2016职称英语理工类B级新增部分

理工B阅读理解新增文章

第十九篇Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience

Shimi, a musical companion developed by Georgia Tech’s Center for Music Technology, recommends songs, dances to the beat and keeps the music pumping based on listener feedback. The smartphone-enabled, one-foot-tall robot is billed as an interactive “musical friend”.

“Shimi is designed to change the way that people enjoy and think about their music，” said Professor Gil Weinberg, the robot’s creator. He will unveil the robot at the June 27th Google I/O conference in San Francisco. A band of three Shimi robots will perform for guests, dancing in sync with music created in the lab and composed according to its movements.

Shimi is essentially a docking station with a “brain” powered by an Android phone. Once docked, the robot gains the sensing and musical generation capabilities of the user’s mobile device. In other words, if there’s an “app” for that, Shimi is ready. For instance, by using the phone’s camera and face-detecting software，Shimi can follow a listener around the room and position its “ears”，or speakers, for optimal sound. Another recognition feature is based on rhythm and tempo. If the user taps a beat, Shimi analyzes it, scans the phone’s musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestion. Once the music starts，Shimi dances to the rhythm. “Many people think that robots are limited by their programming instructions, said Music Technology Ph. D. candidate Mason Bretan. “Shimi shows us that robots can be creative and interactive. ’’Future apps in the works will allow the user to shake their head in disagreement or wave a hand in the air to alert Shimi to skip to the next song or increase/decrease the volume. The robot will also have the capability to recommend new music based on the user’s song choices and provide feedback on the music play list. Weinberg hopes other developers will be inspired to create more apps to expand Shimi’s creative and interactive capabilities. “I believe that our center is ahead of a revolution that will see more robots in homes.” Weinberg said.

Weinberg is in the process of commercializing Shimi through an exclusive licensing agreement with Georgia Tech. Weinberg hopes to make the robot available to consumers by the 2013 holiday season. “If robots are going to arrive in homes, we think that they will be this kind of machines一 small, entertaining and fun，，，Weinberg said. “They will enhance your life and pave the way for more intelligent service robots in our lives.” 词汇：

pump v.用抽水机抽;不断播放(音乐) scan v.扫描;浏览 skip v.轻跳，跳跃

sync n.同步，同时;v.使同步 tempo n.速度;节奏 注释：

1. Georgia Tech:全称是 Georgia Institute of Technology,佐治亚理工学院，建于 1885 年，位于亚特兰大市中心。佐治亚理工学齒是美国南部最大的公立理工学院,也是全美最顶尖的理 工学院之一，排名仅次于麻省理工学院(MIT)和加州理工学院(CalTech)。 2. pump:不断播放(音乐)。例如:This radio station recently pumps out pop music. (这家广播电台近来连续播放流行音乐。)

3. smartphone-enabled:由智能手机系统支持的

4. is billed as:相当于 is advertised as，意为“被标榜为”。 5. docking station: 插接站,扩充基座，扩展插口 -6. Android:(科幻小说里的)机器人。本文指用于智能手机和便携式计算机移动设备的一种以Linus为基础的开放源代码操作系统，通过接口和插槽连接多种外部设备。目前Android 尚未有统一中文译名，国内较多人翻译成“安卓”或“安致”。据2012年2月数据, Android 占据全球智能手机操作系统市场52.5%的份额,中国市场占有率为68.4%。

7. dock：对接

8. the sensing and musical generation capabilities:传感和音乐生成能力 9. app:应用程序(=application)

10. if the user taps a beat:如果用户打出某个(音乐)拍子 11. in the works:正在准备阶段;在进行中或准备中 12. intelligent service robots:智能服务型机器人 练习：

1. Which of the following is NOT true according to the first three paragraphs?

A Shimi is a one-foot tall robot.

B Shimi is the creator of the musical companion.

C Shimi is a docking station with a“ brain” powered by an Android phone. D Shimi can gain the sensing and musical generation capabilities of the user’s mobile device.

2. What does Shimi do if the user taps a beat? A It stores the beat in the musical library. B It transmits the beat to the docking station. C It positions its speakers for optimal sound.

D It selects a perfectly-matched song and plays it in sync with that beat. 3. Which of the following about Shimi is true?

A Robots are limited by their programming instructions, and Shimi is no exception.

B Present apps allow the user to shake their head to alert Shimi to skip to the next song.

C Existing apps allow the user to wave a hand to alert Shimi to turn up/down the volume.

D Shimi can be creative and interactive. 4. What does the author want to tell us?

A The research center is developing a stronger and more versatile Shimi. B Weinberg only expects staffs from Georgia Tech. to develop more apps for

Shimi.

C Shimi is not yet technologically ready for commercialization. D Robots such as Shimi are created for large corporations rather than homes. 5. Which of the following is Weinberg’s assertion?

A Shimi as a robotic musical companion can be applied to all types of smart phones.

B human lives will be filled with more fun if Shimi is going to arrive in homes.

