物，只that ④先行词有the only, the very, the last 修饰，只that. e.g:This is the very book (that) I want to find. ⑤先行词前有all.every,no,some,any,little,much,few等修饰，只that. e.g:I’ve read all the books (that) you gave me. 2. 只用which ①非限制行定语从句

②引导词前有介词 ③一个句子若有两个定从，一个用that引导，另一个用which引导。

e.g:He bought a book that could give him much knowledge and which could help him to skill the time.

III. as/ which 1. ①such+名词+as+从句 the same+名词+as+从句 as…as

as在从句中做主，宾，表） e.g. He is not the same man as he was. ②As 代替前面的句子，表―正如，正像‖ e.g:The song was very popular as people expected. ③当主句和从句语义一致时用as He made a long speech, as is expected. ④如果从句在主句前，这时要用as eg: As we all know, the earth is round. 2. ①which 代替前面的句子，表―这件事，这一点‖

e.g:We moved the stone away from the road, which took as an hour.

②当主句和从句语义不一致或从句为否定时用which. e.g:He made a long speech, which is unexpected. IV. 介词+关系代词(介词+which & 介词+whom） 1. 根据谓语的固定搭配选介词。

This is the evidence with which the case is connected 2. 根据先行词选介词。

I’ll never forget the day on which /when I met my girl friend. 3. 介词后指事用which, 指人用whom.

His bag, in which he put his rose, has been stolen.

Xiao Wang, with whom he went to the concert, enjoyed it very much. 4. 在非限制性定从中。 名/代/数 +of +which/whom

The students, some of whom stayed up to study English, come from different cities.

Adverbial Clauses

状语从句：在复合句中，起状语作用的从句称作状语从句。

分类：时间状语从句；地点状语从句；条件状语从句；原因状语从句；让步状语从句；比较状语从句；目的状语从句；结果状语从句；方式状语从句。 1.Adverbial Clause of Condition 条件状语从句 引导词：if/unless 如果，假如

assuming that/supposing that... 认为... provided/given that... 鉴于...考虑到... as long as... 只要... only if... 只有...

on condition that...倘若...

E.g. If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？

Given that he is a green hand, he does a good job. 鉴于他是个新手，他做的工作还不错。 Only if you work hard, can you succeed. 1. Adverbial Clause of Time 时间状语从句 引导词：when/while//before/after

as soon as/scarcely...when.../no sooner...than...=the moment/the time/ the minute/the second/directly/immediately Not until ①while v.s. when

while=during that time 在...期间, 当...的时候 （延续性动词）

when=at that time 在...时刻 （短暂性动词，如果是过去进行时态也可以接延续性动词） E.g.When you called me, I was having my dinner. E.g.You called me while I was having my dinner. ②before/after 时态逆转

E.g. The man had already left before I arrived at the station. After he had finished the homework he went out for a walk. ③scarcely...when.../No sooner...than... 倒装 not...until的四种不同句式 1. not...until... E.g. The little boy didn't smile until he saw the chocolate. 这个小男孩看到巧克力之后才开始笑起来。 B.until置于句首 E.g. Until he saw the chocolate, the little boy didn't smile. C. 倒装结构 E.g. Not until he saw the chocolate, did the little boy smile. D. 强调结构

it was not until + 时间从句或短语 + that + 主句部分

E.g. It was not until he saw the chocolate that the little boy smiled ④the moment/the time/ the minute/the second / immediately/instantly/ directly E.g. I began to like you the moment I saw you. ⑤ as soon as 主将从现

2. Adverbial Clause of Cause 原因状语从句 引导词：because, as, for

in that, seeing that, now that, considering that given that ①because>as>for>since

because语气最强，只有它才能用来回答why的提问。 E.g. ---Why haven’t you got a girlfriend?

---Because I am too handsome to find one.

since表示人们已知的事实或不需要强调的原因，译成―既然‖，通常放在句首。 E.g. Since we don't have class tomorrow, why not go out for a picnic?

既然明天没有课，我们出去野营如何？

as所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉。 E.g. As Monday is a national holiday, all government offices will be closed.

由于星期一是国家的法定假日，因此所有的政府办事机构都将关门休息。 for表示推断的理由，是对前面分句的内容加以解释和说明。

E.g. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.

