Chapter1词汇的基本概念

Chapter1词汇的基本概念 一、定义

㈠实词content words denote clear notions.包括N, V, Adv, Adj, Numerals ㈡功能词funtional words don't have notions of their own,also called Empty words

㈢本族词native words are words brought to UK in5th century by German tribes(AngloSaxon words㈣当时的Anglo-saxon words只有5万至6万左右)

㈤基本词汇the basic wordstock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language(basic wordstock is true of native words)

㈥词汇(Vocabulary)Vocabulary is the most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language,it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period

㈦词word具有一定声音、意义和语法功能，能独立运用的最小的语言单位

A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 二、Word分类:

1.根据use frequency：Basic word stock 和nonbasic vocabulary

根据notion：content words和functional words（does more work of expression在英语on average than实词） 根据origin：

㈠native words(特征neutral in style and frequent in use) ㈡borrowed words(loan words/borrowings)

⑴同化词Denizens拼写和读音完全符合本族词规范的在早期被借入的词

Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the english language ⑵非同化词aliens保留起原来的发音和拼写

Aliensare borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling ⑶译借词Translation-loans通过翻译引进的词

Translation-loanare words and expressions formed from the exsiting material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language ⑷借义词Semantic-loans借义不借词形

English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language. 2.根据使用位臵分类的特征:

a全民性All national character（鉴别基本词汇的标准） b稳定性Stability c多产性Productivity d多义性Ploysemy e搭配性Collocability 3.非基本词汇包括:

Teminology术语 slang俚语 argot黑话 jargon行话 dialectal words方言 archaisms古语词 neologisms新词语 三、问答

㈠the internal reason of difference between sound and form

⑴the internal reason for this’s that the English alphabet was adopted from Romans,which doesnot have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language,so that some letters mus do double duty or work together in combination

⑵another reason is that the pronuncation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years

⑶some of the differences were created by the early scribs(in the late1500,printing became well established) ⑷lots of borrowings is an important channel of enriching English vocabulary.

㈡how do you account for the role of Native Words in English in relation to Loan-words

⑴Native words are those of Anglo-saxon origin,which are small in number,Loan-words are borrowed from other language.

⑵it’s estimated loan-words constitue about80%of the modern English vocabulary,native words canot compare with loan-words in number,but have a more important role in the language ⑶native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock whereas only a limited number of borrowed words belong to the common core. ㈢illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning ⑴sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to ⑵sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their connection is arbitary and conventional Chapter2.-3词汇的发展及构成Ⅰ 一、定义 1创新Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely roots,affixes and other element 2语义变化semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need(在number and form上无变化) 3词素morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words 4词素变体allomorphs is one of the variants that realize a morpheme 举例:如复数词素-s在不同语境中有不同的形式:cats/s/,bags/z/和matches/iz/就是词素变体 5复合词根bound root is a bound form and has to combiene with other morphemes to make words 6词缀Affixes are forms that attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function 7曲折词缀Inflectional affixes(特点是small和stable)it attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationship 8派生词缀Derivational affixes added to other morphemes to creat new words 二、要点 1.印欧语系indo-european language family(Europe,the Near East,India) Balto-slavic Armenian Indo-Iranian Albanian Celtic Hellenic Germanic Italic(Latin) 2.英语发展的三个阶段 ⑴old English(450-1150)当时大约有5---6万单词 ①the frist people known to inhahit the land英国是celts,后来410年被Roman征服 ② the 2nd major language known in England was the Latin of the Roman legions. ③Now the people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English. ④the end of6th century,the introduction of Christianity had a great impact on the English Vocabulary Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Roumanian, French Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish, Swedish, English, German Irish, Scottish, Breton Greek latin,Greek,French,Sanskrit给英语的影响最大 Hindi, Persian Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Bulgarian, Slovenian, Russian ⑵Middle English(1150-1500)

①Old English began to undergo a great change when Norman invaded England from France in1066,till then,although there were borrowings from Latin,the influence on english was mainly Germanic.当时大批法语被用于english,至今70%仍留用.