C Shimi's creative and interactive capabilities are appreciated by most of its users.

D Weinberg has reached an agreement with Georgia Tech to commercialize Shimi.

答案与题解：

1. B在前三段中均可找到与选项A、C、D相应的句子，强调Shimi是一种电子设备;B与原文不符, Shimi不是该机器人的发明者,Gil Weinberg教授才是the robot’s creator。

2. D选项D简要地表述了第三段的倒数第二句“If the user taps a beat, Shimi analyzes it, scans the phone’s musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestion”的意思,所以是答案。选项A、B、C都不符合上述句子的含义。 3. D选项A的意思与原文相反。虽然人们认为机器人受到程序指令的限制，但Shimi却表现出具有创造能力和互动能力，所以A不是答案。选项D的意思与原文相同，因而是答案。第四段第三句指的是未来的应用程序: future apps in the works,而选项B,C是指目前的应用程序，两者的表述均与原文有出入。

4. A第三段介绍Shimi的多种功能，第四段和第五段说Weinberg还在开发更多的应用程序来丰富Shimi的功能，还希望其他研发者也参与开发，因此，A是答案。选项B说Weinberg 仅仅希望Georgia Tech员工参与开发更多的应用软件，这与原文不符。文章最后一段告诉我们,Weinberg正在与Georgia Tech进行有关Shimi商业化的谈判,选项C的意思与此相反，不会是答案。选项D也与原文不符。 5. B选项A、C和D的内容Weinberg都没有说过。第三段告诉我们，Shimi是Android smart phone的扩充基座，并不适用于所有智能手机，所以A选项不正确;Shimi尚未进入市场，还谈不上公众对Shimi欣赏与否的问题，因此选项C不符合原意;Shimi正在进行商业化运作，但绝非已经完成，所以D也不是正确选项。本题的答案是B,依据是最后一段倒数第二句。 参考译文

第十九篇 音乐机器人伴侣提升音乐欣赏体验

Shimi是由佐治亚理工大学音乐技术中心研发的一款音乐伴侣。它可以根据听者的反馈推荐合乎节拍的歌曲、舞蹈;并且不断播放音乐。这款髙1英尺的机器人是由智能手机系统支持的，因此被标榜为“一个可以互动的音乐朋友”。 Gil Weinberg教授是该机器人的发明者，他解释说：“Shimi设计的宗旨是改变人们欣赏音乐、认识音乐的方式。”他将在今年6月27日在旧金山的谷歌I/O大会上展示这款机器人。一个由三个机器人组成的乐队将为来宾演奏，并伴随音乐起舞。而音乐是根据不同的运动形式编制的。

Shimi实际上是一个扩充基座，它的“大脑”由安卓手机控制。一旦连接上，机器

人便从用户的移动装置获得传感和音乐生成能力。换言之，只要有应用程序，机器人便能使用。例如，通过手机的照相机和辨认脸型的软件，Shimi就能在房间周围跟踪到听众，然后安置好它的“耳朵”或扬声器，以确保输送最佳声音。另外一种识别特征是基于节奏和速度。如果用户打出某个(音乐)拍子，Shimi会对此进行分析，然后浏览手机的音乐库，并立即演奏最符合要求的音乐。一旦音乐响起来，Shimi就随韵律起舞。 “许多人认为机器人受到程序指令的限制，而Shiini给我们展示了机器人可以具有创造力和与人交互的能力。”音乐技术博士研究生Mason Bretan如是说。正在研发中的程序将使用户能沟通过摇头或摆手表示不同意，来提醒Shimi跳到下一首歌或增减音量。机器人还可根据用户对歌曲的选择推荐新音乐，并对音乐播放列表提供反馈。 Weinberg希望其他研发者会因此获得灵感，开发更多的应用程序，来扩展Shimi的创新和交互功能。他说：“我认为我们中心正在引领这场将更多机器人应用到家庭中去的变革。”

Weinberg正在通过获得佐治亚理工学院的独家授权来对Shimi进行商业推广。Weinberg希望到2013年的节日季消费者可购买到Shimi。Weinberg说：“如果机器人进入家庭，我们认为就应该是这种类型的机器人：小巧、令人愉快和有趣，它们能提高我们的生活质量，为更多智能服务型机器人进人我们的生活做好准备。

*第二十二篇 Real World Robots

When you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.

A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.

词汇：

envision v. 想象，预想 device n. 装置

accentuate v. 强调，重读

artificial intelligence n. 人工智能 limb n. 臂

antennae n. 天线 incline v. 倾斜 pendulum n. 钟摆

ultrasonic adj. 超声的 metallic adj. 金属的 monotone n. 单调的 humanoid adj. 像人的 axle n. 轮轴 rotate v. 旋转 swivel n. 旋转 teeter v. 摇晃

gyroscope n. 陀螺仪，回转仪 vertical n. 直立的 注释：

1．To find its way in its surroundings...：为了在周围找到路??