昨晚下雨了，因为今天早上地面都是湿的。 用介词表示因果关系

because of, due to, owing to + n./N.P.

E.g. We had an accident because he was careless.

We had an accident due to his carelessness. Owing to his carelessness we had an accident. ②其他复合连词表示原因 in that, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that), given (that) E.g. E-mail is different from the traditional mail in that it sends and receives mails in a second.

电子邮件和传统的邮件是不同的，因为前者收发邮件可以在顷刻之间完成。 Now that you are sixteen, you can get a driver's license. 你已经16岁了，可以取得驾驶执照了。 4.Adverbial Clause of Concession 让步状语从句 引导词：though, although, even though, even if while

no matter wh - = - ever as ①常见连词 though, although, even though, even if 注：主句前不可用but,但可用yet或still.

E.g. Although she eats a lot, she is in a good shape.

表示让步转折关系的介词和副词： despite, in spite of ( 尽管...), regardless of （不管...） E.g. Though he was inexperienced, he did a very good job.

Despite the nasty weather, everyone is here. 尽管天气不好，每个人都来了。 CET 4 (2012. 6 .)

The sixteen-old-girl decided to go abroad by herself despite her parents' strong objection/opposition. (她父母强烈的反对)

注：despite+n.=despite the fact that....

=The sixteen-old-girl decided to go abroad by herself despite the fact that her parents opposed it strongly/objected to it strongly. (她父母强烈的反对) ②置于句首的while,一般表示―尽管‖ E.g. While I admit I did it, I didn't mean to.

尽管我承认是我做的，但我并不是故意的。 ③no matter wh- = -ever

Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you. ④as引导的倒装句表示让步

倒装结构：adj./adv./n./done./短语 + as + 主语+ 谓语 E.g. Child as he is, he is knowledgeable.

尽管他还是个孩子，但知识渊博。

Lazy a boy as he is, he is kind to help others. 他虽然很懒惰，但乐于助人。

5.Adverbial Clause of Purpose 目的状语从句 引导词：so that, in order that, so as that Lest that, for fear that, in case that ①so that, in order that, so as that

E.g. He spoke loudly so that he could be paid attention to.

注：in order that可以放在句首，其他的不可以，只能放在居中。

so that 在目的状语从句中是―因此‖常和情态动词连用，在结果状语从句中有so that前有逗号。 ②其他连词的用法：lest that, for fear that, in case that

E.g. I stepped into the room slightly for fear that I (should) wake him up.

Give him some punishment lest that he (should) make the same mistake again. Wear more in case that it gets could.(不虚拟)

Wear more in case that itshould get cold.(虚拟也可) 6.Adverbial Clause of Result 结果状语从句 引导词：so...that..., such...that... so that...., such that....

to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, to such extent that ①常见连词的用法：so...that..., such...that....so that,...such that... E.g. She is such a beauty that everyone stops to have a look. 倒装：Such a beauty is she that everyone stops to have a look. E..g. He was such a fool that he believed her.

他真是愚蠢，连她都相信。

倒装：Such a fool was he that he believed her. ②其他短语连接的结果状语从句

To the degree (that), to the extent (that), to such a degree (that), to such an extent (that) E.g. He went on with his empty speech to such an extent that some of us began to doze.

他一直不断地进行着自己空洞乏味的演讲，以至于我们当中都有人开始打瞌睡了。 To such an extent did he go on with his empty speech that some of us began to doze. 7.Adverbial Clause of Manner 方式状语从句 引导词：as, as if, as though, the way

E.g. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。

Do it the way/the way that/the way in which you were taught. 按照教给你的那样做。

He looks as though/as if he is an actor. 他看上去像个演员。

8.Adverbial Clause of Place 地点状语从句 引导词：where

E.g. A driver should slow down where there are schools.

在有学校的地方，司机应缓行。 Where there is a will, there is a way. 有事者事竟成。

9. Adverbial Clause of Comparison比较状语从句 引导词：as than

the + 比较级..., the + 比较级... A is to B what/as C is to D ①as的基本用法 A. as +adj./adv. +as E.g. Grammar is not as diffiult as you thingk.