②在13世纪末,英语才恢复为学校,法庭和官方语言

另外old English was a language of full endings,middle Englishwas one of leveled endings,in modern English,word endings were mostly lostwith just a few exception,it can be concluded that english has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language

例如: old English Middle English Modern English Leorn-ian Lern-en Learn ⑶modern English(1500till now)

①modern english共分2个阶段1500-1700和1700至今

②modern English began with the establishement of Priting in England ③More than25%modern enlish words come almost from classical languages

④although borrowing remained an important channel of vocabulary expression,yet more words are created by means of word-formation 3.Three reasons for the growth of modern English vocabulary ①rapid development of modern science and technology ②Political,social and economic changes ③Contact with other languages and cultures

4.Modes of the development of modern English vocabulary

①creation ②Semantic change ③borrowing(在英语的发展中起vital role) 另外.Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English 5.词的构成

morpheme

Free morpheme (free root)

Bound morpheme(cant occur as separate words are bound) Bound root

Those morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free

grammatical units in setence有完整的形式和意义,可起一个词的作用

It is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning ,it has to combine with other morphemes to make

words

三、问答

区别Root and Stem

1.a root is the basic form of a word which canot be further analysed without total loss of identity,whether free or bound root,generally carries the main component of meaning in a word

2.a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added 3.a stem can replace root and also refer to any form which is larger than root. Chapter4 词汇的构成Ⅱ 一、定义

prefix

suffix

Inflectional affix

affix

Derivational affix

1.Afffixationis generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.

2.Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.it doesn’t change the word-class of the stem,but modify its meaning.

3.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems, it’s to change the grammatical functions of stems.

4.Compound is the formation of new words by joining tow or more stems words formed.

5.Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.词性变，拼写不变

6.Zero-Derivation:Conversion is generally considered to be a derivational process whereby an item is adopted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix.

派生过程，在这个过程中不断增加词缀而派出一个词就被转变成一个新词。

7.Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of 2 words or a word plus a part of another word. Word formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau.

8.clippingis the way of making a word to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.

9.Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.

Depending on the pronunciation of words,it’s divided to Initialismsand Acronyms

Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronuced as a normal word.

10.Backformationis considered to be the opposite process of suffixation,it’s the formation of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.

二、要点

1.the Expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation.

2.the most productive are affixation(30-40%),compounding(28-30%) and conversion(26%).others are shortening,clipping,acronymy,blending.

3.前缀法分9种： ⑴Negative prefixes:

a-(apolitical), dis-(disobey) in-(injustice) ⑵Reversative prefixes:

de-(decompose) dis-(disunite) un-(unhorse下台) ⑶Pejorative prefixes:

mal-(malpractice) mis-(misconduct胡作非为) pseudo-(pseudo-science) ⑷Prefixes of degree:

arch-(archbishop) extra-(extra-strong), hyper-(hyperactive) ultra-(ultra-conservative) ⑸prefixes of orientation and attitude:

anti-(anti-nuclear) contra-(contra-flow) pro-(pro-student) ⑹Locative prefixes:

extra-(extraordinary超常的) intra-(intra-party党内的) ⑺Prefixes of time and order ex-(ex-professor) for-(for-tell) ⑻Number prefixes:

Bi-(bilingual) , semi-(semi-naked) uni-(uni-form)

⑼Miscellaneous prefixes:

auto-(auto-biography自传) neo-(neo-Nazi新纳粹), Pan-(pan-European泛欧) 4.后缀法分4种： ⑴N. suffixes： ①Denominal Nouns

如-eer,profiteer和concrete nouns如-age,wastage ②Deverbal Nouns

如-ant,assitant, -ence, persistence ③De-adjective Nouns 如-ity, popularity

④Noun and adjective suffixes

有少数加在民族，国家名后可同时作noun和adj,如-ese,chinese ⑵Adjective suffixes ①Denominal suffixes: -ed(wooded),-less(priceless) ②Deverbal suffixes: -able(washable).-ive(decisive) ⑶Adverb suffixes:

-ward(homewards向家地方向),-wise(education-wise在教育方面) ⑷Verb suffixes:

-ate(originate源于)，-fy(solidify)

另外-ink(献身于….的人，….的分子)如folknik喜爱民间音乐的人peacenik献身于和平的人 5.Compound Characteristics 语音、语义和语法 ⑴Phonetic features

the word stress usually occurs on the 1st element whereas in noun phrase,the2nd element is stressed if there is only one stress,in case of 2stresses,the compound has the primary stress on the 1st element and the secondary stress.

若只有一个重音，则落在第一个音节上（除名词），若2个重音，则依次落重音

⑵Semantic Features

Compounds are different from free phrase in semantic unity,every compound should express a single idea just as one word.

每一个复合词表达一个单一的意思。 ⑶Grammatic features

A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence 复合词在一个句中是个独立的语法单位

In adjective-noun compounds,the adjective element canot take inflectional suffixes. 另外,在”形+名”成分不能有曲折变化。 6.Formation of Compounds:

构词能力最强的是动词，名词和形容词。

the productive ones are nouns and adjectives followed by verbs to a much lesser extent. *Verb Compound

通过转类和逆声产生的动词复合词

the limited number of verbs are created through Conversionand Backformation 例子： Conversion:

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