2．the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上（以此来探知路径）。 练习：

1．Another good title for this passage would be A Robots: Taking the Place of Humans. B Artificial Intelligence Programs.

C Today’s Robots and How They Function. D Modern-Day Sensors.

2．Artificial intelligence is

A the unnatural way in which robots move.

B a voiceless, box-shaped machine that performs repetitive tasks. C sensors such as antennae and a gyroscope.

D a computer program that imitates human intellectual processes. 3．The last paragraph suggests that future robots will be A more humanlike in behavior and actions. B more like automatic machines. C better able to move on inclines.

D better equipped with laser light sensors. 4．The writer begins the passage by comparing A the shape of a human being with a box. B a modem robot with a fictional robot. C an imaginary machine with a human.

D a computer program with artificial intelligence. 5．The word humanoid means

A lacking human characteristics.

B anything having the appearance of a humanoid. C being void or vacant.

D having a human form or characteristics. 答案与题解：

1．C 从文中得知，文章主要介绍了机器人和它们的运行方式，因此选择C选项。 2．D Artificial是“人工”的意思，intelligence是“智能”的意思。另外从文中得知，机器人使用artificial intelligence能够进行与人类类似的推理分析等活动，因此可知它是一种类似人类智能的计算机程序。

3．A 最后一段讲机器人的发展方向是更加智能，能够自己判断并修正行为，而不仅仅是完成重复性的工作。

4．B 文章开头的时候作者让读者描述他们脑海中的机器人概念，并随后介绍了实际的机器人是怎样的，因此选择B选项。

5．D 从humanoid的词根human可看出这个词是形容与人类有关的特征。另外根据文章对这个词的描述可以得出这个词是表示和人类类似的特征，不管是外形上，还是行为方式上。

*第二十二篇 Real World Robots

When you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.

A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and

technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs. 综合群385443831；理工群385448628；卫生群385419092 词汇：

envision v. 想象，预想 device n. 装置

accentuate v. 强调，重读

artificial intelligence n. 人工智能 limb n. 臂

antennae n. 天线 incline v. 倾斜 pendulum n. 钟摆

ultrasonic adj. 超声的 metallic adj. 金属的 monotone n. 单调的 humanoid adj. 像人的 axle n. 轮轴 rotate v. 旋转 swivel n. 旋转 teeter v. 摇晃

gyroscope n. 陀螺仪，回转仪 vertical n. 直立的 注释：

1．To find its way in its surroundings...：为了在周围找到路??

2．the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上（以此来探知路径）。 练习：

1．Another good title for this passage would be A Robots: Taking the Place of Humans. B Artificial Intelligence Programs.

C Today’s Robots and How They Function. D Modern-Day Sensors.

2．Artificial intelligence is

A the unnatural way in which robots move.

B a voiceless, box-shaped machine that performs repetitive tasks. C sensors such as antennae and a gyroscope.

D a computer program that imitates human intellectual processes. 3．The last paragraph suggests that future robots will be A more humanlike in behavior and actions. B more like automatic machines. C better able to move on inclines.

D better equipped with laser light sensors. 4．The writer begins the passage by comparing

A the shape of a human being with a box. B a modem robot with a fictional robot. C an imaginary machine with a human.

D a computer program with artificial intelligence. 5．The word humanoid means

A lacking human characteristics.

B anything having the appearance of a humanoid.

C being void or vacant. 综合群385443831；理工群385448628；卫生群385419092 D having a human form or characteristics. 答案与题解：

1．C 从文中得知，文章主要介绍了机器人和它们的运行方式，因此选择C选项。 2．D Artificial是“人工”的意思，intelligence是“智能”的意思。另外从文中得知，机器人使用artificial intelligence能够进行与人类类似的推理分析等活动，因此可知它是一种类似人类智能的计算机程序。

3．A 最后一段讲机器人的发展方向是更加智能，能够自己判断并修正行为，而不仅仅是完成重复性的工作。4．B 文章开头的时候作者让读者描述他们脑海中的机器人概念，并随后介绍了实际的机器人是怎样的，因此选择B选项。

5．D 从humanoid的词根human可看出这个词是形容与人类有关的特征。另外根据文章对这个词的描述可以得出这个词是表示和人类类似的特征，不管是外形上，还是行为方式上。

理工B完形填空新增文章 Giant Structures

It is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modem world since every year more __1__ constructions appear. Here are three giant structures which are worthy of our __2__ although they may have been surpassed by some more recent wonders. The Petronas Twin Towers

The Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the world when they were completed in 1999. With a __3__ of 452 metres, the tall twin towers, like two thin pencils, dominate the city of Kuala Lumpur. At the 41st floor, the towers are linked by a bridge, symbolizing a gateway to the city. The American __4__ Cesar Pelli designed the skyscrapers.