语法不像你想象的那么难。 B. as +adj. +a/an +可数名词单数 +as

Americans tend to think from small to large. Let us take as simple an example as the addressing of envelopes.

美国人的思维喜欢由小到大。我们举一个写信封地址的简单例子吧。 注：否定句中第一个as可用so 代替。 ②than的基本用法

可比性问题：The weather of the South is wetter than the North. 错误

The weather of the South is wetter than that of the North. 正确 ③固定结构 4. 表示倍数

倍数+比较级 A is three times bigger than B 倍数+as ...as A is three times as big as B 倍数+名词 A is three times the size of B

E.g. Du Haitao is three times heavier than He Jiong.

Du Haitao is twice as heavy as He Jiong.

Du Haitao is three times the weight of He Jiong. B. the + 比较级...,.the + 比较级... E.g. The more you eat, the fatter you will be. The more you say, the more confused I am. The richer he is , the meaner he becomes.

主谓一致subject-predicate agreement

I. Introduction

在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。 II. 语法一致原则

语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。

1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形

式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：

1) His father is working on the farm. 2) To study English well is not easy.

3) What he said is very important for us all.

4) The children were in the classroom two hours ago. 5) Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.

Note：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books.

2. 由连接词and或both …… and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如： Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I were surprised when we heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. Note：(1) 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人、物或概念时，它后面的谓语动词用单数形式。通常，如果两个名词只有一个限定词或者无限定词时，他们常表示一个概念。如果分别有两个限定词修饰时，他们往往表示两个不同的概念。另外，如果and连接的两个单数名词均有each, every, many a, no 等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：

War and peace is a constant theme in history. The writer and artist was present at the meeting.

(2) 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no， each， every more than a （an） ， many a （an）修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.

3. 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with， together with， except， but， like， as well as， rather than， more than， no less than， besides， including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr. Green， together with his wife and children， has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She， like you and Tom， is very tall.

4. either， neither， each， every 或no +单数名词和由some， any， no， every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. Note：（1）在口语中当either或neither后跟有―of+复数名词（或代词）‖作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is （are） interesting. （2）若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has （have） been to America.

5. 在定语从句时，关系代词that， who， which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.

6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family， class， crowd， committee， population， audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. Note：people， police， cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：

The police are looking for the lost child.

而有些集体名词，如：machinery, equipment, furniture, mercandise（商品），通常做不

可数名词，随后动词用单数形式。 7. 由―a lot of， lots of， plenty of， the rest of， the majority of + 名词‖构成的短语以及由―分数或百分数+名词‖构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.

Note：1) a number of―许多‖，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of―……的数量‖，主语是number，谓语用单数。

2) many a, more than one 意为―许多‖，但是用单数的形式表达复数的意义，后

接可数名词单数，谓语动词为单数形式。

Many a student has joined tennis club. 另：an amount of +U( 不可数) 单动 ;a wealth of +C/U ; A quantity of C/U +单

动；quantities of C/U +复动

8. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：

There comes the bus. / On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts. III. 逻辑意义一致原则

逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。

1. what， who， which， any， more， all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠

意思来决定。如：Which is your bag？ / Which are your bags？ / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.

2. 表示―时间、重量、长度、价值‖等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体；如果表示具体的多少，强调复数意义时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：

1) Thirty minutes is enough for the work.

2) The fifty miles were covered by the winner in three hours.

3. 若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，意义时单数，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如：―The Arabian Nights‖ is an interesting story-book. 4. 一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics， politics， physics 以及news， works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn’t easy to study. 5. 表数量的短语―one and a half‖后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数）。如：One and a half apples is （are） left on the table. 6. 算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.

7. trousers， glasses， clothes， shoes， 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a （the） pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.

8. ―定冠词the + 形容词或分词‖，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。 IV. 就近一致原则

在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。

1. 当两个主语由either … or， neither … nor， whether … or …， not only … but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：

1) Not only the teacher but also the students are our friends.

2) Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right？

2. there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：

1) There are two chairs and a desk in the room. 2) There is a phone and several books.

注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。Here comes an adult and three children.

主谓一致subject-predicate agreement

在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。

语法一致原则 语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。

1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形

式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：

1) His father is working on the farm. 2) To study English well is not easy.

