中国铣床的现状与展望 论文

山西机电职业技术学院机械工程系

毕业论文

课题：中国铣床的现状与展望

专 业： 计算机辅助设计与制造 班 级： 计辅0907班 姓 名： 刘志辉 学 号： 29230133 指导教师： 闫波、王鑫 实践单位：经纬纺织机械股份有限公司

摘 要

随着1818年第一台铣床的问世，铣床已经成为机械行业不可或缺的一部分。特别是各种精密铣床、数控铣床更是国防、航空、汽车、造船、机床和工具制造等部门发展品种、推进技术改造的重要设备。铣床拥有量已占机床总拥有量的1/10以上。但在中国，普通铣床还是占主体，数控铣床比重小而且技术不高，大多数依然需要进口。不断加强技术创新是提高国产铣床水平的关键。 关键字：技术；数控铣床；发展状况；发展方向

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目 录

摘要················································································································1 关键字·············································································································1 第1章 铣床的概况····························································································3

1.1 简介····································································································3 1.2发展历程·······························································································3 第2章 铣床的分类····························································································3

2.1按布局形式和使用范围加以区分·······························································3 2.2按结构分·······························································································4 2.3按控制方式分························································································4 第3章 中国铣床的现状······················································································5

3.1进口大幅度增加，出口日趋减少································································5 3.2技术低于世界水平··················································································5 3.3数控化率低但增长快···············································································5 3.4国家扶持的支点偏离···············································································6 第4章中国铣床的发展方向·················································································7

4.1高速化发展···························································································7 4.2高精度化发展························································································7 4.3智能化发展····························································································7 总结················································································································7 参考文献··········································································································8

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第1章 铣床的概况

1.1 铣床的简介

铣床是一种用途广泛的机床，在铣床上可以加工平面（水平面、垂直面）、沟槽（键槽、T形槽、燕尾槽等）、分齿零件（齿轮、花键轴、链轮、螺旋形表面（螺纹、螺旋槽）及各种曲面。此外，还可用于对回转体表面、内孔加工及进行切断工作等。铣床在工作时，工件装在工作台上或分度头等附件上，铣刀旋转为主运动，辅以工作台或铣头的进给运动，工件即可获得所需的加工表面。由于是多刀断续切削，因而铣床的生产率较高。简单来说，铣床就是用铣刀对工件进行铣削加工的机床。

1.2 发展历程

铣床最早由美国人E.惠特尼于1818年创造的卧式铣床。为了铣削麻花钻头的螺旋槽，美国人J.R.布朗于1862年创造了第一台万能铣床，是为升降台铣床的雏形。1884年前后出现了龙门铣床。20世纪20年代出现了半自动铣床，工作台利用挡块可完成“进给-快进”的自动转换。

1950年以后，铣床在控制系统发面发展很快，数字控制的应用大大提高了铣床的自动化程度。尤其是70年代后，微处理机的数字控制系统和自动换刀系统在铣床上得到应用，扩大了铣床的加工范围，提高了加工精度与效率。

随着机械化进程不断加剧，数控编程开始广泛应用于机床类操作，极大的释放了劳动力。数控编程铣床将逐步取代现在的人工操作。对员工的要求也会越来越高，当然带来的效率也会越来越高。

第2章 铣床的分类

2.1 按布局形式和使用范围加以区分

1、升降台铣床：有万能式、卧式和立式等，主要用于加工中小型零件，应用最广。 2、龙门铣床：包括龙门铣镗床、龙门铣刨床和双柱铣床，均用于加工大型零件。 3、单柱铣床和单臂铣床前者的水平铣头可沿立柱导轨移动，工作台作纵向进给；后者的立铣头可沿悬臂导轨水平移动，悬臂也可沿立柱导轨调整高度。两者均用于加工大型零件。

4、工作台不升降铣床，是介于升降台铣床和龙门铣床之间的一种中等规格的铣床。

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其垂直方向的运动由铣头在立柱上升降来完成。

5、仪表铣床：一种小型的升降台铣床，用于加工仪器仪表和其他小型零件。 6、工具铣床：用于模具和工具制造，配有立铣头、万能角度工作台和插头等多种附件，还可进行钻削、镗削和插削等加工。

7、其他铣床：如键槽铣床、凸轮铣床、曲轴铣床、轧辊轴颈铣床和方钢锭铣床等，是为加工相应的工件而制造的专用铣床。按控制方式，铣床又分为仿形铣床（见仿形机床）、程序控制铣床和数字控制铣床（见数字控制机床）

2.2按结构分

1、台式铣床：小型的用于铣削仪器、仪表等小型零件的铣床。

2、悬臂式铣床：铣头装在悬臂上的铣床，床身水平布置，悬臂通常可沿床身一侧立柱导轨作垂直移动，铣头沿悬臂导轨移动。

3、滑枕式铣床：主轴装在滑枕上的铣床，床身水平布置，滑枕可沿滑鞍导轨作横向移动，滑鞍可沿立柱导轨作垂直移动。

4、龙门式铣床：床身水平布置，其两侧的立柱和连接梁构成门架的铣床。铣头装在横梁和立柱上，可沿其导轨移动。通常横梁可沿立柱导轨垂向移动，工作台可沿床身导轨纵向移动，用于大件加工

5、平面铣床：用于铣削平面和成型面的铣床，床身水平布置，通常工作台沿床身导轨纵向移动，主轴可轴向移动。它结构简单，生产效率高。

6、仿形铣床：对工件进行仿形加工的铣床。一般用于加工复杂形状工件。 7、升降台铣床：具有可沿床身导轨垂直移动的升降台的铣床，通常安装在升降台上的工作台和滑鞍可分别作纵向、横向移动。

8、摇臂铣床：摇臂装在床身顶部，铣头装在摇臂一端，摇臂可在水平面内回转和移动，铣头能在摇臂的端面上回转一定角度的铣床。

9、床身式铣床：工作台不能升降，可沿床身导轨作纵向移动，铣头或立柱可作垂直移动的铣床。

10、专用铣床：例如工具铣床：用于铣削工具模具的铣床，加工精度高，加工形状复杂。

2.3 按控制方式分

铣床又可分为仿形铣床、程序控制铣床和数控铣床等。

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