Constructed of high-strength concrete, the building provides around 1，800 square metres of office space __5__ every floor. And it has a shopping centre and a concert hall at the base. Other __6__ of this impressive building include double-decker lifts, and glass and steel sunshades. The MiUau Bridge

The Millau Bridge was opened in 2004 in the Tam Valley，in southern France. __7__ the time it was built，it was the world’s highest bridge, __8__ over 340m at the highest point. The bridge is described as one of the most amazingly beautiful bridges in the world. It was built to __9__ Millau's congestion problems. The congestion was then caused by traffic passing from Paris to Barcelona in Spain. The bridge was built to withstand the __10__ extreme seismic

and climatic conditions. Besides, it is guaranteed for 120 years! The Itaipu Dam

The Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is one of the largest constructions of its kind in the world. It consists of a series of dams across the River Parana, __11__ forms a natural border between Brazil and Paraguay. Started in 1975 and taking 16 years to complete, the construction was carried out as a joint project between the two __12__. The dam is well-known for both its electricity output and its size. In 1995 it produced 78% of Paraguay’s and 25% of Brazil’s __13__ needs. In its construction, the __14__ of iron and steel used was equivalent to over 300 Eiffel Towers. It is a __15__ amazing wonder of engineering. 词汇：

worthy adj.值得的 surpass v.超过，胜过 symbolize v.象征 congestion n.拥挤 withstand v. 经受住 seismic 地震的 dam n. 堤，坝

hydroelectric adj. 水电的 注释：

1. The Petronas Twin Towers: 国油双峰塔，又称吉隆坡双子塔。建于1997年，共有88层，高达452公尺，曾是世界上最高的摩天楼。国油双峰塔由两幢大楼组成，两幢楼的第41层由58公尺长的天桥连接。这座设计新颖的、大量使用了木锈钢与玻璃等建材的双峰塔是吉隆坡市的象征。不论你在吉隆坡的哪一个角落都可以看到这座十分现代化的建筑物。

2. Kuala Lumpur:吉隆坡(马来西亚首都)

3. The Millau Bridge: 米约高架桥。位于法国西南部的米约市，横跨在塔恩河仙境般的河谷之上，是通住法国南部地中海地区75号高速公路段上的枢纽工程。建造这座斜拉索式桥梁共花费了3年多的时间，总耗资3.94亿欧元。这座大桥全长2.46公里，总重29万吨，大桥距地面270米，大桥斜拉索的最高点距离地面343米，髙出埃菲尔铁塔23米，是当时世界上最高的桥梁。

4. The Itaipu Dam: 伊泰普水电站。伊泰普水电站是目前世界上最大的水电站之一，由巴西和巴拉圭斥资共建，两国电力公司分别拥有水电站的一半产权。整个坝长7 853米，水位落差118.4米。水库面积1 350平方公里(其中巴西侧750平方公里，巴拉圭侧600平方公里)，容量290亿立方米。自1991年起，伊泰普水电站每年发电收益约23亿美元。

5. the River Parana: 巴拉那河。南美洲第二大河。 6. Brazil: 巴西(南美洲一国名)

7. Paraguay: 巴拉圭(南美洲一国名) 8. Eiffel Towers: 埃菲尔铁塔。埃菲尔铁塔是法国巴黎著名建筑，也是巴黎的象征。塔高985 英尺，于1889年为世界博览会而建造，其塔身几乎完全由开放晶格的熟铁制成。 练习

A. delightful B. useful C. wonderful D. careful

A. admiration B. passion C. expression D. detection A. length B. width C. height D. volume

A. inventor B. architect C. scientist D. merchant A. below B. in C. above D. on

A. types B. parts C. roles D. features A. A.t B. within C. from D. upon

A. developing B. expanding C. stretching D. reaching A. restrict B. reserve C. relieve D. relax A. most B. much C. more D. less A. what B. which C. who D. that

A. countries B. provinces C. areas D. regions A. water B. oil C. energy D. food

A. amount B. number C. quality D. ratio A. mainly B. totally C. rarely D. truly 答案与题解

1. C第二句的前半句说的是“要选定当世最令人叹为观止的奇迹是一个无法完成的差事”，后半句解释“做不到”的原因在于每年都有新的更令人叹为观止的建筑出现。本题要选的词应该是与描述constructions极好性状有关的形容词。四个选项中wonderful符合这个要求，而delightful, useful和careful均与constructions极好性状无关，因此不可能是答案。 2. A be worthy of 意为“值得”。Three giant, structures 值得什么呢?值得我们 passion (热情)、expression(表达)或detection(发现)?这三个选项显然不会是答案。Admiration(赞叹)才是答案。

3. C “the tall twin towers”给出了寻找答案的线索。tall towers意为“高楼”，所以452米指的是高度。 4. B本段叙述马来西亚吉隆坡的国油双峰塔。四个选项中只有architect(建筑师)与设计国油双峰塔最相关。其他三个选项与architect相比，相关性就差多了。 5. D floor之前搭配的介词是on。