3) What he said is very important for us all.

4) The children were in the classroom two hours ago. 5) Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.

Note：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数

或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books.

2. 由连接词and或both …… and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如： Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I were surprised when we heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. Note：(1) 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人、物或概念时，它后面的谓语动词用单数形式。通常，如果两个名词只有一个限定词或者无限定词时，他们常表示一个概念。如果分别有两个限定词修饰时，他们往往表示两个不同的概念。另外，如果and连接的两个单数名词均有each, every, many a, no 等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：

War and peace is a constant theme in history. The writer and artist was present at the meeting.

(2) 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no， each， every more than a （an） ， many a （an）修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.

3. 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with， together with， except， but， like， as well as， rather than， more than， no less than， besides， including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr. Green， together with his wife and children， has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She， like you and Tom， is very tall.

4. either， neither， each， every 或no +单数名词和由some， any， no， every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. Note：（1）在口语中当either或neither后跟有―of+复数名词（或代词）‖作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is （are） interesting. （2）若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has （have） been to America.

5. 在定语从句时，关系代词that， who， which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.

6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family， class， crowd， committee， population， audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. Note：people， police， cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：

The police are looking for the lost child.

而有些集体名词，如：machinery, equipment, furniture, mercandise（商品），通常做不

可数名词，随后动词用单数形式。 7. 由―a lot of， lots of， plenty of， the rest of， the majority of + 名词‖构成的短语以及由―分数或百分数+名词‖构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.

Note：1) a number of―许多‖，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of―……的数量‖，主语是number，谓语用单数。

2) many a, more than one 意为―许多‖，但是用单数的形式表达复数的意义，后

接可数名词单数，谓语动词为单数形式。

Many a student has joined tennis club.

另：an amount of +U( 不可数) 单动 ;a wealth of +C/U ; A quantity of C/U +单

动；quantities of C/U +复动

8. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：

There comes the bus. / On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.

逻辑意义一致原则

逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。

1. what， who， which， any， more， all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which is your bag？ / Which are your bags？ / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.

2. 表示―时间、重量、长度、价值‖等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体；如果表示具体的多少，强调复数意义时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：

1) Thirty minutes is enough for the work.

2) The fifty miles were covered by the winner in three hours.

3. 若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，意义时单数，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如：―The Arabian Nights‖ is an interesting story-book. 4. 一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics， politics， physics 以及news， works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn’t easy to study. 5. 表数量的短语―one and a half‖后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数）。如：One and a half apples is （are） left on the table. 6. 算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.

7. trousers， glasses， clothes， shoes， 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a （the） pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.

8. ―定冠词the + 形容词或分词‖，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。 就近一致原则

在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。

1. 当两个主语由either … or， neither … nor， whether … or …， not only … but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：

1) Not only the teacher but also the students are our friends.

2) Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right？

2. there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：

1) There are two chairs and a desk in the room. 2) There is a phone and several books.

注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。Here comes an adult and three children.

动名词（gerund）

主动语态 被动语态

一般式 完成式 doing having done being done having been done 二、动名词的功用 1.动名词作主语

动名词可位于句首，用作主语，表示一般概念，强调习惯性动作。 例1：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。

经典考点1：Finding a job in such a big company has always been___ his wildest dreams.(CET-4，1997年1月)

A)under B)over C)above D)beyond

巧解本题应选D。beyond意为―超出，出乎，为…所不能及‖。全句意思是：在这样一个大公司找到工作一直是他不敢想象的。 注：在一些句子中，常用it作形式主语，将用作真实主语的动名词放在句末。it is后可接no use， no good， fun等名词，也可接useless，nice，good，interesting等形容词。 例1：It's great fun sailing a boat. 扬帆驾舟是十分有趣的。

例2：It's good hearing English spoken. 听到人讲英语，我很高兴。 2.动名词作宾语

(1)某些及物动词后可接动名词作宾语，这些常见、常考的动词如下表： admit，appreciate，avoid，deny，enjoy，finish，miss， postpone，practice，quit，resent，resist，suggest，keep，complete，anticipate，discuss，mention，tolerate，understand，favor，escape，forgive，consider，prohibit，mind，dislike，acknowledge，fancy，defer，imagine等。 例1：I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议换一种方法做此事。 例2：The students anticipate having a good time in the Spring Festival at home. 学生们预料春节在家里会过得很愉快。

(2)动名词做短语动词的宾语。在动名词作短语动词的宾语时，应特别注意在一些短语动词后的to究竟是介词，还是不定式符号。如在下列短语中的to都是介词：

lead to，contribute to，devote to，object to，look forward to，dedicate to，confess to，be used to 例1：They objected to leaving school and going to work.他们反对辍学去打工。

例2：Jane's summer vacation in England led to her marrying an Englishman. 简的暑假在英国度过，这使她嫁给了一个英国人。 三、动名词的复合结构

―名词所有格(或物主代词)+动名词‖，即构成动名词的复合结构。在该结构中，名词所有格或物主代词是动名词的逻辑主语，在句中可作主语或宾语。一般说来，该结构用作宾语时，对于有生命的名词来说，既可以用名词又可用名词所有格，但以直接使用名词为宜；对于无生命的名词来说，一般避免使用所有格；对于指代人的代词来说，使用其物主代词为宜。 例1：Excuse my interrupting you.请原谅我打断你的话。

例2：I was awakened by the door being opened.有人开门把我吵醒了。

例3：I don't like stranger's interfering in my affairs.我不喜欢局外人干涉我的事。 注：在下列句型或固定搭配中常用动名词 be busy doing sth.

have trouble (difficulty) in doing sth. There is no doing sth. can't help doing sth.

There is no sense (point，harm，fun) in doing sth.

It's no use (good) doing sth.

There is not any doing sth.等等。

例1：There is no knowing when he will come again.不知道他什么时候再来。 例2：I can't help admiring his speech.我禁不住称赞他的演讲。 五、动名词的被动式

当动名词与被其修饰说明的名词或代词在逻辑上是动宾关系时，该动名词要使用被动式。 例1：I couldn't help being moved by his speech. 我不得不为他的发言所感动。

例2：I don't remember having ever been asked to answer the question. 我不记得曾经有人要我解答这个问题。

注：在某些动词后的动名词的主动形式可以表示被动含义。这些动词有need，require，want，deserve等等。

例1：The question requires studying (to be studied). 这个问题需要研究。

例2：The naughty boy deserves warning (to be warned). 这顽皮的男孩应当受到警告。 六、动名词的否定式

直接在动名词前加not，就可构成该动名词的否定式。

例1：I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going.我看不去对你倒太好了。

例2：He was nervous from not having spoken in public.他由于从未做过公开演讲而觉得紧张。

动名词既具有动词的特点有具有名词的特点，具体表现为： 1.动名词可以被定冠词和物主代词修饰 I hope you don’t mind my saying it.

注：在动词advise, allow, forbid(禁止)，permit（允许）等后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后跟不定式。例如 We don’t allow people to fish here. 我们不准人们在这儿钓鱼。 ③主动表被动: ① The room wants (clean). ② The method needs (improve). ③ This pair of shoes require (mend). ④ The problem needs (work out). ⑤ The question is well worth (discuss)

d）动词 ―like, love, hate, prefer‖后接动名词表示―习惯性动作‖，后接不定式表示―心理或一次具体动作‖。当用在 should, would之后时，只跟不定式。 五.动名词的复合结构

动名词前可以加一个 物主代词或 名词所有格来表示 这个动名词逻辑上的主语 ，构成动名词的复合结构或动名词短语

1).物主代词 / 名词所有格 + 动名词 在句中作主语:

Mary`s coming late made her teacher angry. Do you mind my smoking?

Do you mind my reading your paper?

Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. Rose’s going won’t be of much help. 2).人称代词宾格 / 名词 + 动名词 在句中作宾语:

I`m sure of him coming on time.

He has never heard of a woman being a pilot. I don’t mind Jack (him) going.

She hates young people (them) smoking.