6. D本段前面的句子描述了国油双峰塔的建筑特色，本句进而介绍塔的其他两个特色，即double-decker lifts (双层电梯)和glass and steel sunshades(建材为玻璃和钢的遮阳篷)。根据上下文判断，features是答案。

7. A at the time(在那时，那时候)是固定搭配，后接从句。

8. D从词组搭配和上下文意思上判断，reaching over 340m at the highest point是最合适的。 reach a height意为“达到某个高度”，而develop a height(发展某个高度)，expand a height (扩展某个髙度)和stretch a height(延伸某个高度)都不合理。

9. C congestion是解题的关键词。建造髙架大桥的目的是为了缓解交通拥挤，所以选择relieve是理所当然的。

10. A本句是说米约高架桥的坚固程度，它能经受住最极端的地震和气候条件而不会倒塌。本题的答案是most。the most extreme是形容词extreme的最高级形式。 11. B很明显，the River Parana之后是个非限制性定语从句，连接词只能用which。what不能指代the River Parana。that用于限制性定语从句。Who不能指代非生命的the River Parana.

12. A the Itaipu Dam由巴西和巴拉圭两国斥资共建，所以答案不可能是

provinces(省),areas (区域)或regions(地区)。countries是理所当然的选择。 13. C建造水电站的目的是利用水能发电，获得电能。Energy是答案。本句的下半句 breaking previous records for energy production 中的“energy”也为答案的选择提供了依据。

14. A iron和steel是物质名词，是不可数的，用the amount of iron and steel是对的。

15. D mainly amazing(主要叹为观止的)，totally amazing(全部叹为观止的)或 rarely amazing (很少叹为观止的)都与句子的意思接不上。只有truly amazing (真正叹为观止的)才符合上下文的意思。 参考译文

第三篇 巨型建筑

挑选当今世界最神奇的奇观是一个不可能完成的任务。原因是每年都有新的更令人叹为观止的建筑出现。有这样三座巨大的建筑值得人们赞叹，尽管它们可能被某些最近建成的奇观所超越。 第一座：国油双峰塔。国油双峰塔在1999年建成时是世界上最高的建筑物，高452米，高高 的双塔就像两支细铅笔，高耸于吉隆坡市。在41层，两个塔由一座桥连接，象征着通向城市的大门。该建筑的设计者是美国建筑师Cesar Pelli。 该建筑由高强度混凝土建成，每一层都有夫约1800平方米的办公区域;在底部还有一个购物中心和一个音乐厅。该建筑的其他特色是双层电梯以及建材为玻璃和钢的遮阳篷。

第二座：米约高架桥。米约高架桥位于法国南部的Tam山谷，2004年建成通车。它是当时世 界上最高的大桥，最高点超过340米。该桥被人们描写为“世界上最神奇最美丽的大桥之一”。它是为舒缓米约的交通拥挤所建。当时的拥挤是由从巴黎到西班牙的巴塞罗那的过往车辆太多所致。该桥可以承受强震和极端气候。另外，它可以使用120年!

第三座：伊泰普水电站。伊泰普水电站是同类建筑中最大的一个。它由横跨巴拉那河的一组大坝组成，成为巴西和巴拉圭的自然边境。该建筑作为两个国家的共同开发项目，1975年动工修建，历时16年完工。该大坝因它的发电量和规模之大而闻名。1995年，它为巴拉圭和巴西分别提供了78%和25%的能源需求。该建筑使用的钢铁量是埃菲尔铁塔的300倍还多。该建筑令人叹为观止，名不虚传。 Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures The vultures in question may look ugly and threatening, but the sudden sharp __1__ in three species of India’s vultures is producing alarm rather than celebration, and it presents the world with a new kind of environmental __2__ The dramatic decline in vulture numbers is causing widespread disruption to people living in the same areas as the __3__ . It is also causing serious public health problems __4__ the Indian sub-continent.

While their reputation and appearance may be unpleasant to many Indians，vultures have

__5__played a very important role in keeping towns and villages all over India clean. It is

__6__they feed on dead cows. In India, cows are sacred animals and are __7__ left in the open when they die in their thousands upon thousands every year. The disappearance of the vultures has __8__ an explosion in the numbers

of wild dogs feeding on the remains of these dead animals. There are fears that rabies may __9__ as a result. And this terrifying disease may ultimately affect humans in the region, since wild dogs are its main carriers. Rabies could also spread to other animal species, causing an even greater problem in the __10__. The need for action is __11__, so an emergency project has been launched to __12__ a solution to this serious vulture problem. Scientists are trying to identify the disease causing the birds，deaths and, if possible, develop a cure.