有的动词其后既可以带不定式，也可以跟动名词，一定要注意所表示意思的区别。

搭配形式 to do doing

Remember 记得要干（还没干） 记得做过（已经做了） Forget 忘了要干（还没干） 忘了做过（已经做了） Regret 遗憾地做 后悔做过

Try 设法努力去做 试试看，试一试

Help （to可省略）帮助做 禁不住（和否定词连用） Want 想要干 需要，有必要（表被动）

Need 有必要做（need to be done） 需要（表被动） Stop 停下来去做 停止做 mean 打算做 意味着

七、不定式和动名词的比较

(1)一般地说，动名词着重过程，不定式着重结果；动名词侧重于表示抽象、泛指动作，或暗示已有的经验，并不明确说明动作发生的时间，而不定式侧重于比较具体的某一次动作，还可以表示尚未发生的动作。

例1： My job is teaching English. 我的工作是教授英语。

My main task now is to teach them to read the text. 我现在的主要任务是教他们读课文。

(2)有不少动词后既可以接动名词亦可接动词不定式，但意义却有所不同。总的说来，不定式表示动作尚未发生或尚未完成，而动名词则表示动作已经发生或已经完成。这类动词有stop，remember，forget，regret，try，mean，go on等。

例1：Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.前门如没有人答应，就

敲后门试试看。(try 意为―尝试‖)

Try to get some sleep.试图去睡一会儿吧。(try意为―试图‖，―企图‖)

例2： I regret missing the film. 我后悔没看上那部电影。(动名词missing指过去)

I regret to say that I cannot come. 我很抱歉，我不能来了。(不定式to say指现在) 此外：―remember+动名词‖表示―记得做过某事‖ ―remember+不定式‖表示―记得要做的事‖ ―mean+动名词‖表示―意味着，意思是‖ ―mean+不定式‖表示―打算，想要‖ ―forget+动名词‖表示―忘了做过某事‖ ―forget+不定式‖表示―忘了要做某事‖ ―stop+动名词‖表示―停止干某事‖

―stop+不定式‖表示―停下来去干某事‖

(3)有些动词后直接接动名词作宾语，而接不定式作宾语补足语。这类动词有advise，admit，allow，consider，permit，encourage，forbid，intend，recommend， authorize等等。 例1：She recommended us to visit the town of London. 她建议我们游览伦敦。

She recommended our visiting the town of London. 她建议我们游览伦敦。

一。不定式和动名词作主语的区别

1）动名词作主语时通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。

Climbing mountains is interesting. 爬山很有趣。

2）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job. 不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别

1）不定式作表语表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。

To do two things at a time is to do neither. 一次做两件事等于未做。 2）动名词作表语表示抽象的一般性的行为。 His hobby is collecting stamps.

2) 分词作表语。现在分词和过去分词。 Interesting- interested Exciting-excited Puzzling-puzzled Satisfying-satisfied

不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 只能用动名词作宾语：acknowledge ，admit, dislike, advocate, complete, appreciate, avoid, enjoy, delay, escape, deny, consider, fancy, mind, miss, finish, resist, imagine, postpone, practise, suggest, prevent, keep, quit, loathe, recall Regret to do 对要做的事遗憾

Regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔 Try to do努力企图做某事

Try doing 试验、试一试某种办法 Mean to do 打算，有意要 Mean doing 意味着

不定式和分词作状语的区别

1）现在分词作状语：现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.

2)过去分词作状语：过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。Given more attention, the tress could have grown better. 分词：Participles

1. 分词是―非谓语动词‖的另一种形式，它有两种形式：现在分词（Present Participle）和过去分词（Past Participle）。

3.分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。在句中作表语、定语状语和宾语补足语。 一、现在分词的形式

现在分词的形式如下表所示： 时态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 二、现在分词的功用 1.用作表语

例1：The day was so charming. 天气是如此地好。

例2：The theory sounds quite convincing. 这种分析听上去非常令人信服。

注：现在分词作表语相当于形容词(有些现在分词已经转化成了形容词)作表语，常可用quite，rather，very等程度副词修饰，而动名词作表语相当于名词作表语，不可以用程度副词来修饰。 2.现在分词作定语

单个的现在分词作定语时，一般放在它所修饰的名词之前。而现在分词短语作定语时，一般放在它所修饰的名词之后，往往具有进行、持续的含义，与谓语所表示的动作同时发生。

例1：I saw a notice warning people not to smoke.我看到一则通知，告诫人们不要抽烟。 例2：We must keep a secret of things being discussed here.我们必须对这里正在讨论的事情保密。 注：在一些固定搭配中，现在分词作定语必须置于它所修饰的名词之后。如nothing doing(表示拒绝)，for the time being(现在)，for years running(连续几年)等等 3.用作状语

现在分词用作状语，可表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况。

例1：Stepping carelessly off the pavement，he was knocked down by the bus. 他不小心离开了

人行道，被公共汽车撞倒了。

例2：Knowing all this，they made me pay for the damage. 他们尽管了解这一切，还是要我

赔偿损失。 4.用作补语

例1：I saw the naughty boy hitting the dog.我看见那个顽皮孩子打狗。 例2：He was seen going upstairs.有人看见他上楼的。

5.现在分词的独立结构

现在分词可有其独立的逻辑主语。这种主语常常是名词或代词主语，置于现在分词之前，二者构成现在分词的独立结构。它常常用作状语，置于句首或句末。

例1：Weather permitting，we'll have the match tomorrow.天气允许的话，我们将于明天比赛。 例2：The question being settled，we went home.问题解决之后，我们就回家了。 例1：With Mr. Ade taking the lead，they decided to set up a trading company. 以艾德先生为首，

他们决定成立一个公司。

例2：Electrolytes are compound with their water solutions conducting electricity. 电解质就是其

水溶液能导电的化合物。 三、现在分词的完成式

现在分词完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，常用作状语，表时间和原因。

例1：Having noted down our names and addresses， the policeman dismissed us. 那警察把我们

的姓名和地址记下之后就让我们走了。 例2：Any man having witnessed the attack is under suspicion. 任何目击此次袭击的人都有了嫌疑。

四、现在分词的被动式

当现在分词所表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系时，我们就用现在分词的被动式。 例1：Being surrounded，the enemy troops were forced to surrender. 敌军被包围了，结果被迫

投降。

例2：Having been brought up in the countryside，he found it hard to get accustomed to town life.

由于是在农村长大的，他感到很难习惯于城市生活。 五、现在分词的否定式

直接在现在分词前加not，就可构成其否定式。

例1：Not seeing John，I asked where he was. 我看不见约翰，于是问他在何处。 例2：Not having done it right，I tried again. 我由于没有做对，所以又试了试。 六、垂悬现在分词

现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。但有时现在分词的主语与其所在句子中的主语并不一致，这种现在分词即所谓垂悬分词。根据垂悬分词的逻辑主语不同，可将其分为三大类：

(1)垂悬分词的逻辑主语有时是句中的非主语成分。

例1：Walking or sleeping， this subject was always in my mind. 不论走路或是睡觉，我总在

想着这个问题。

(2)垂悬分词的逻辑主语有时是泛指―我们‖，这种情况一般是分词用在以it作形式主语的句子中。

例1：Using the electric energy，it is necessary to change its form. 使用电能时，(我们)必须改

变其形式。

(3)有时现在分词用来表示说话人对所说的话表示一种态度，它们已变成固定词组，可以看作一种独立的句子成分。如：

generally (strictly etc.) speaking 一般(严格等)地说 taking…into consideration考虑到…

judging from…从…来判断 talking of说到 allowing for…考虑到 counting算上… considering…考虑到 assuming…假定 supposing…假定

七、转化为介词的现在分词

有一些分词已转化为介词，这些介词有regarding， concerning，not withstanding，considering，granting，according to等等。

例1：I hear he is more than 70，but he is still very strong considering his age.

据说他已经70多岁了，但从他的年纪来看，他仍然很硬朗。

二、过去分词的功用 1.用作定语

过去分词用作定语，多表示已完成的动作。

例1：Did you pay a visit to the tomb of the unknown soldier?你去看了无名战士墓吗? 例2：This is not necessarily a cancer-ridden illness.这不一定是一种癌症。 2.用作表语

过去分词作表语，表示所修饰名词处的状态。 例1：The door remained locked. 门一直锁着。 例2：She looked disappointed. 她看上去很失望 3.用作状语

过去分词用作状语，可表示时间、原因、伴随状况、让步、条件、结果、方式等意义。 例1：Built in 1198，the bridge is 800 years old.这座桥建于1198年，已有800年的历史了。 例2：He soon fell asleep，exhausted by the journey.由于旅途疲劳，他很快就睡着了。 4.用作宾语补语