Large-scale vulture __13__ were first noticed at the end of the 1980s in India. A population survey at that time showed that the three species of vultures had declined __14__ over 90 per cent. All three species are now listed as “critically endangered”. As most vultures lay only single eggs and __15__ about five years to reach maturity, reversing their population decline will be a long and difficult exercise. 词汇：

vulture n.秃鹰

ultimately adv.最终地 species n.物种，种类 endanger v.危及，濒危 disruption n.破坏，毁坏 maturity n.成熟期 rabies n.狂犬症 注释：

1. The vulture in question: 讨论中的秀鹰(问题)。in question意为“讨论中的，考虑中的”。

2. rather than：而不是。例:Your proposal is positive rather than negative. (你的提议是积极的，而不是消极的。)

3. the Indian sub-continent: 印度次大陆

4. while: 虽然。例:While he has published many papers, he is modest. (虽然他发表了多篇论文，他还是很谦虚。)

5. thousands upon thousands:成千上万的 6. in the open:在户外，在野外 7. as a result:结果

8. listed as “critically endangered”：被列为极度濒危动物 练习：

1. A. decline B. rise C. teeth D. eyes

2. A. benefit B. debate C. problem D. solution 3. A. plants B. birds C. humans D. cows 4. A. over B. with C. through D. across

5. A. sometimes B. long C. suddenly D. hardly 6. A. who B. when C. because D. where

7. A. traditionally B. occasionally C. possibly D. finally 8. A. came from B. adjusted to C. resulted from D. led to 9. A. drop B. increase C. disappear D. change

10. A. future B. past C. villages D. mountains 11. A. recent B. urgent C. frequent D. rare 12. A. neglect B. use C. remove D. find

13. A. cures B. arrivals C. deaths D. journeys 14. A. along B. on C. in D. by

15. A. take B. adopt C. consume D. waste 答案与题解：

1. A通篇文章都在叙述秃鹰濒临灭种对印度环境的负面影响，而且文章的标题中的“dying vultures”也提供了线索。decline符合上下文的意思，是答案。rise与上下文的意思相反。sharp teeth和sharp eyes是秃鹰的特点，但文章并未提及。 2. C秃鹰濒临灭亡，给环境带来问题。上一句的“alarm rather than celebration”提供了解题的线索，秃鹰瀕临灭亡对我们是一种警告，而不是一件值得庆贺的事。选problem是合适的。至于debate和solution，文章并未涉及。 3. B秃鹰数量的减少对当地居民是一种灾难。此外，对谁也是一种灾难呢?as引出的对象是谁呢? 这个对象不会是humans, plants或cows。答案是birds。 4. D作者原来的用词一定是across the Indian sub-continent(整个印度次大陆)，不可能是 over the Indian sub-continent(在印度次大陆上空)，with the Indian sub-continent(与印度次大陆一起)或 through the Indian sub-continent(穿越印度次大陆)。

5. B本段前面的句子描述了秃鹰在保护该地区的环境上作用很大，所以秃鹰不会是时有时无(sometimes)地起作用，或突然地(suddenly)起作用，或几乎不(hardly)起作用。只有选long(长期以来一直)起作用才合乎上下文的意思。

6. C为什么秃鹰会起保护环境的作用呢?本段的下半段说出了其中的原因。牛在印度被视为神物，死后露尸户外，任其腐烂。秃鹰以食牛的尸体为生，同时也清除了污染源，保护了城镇和乡村的环境。这些句子讲的是原因，所以选择because是对的。 7. A文章说每年有成千上万头牛死亡并露尸城镇和乡村。既然是这样，就不会是偶尔(occasionally)或可能(possibly)或最终(finally)露尸在城镇和乡村。露尸户外是印度的传统，所以traditionally是答案。

8. D 本段第一句表达的是因果关系。The disappearance of the vultures 是因，an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains of these dead animals 是果。四个选项中只有led to (导致)能表达这种因果关系，所以led to是答案。

9. B野狗是狂犬病菌的主要携带者，野狗大量的出现当然会增加狂犬病扩散的危险性，而不是相反。所以选increase是正确的，而drop是increase的反义词，不会是答案。change或disappear都脱离了上下文的意思，所以不是答案。

10. A狂犬病从野狗传到人身上已经非常可怕，如果再传到其他动物身上问题就更严重了。 四个选项中，选future构成词组in the future(在未来)符合上下文的意思。 11. B从后面的“an emergency project has been launched(启动了应急项目)”可以推断出要选的形容词是urgent(紧迫的)。

12. D启动应急项目是为了找到一个解决的办法。neglect a solution, use a solution或remove a solution显然不符合上下文的意思。find是答案。 13. C本段说秃鹰的数量急剧减少，已被列为濒危物种。本题的选项cures(治疗法)、 arrivals(到达)或 journeys(旅程)与本段后面一句 “All three species are now listed as ‘critically endangered’”所表达的意思接不上。选deaths, 全段的意

思就连贯了。因此， deaths是答案。

14. D在四个选项中，along, on，in明显不合适。by有“到(某事物)的程度”的意思。“...the three species of vultures had declined by over 90 per cent” 的意思是“三种秀鹰的数量减少了90%以上\。

15. A “花费或用多少时间”英语的常用的表达法是“take... days/months, etc. ”。选take是正确的。其他三个选项都不合适。 参考译文

第八篇 印度为什么需要濒临灭亡的秃鹰 人们谈论的秃鹰可能看起来既丑又危险，但是印度三种秃鹰濒临灭亡对我们是一种警告，而不是一件值得庆贺的事。它向世人明示了一个新的环境问题。秃鹰数量的急剧减少不仅是这些鸟类的灾难对当地居民同样也是如此，它同时给整个印度次大陆带来了公共卫生问题。

虽然秃鹰的名声不好，许多印度人也讨厌其长相，但是长久以来，秃鹰在维护全印度的城镇和乡村的清洁方面扮演了非常重要的角色。因为秃鹰是以死牛为生。在印度，每年都有成千上万的牛死去，而牛是神圣的动物，死后露尸户外，任其腐烂。

秃鹰的消失使得以牛尸为生的野狗数量暴增，因此，人们担心罹患狂犬病的病人会增加。由于野狗是狂犬病的主要携带者，这种可怕的疾病最终会影响当地的居民。狂犬病也可能传播到其他生物，未来会导致更大的问题。

采取行动刻不容缓。所以，一个危机处理项目已经启动，目的是找到解决秃鹰问题的方法。科学家们正试图确认导致秃鹰死亡的疾病，如果可能的话，找到治愈该病的方法。

在印度，人们注意到秃鹰的大批死亡最早是在20世纪80年代。根据当时的物种调查显示，三种秃鹰的数量减少了90%以上。目前，这三种秃鹰都被列为“极度濒危动物' 由于大部分秃鹰每次只产一只蛋，幼鹰需要大约5年的时间才能成熟，因此，若想遏制住秃鹰数量的下降会是一项长期的、艰巨的任务。

Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light

Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but __1__ now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more __2__ but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat. That’s a problem of __3_ . Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower __4__. And it，s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.

In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a __5__ in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada.\

Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon，but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, __6__ known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they __7__ much less silicon, they have a greener footprint.

Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are __8__ to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.

“That means that their efficiency __9__ when you expose them to light — pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains，which is one of the __10__ thin- film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.

However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new __11__ of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact，Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures，near the boiling __12__ of water, they could make thicker cells that largely __13__ the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy __14__ , they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they __15__ the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent. 词汇:

photovoltaic n.光电的 silicon n.硅

thermal adj.热的，热量的 amorphous adj.非晶形的 crystalline adj.晶体的 footprint n.足迹 注释：

1. solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems:太阳能光伏热能系统 2. they: 指代 solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems。 3. stand-alone:单机的

4. crystalline silicon solar cells:晶体硅太阳能电池

5. which:指前半句中的 to cool crystalline silicon solar cells 这件事 6. room:空间

7. solar panels:太阳能电池板 8. amorphous silicon：非晶硅 9. thin-film silicon:薄膜硅

10. Staebler-Wronski Effect: SWE效应。在光的照射下，非晶桂氢的导电性短时间内显著衰退，这种特性被称为SWE效应o 11. pretty much:几乎

12. the worst possible effect：最可能坏的效应 13. engineer around:精心地设计以克服或绕过

14. solar-thermal operating temperatures:太阳热能操作温度 练习：

1. A. unless B. when C. if D. until

2. A. electricity B. magnetism C. ultraviolet D. radioactivity 3. A. dynamics B. geology C. economics D. biology 4. A. reward B. cost C. bill D. pay

5. A. decision B. solution C. suggestion D. qualification

6. A. roughly B. probably C. commonly D. specially 7. A. retrieve B. merge C. exchange D. require

8. A. vulnerable B. necessary C. important D. renewable 9. A. works B. counts C. rises D. drops

10. A. restrictions B. advances C. reasons D. strengths 11. A. size B. shape C. type D. brand 12. A. area B. point C. place D. extent

13. A. overcame B. promoted C. improved D. postponed

14. A. transformer B. adaptor C. transmitter D. collector 15. A. boosted B. defined C. wasted D. lower 答案与题解：

1. D文章介绍最近科学家已经完善了太阳能光伏热能系统，现在新型的太阳能系统能将太阳能转换为更多的电能和热能。第一段说明以往晶体硅太阳能电池在收集热能方面效率很低。四个选项中，只有选用until才符合上下文的意思。“...until now they (太阳能光伏热能系统) haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. ”该句意为：与太阳热能单机集热器相比，直到现在，传统太阳能光伏热能系统在转换热能方面效率一直不是很高。 2. A本句说明了以往的太阳能光伏热能系统在转换热能方面效率低的原因，“to cool crystalline silicon solar cells(冷却晶体桂太阳能电池)”能产生更多的电能，但不利于收集热能。electricity是答案。 3. C从上一段和本段的意思判断，收集热能效率低下不会是一个动力学(dynamics)问题，地质(geology) 问题或生物学(biology)问题。它是一个经济上的问题。答案是economics。 4. B 本句说，good solar hot-water systems 在收获能量方面比 solar-electric system 要好得多。从经济学的角度上分析，成本就降低了。所以，选cost是对的。其他选项reward，bill和pay均不符合句意。