当过去分词用作宾语补语时，其前面的谓语动词多是感觉动词或是使役动词。 例1：I couldn't make myself understood by the students.我无法使学生明白我的意思。 例2：I would like this matter settled immediately.我希望此事立刻得到解决。

例1：I refused to have my house used as hotel.我拒绝将我的房子作为旅馆。(被他人用) 例2：He had his arm broken.他的手臂摔断了。(自己的经历) 5.用作独立结构

过去分词有时可有其独立主语，二者构成一种分词独立结构。过去分词的独立主语常由名词或代词主格担任，一般置于过去分词之前。

例1：This done，we went home.做完此事，我们就回家了。

例2：Everything taken into consideration，his work is well done.总的说来，他的工作干得不错。 三、―连词+过去分词‖结构

连词可直接与过去分词连用，可以看作是句子的省略。

例1：Although(she was)born a girl，she was treated as a boy. 虽然天生是女孩，她却一直被当

男孩看待。

例2：The man was found on the bed as if (he was)killed by poison. 这人被发现躺在床上，似乎是被毒死的。

四、过去分词given和granted的特殊用法

过去分词given和granted可以直接用作连词和介词，作连词时后接that引导的从句，作介词时后直接接名词。

例1：Given time，he would win by perseverance. 如给以时间，他就会凭毅力取胜。

例2：Granted your premises，your conclusion is still false. 就算你的前提正确，你的结论仍是错误的。

例3：Granted that he did say so，what harm can you see in it?假定他这么说了，你觉得有什么不好?

现在分词与过去分词的区别：

1.语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动 Do you know the woman talking to Tom?

The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor. 2. 时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成 Developing country boiling water Developed country boiled water

（4）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成，只表完成。如： the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题 （既表示被动也表示完成） the fallen leaves 落下的树叶 (只表示完成，不表示被动) 3、作宾语补足语

可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等词。 I saw him walking in the street. 我看见他在街上走。

I heard them singing in the classroom. 我听见他们在教室里唱歌。 We found the boy sleeping. 我们发现小孩睡着了。

A）I heard my brother ( singing , sung ) in the next room B）I heard the song ( singing , sung ) in English .

四、作状语

现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成

1. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful. 2. (Hearing/heard) the bad news, they couldn’t help crying. 3. (Giving/Given) more time, we could do it better.

Hearing the bad news, they couldn’t help crying

Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. Being so angry, he couldn’t go to sleep

They came into the classroom , singing and laughing. To serve the people well, I study hard.

男孩看待。

例2：The man was found on the bed as if (he was)killed by poison. 这人被发现躺在床上，似乎是被毒死的。

四、过去分词given和granted的特殊用法

过去分词given和granted可以直接用作连词和介词，作连词时后接that引导的从句，作介词时后直接接名词。

例1：Given time，he would win by perseverance. 如给以时间，他就会凭毅力取胜。

例2：Granted your premises，your conclusion is still false. 就算你的前提正确，你的结论仍是错误的。

例3：Granted that he did say so，what harm can you see in it?假定他这么说了，你觉得有什么不好?

现在分词与过去分词的区别：

1.语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动 Do you know the woman talking to Tom?

The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor. 2. 时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成 Developing country boiling water Developed country boiled water

（4）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成，只表完成。如： the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题 （既表示被动也表示完成） the fallen leaves 落下的树叶 (只表示完成，不表示被动) 3、作宾语补足语

可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等词。 I saw him walking in the street. 我看见他在街上走。

I heard them singing in the classroom. 我听见他们在教室里唱歌。 We found the boy sleeping. 我们发现小孩睡着了。

A）I heard my brother ( singing , sung ) in the next room B）I heard the song ( singing , sung ) in English .

四、作状语

现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成

1. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful. 2. (Hearing/heard) the bad news, they couldn’t help crying. 3. (Giving/Given) more time, we could do it better.

Hearing the bad news, they couldn’t help crying

Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. Being so angry, he couldn’t go to sleep

They came into the classroom , singing and laughing. To serve the people well, I study hard.

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