5. B上一段说光伏电池系统有两个问题，即经济问题和空间问题。Joshua Pearce采用另外一种硅制造PVT来解决上述问题。通过上述分析可以看出，他寻求的是一种解决问题的办法(solution)，而不是一个决定(decision)、一个建议(suggestion )或一种资格 ( qualification)。

6. C amorphous silicon (非晶硅)即为 thin-film silicon (薄膜硅)。选择 roughly/probably/ wrongly( known as thin-film silicon)表达的意思都不合逻辑。选commonly才合理。\” 意为“非晶硅，通常被称为薄膜硅”

7. D新型的太阳能电池采用薄膜硅制造,电能的转换量虽然不如晶体硅太阳能电池，但薄膜硅太阳能电池用硅量小，比较环保。本题应选用require，理由是:require much less silicon与上下文的意思很连贯，而retrieve much less silicon (提取少得多的硅)，merge much less silicon(混合少得多的硅)或exchange much less silicon(交换少得多的硅)都讲不通,意思离题太远。

8. A bad-news physics是解题的关键词。既然是bad-news physics, 所连用的形容词应该是负面意义的词。四个选项中只有vulnerable(易受攻击的)符合这个条件，所以是答案。

9. D本段第一句说明vulnerable的具体情况。既然是vulnerable，efficiency—定是drops，不会是rises。efficiency works(效率起作用)或efficiency counts(效

率有重要意义)都离题太远。

10. C薄膜硅太阳能电池效能低下，这是因。导致该产品市场占有份额很小，这是果。选 reasons为答案很合理。

11. C为了克服SWE效应，Pearce和他的团队悉心改进光伏太阳热能系统的结构。作者要写的应该是 a new type of PVT(—种新型 PVT)，不会是 a new shape/size/brand PVT(—种新形状的/新尺寸的/新品牌的PVT)。

12. B 从上下文判断，答案应该是 point。将 thin-film silicon 加热到 solar-thermal operating temperatures 就是加热到 near the boiling point of water(临近水的沸点)。其他选项 area, place和extent均不切题。

13. A从上下文判断，采用加热thin-film silicon的方法，就能消除SWE效应。四个选项中只有overcame表达了这层意思。

14. D答案是collector,因为solar thermal energy collector(太阳能集热器)与上下文的意思接得上，意为“当把薄膜硅直接应用于太阳能集热器时”。其他选项均与上下文不符。

15. A文章最后一段介绍研究人员克服SWE效应，提高了将太阳能转换为电能的效率。所以，将最后一句的“by 10 percent”理解为“提高”而不是“降低”10%才合乎逻辑。答案是 boosted。 参考译文

第十三篇 更有效的太阳能系统：更多热量，更强灯光

太阳能光伏热能系统，也叫PVT，能够生成热量和电能。与太阳热能单机收集器相比，传统太阳能光伏热能系统在转换热能方面效率不是很高。原因是，为了使晶体硅太阳能电池冷却，该系统在低温下工作。因此，硅体能产出更多的电能，却不能有效地产生热量。

第一，经济问题。好的太阳能热水系统比太阳能电力系统收集的能量更多，而且成本低得多。

第二，空间问题。光电管占去屋顶的所有的空间，几乎没有空间留给热能的产出。 在一项研究中，材料科学与工程副教授Joshua Pearce找到了一个解决方案：用另外一种硅制成PVT来解决效能问题。他的合作者有：来自加利福尼亚ThinSilicon的Kunal Girotra和加拿大皇后大学的 Michael Pathak 和 Stephen Harrison。

大部分太阳能电池板是由晶体硅制成，但是，你也可以用非晶硅制成太阳能电池，这种非晶体硅通常被叫作薄膜硅。它们不能产生那么多的电能，但是更亮、更灵巧、成本更低。而且，由于它们需要的硅较少，它们更环保。不幸的是，薄膜硅太阳能电池易受SWE效应攻击(在光的 照射下，非晶硅氢的导电性短时间内显著衰退，这种特性被称为SWE效应)。

“当被暴露在光线下，那就意味着它们的能效会降低——这几乎是太阳能电池最可能糟糕的效应。” Pearce解释道。这就是薄型太阳能板只占有市场的一少部分的原因。 然而，Pearce和他的团队把薄膜硅合成为一种新型的PVT，可以克服或绕过SWE效应。这种方法可以不用冷却薄膜硅而让它们产生效能。事实上，Pearce团队发现，通过把薄膜硅加热到太阳热能操作温度，即临近水的沸点，可以把它制成较厚的电池，从而可以遏制SWE效应。当把薄膜硅直接应用到太阳热能集热器时，他们也发现，如果一天把太阳能电池加热一次，那么太阳能的电力效能会增加10%。

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