2015-2016学年度牛津英语8AU1-8期末复习语法知识点汇总 - 图文

牛津英语8AU1-8期末汇总考试知识点之语法 一、语法专题-形容词和副词的比较级 （一）形容词的比较等级(1)—用法讲解 大多数的形容词都有三个级别：原级、比较级、最高级。其中比较级表示“更 ……”，用于两者之间的比较，用来说明“前者比后者更……”，比较级前面一般用much, even, a little修饰，其中even, much 只能修饰比较级。最高级表示“最……”，用于三者及三者以上之间的比较，用来说明“某人或某物在某个范围内最……” ① 形容词的比较级(-er)和最高级(-est)的构成 a. 规则变化之口诀：直接加；去e加；双写加；变着加 b. 不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good / well better best bad / ill worse worst many / much more most little less least far farther, further farther, further old older, elder oldest, eldest ② 形容词的比较级和最高级的构成及用法 ③ 比较级前的修饰语 still, even, any, quite(a bit), almost, nearly, just, rather；a little, a bit；much, a lot, far, many；twice, ten times, one fourth, two pounds, three years 【小试牛刀】 1. I can't run any ____________(far). Shall we stop for a while? 2. It is not so (hot) today as it was yesterday, 3. ______________ (hard) you study, __________ __ (good) you will be at English. 4.--Which do you like _______ _____ (well), English, Maths or Chinese? --English is my favorite subject. 5. Our country is becoming _______________ and ________________ (beautiful). Keys: 1、farther 2、hot 3、The harder, the better 4、best 5、more， more beautiful （二）形 容词的比较等级(2)—常见句型 ① A=B A+ V + as + adj./adv. + as + B （与。。。一样） He is as tall as I/me. 他和我一样高。 He is as good a teacher as his father.他和他的父亲一样是个好教师。 ② A≠ B A + V + not + as/so + adj./adv. + as + B （与。。。不一样） They didn’t do as/so much work as you did. 他们干得事没有你多。 I’ve never seen as/so old a car as this.我从来没有见过像这样旧的车。 ③ A > B 或A < B A + V + 比较级 + than + B （比。。。<更>。。。）

Tom is two years older than his brother. 汤姆比他的弟弟大两岁。 Our classroom is bigger than theirs. 我们的教室比他们的大。

④ 表示倍数A + V + twice/four times/… + as + adj./adv. + as + B（A是B的两倍/四倍/…）

This room is twice as large as that one. 整个房间是那房间的两倍大。 The earth is 49 times as big as the moon.地球是月球 的49倍大。 ⑤ 表示程度的递增

主语 + V + 比较级+ and+比较级 (…越来越…) 主语 + V + more and more+ +adj./adv. (…越来越…)

The days are getting shorter and shorter.白天变得越来越长了。

Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.我们的国家变得越来越美了。

⑥ 表示两种情况同时变化

The+ 比较级+ 主语+ V + …，the+ 比较级+ 主语+ V + …(…越…越…) The more we get together, the happier we’ll be.=If we get together more, we’ll be happier.

我们聚得越多，我们就会越高兴。

The harder you study, the better you’ll be at English.= If you study h arder, you’ll be better at English. 你学习越努力，你的英语成绩越好。

⑦ 主语+ be +one of the+ 最高级 + n.(pl.) + in/of… (…是最…之一) Beijing is one of the oldest cities in China.北京是中国最古老的城市之一。 ⑧ 主语+ V。+ the+ 最高级 + in/of… (…最…)

Ann studies hardest of all the girls in our class.安妮是我们班学习最用功的学生之一。

⑨ 主语+ V。+ the+ 比较级 + of the two… (…<两者中>较…的) Lily is the taller of the twins.莉莉是这两个双胞胎中较高的那个。

⑩ 主语+ V。+ 比较级 + than + any other +n. (单数) + in… (…比任何其他的更…)

主语+ V。+ 比较级 + than + any of the other +n. (复数) + in…(…比任何其他的更…)

He is taller than any other student i n his class.他比他班级中其他的任何学生高。

= He is taller than any of the other students in his class. = He is the tallest students in his class. 【小试牛刀】

1. It is not so______________ (beautiful) as the one back home. 2. Li Lin is not as______________ (active)as he used to be.

3. The air pollution is much______________ (serious)in our city than in theirs.

4. This is one of the______________(delicious)dishes in this restaurant. 5. Judy got the______________(many)new ideas of all the students here . Keys: 1、beautiful 2、active 3、more serious 4、the most delicious 5、

the most

（三）易错点讲解

命题角度1 形容词、副词的位置以及易混淆的形容词的用法 典型例题

1.( 典型例题 ) This __ girls are Linda’s cousin.

A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish [考场错解] D

[专家把脉] 本题考查考生多个形容词作定语时的位置关系。参见下文的规律总结。

[对症下药] A

2.(典型例题) to take adventure course will certainly learn a lot useful skills.

A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave [考场错解] A

[专家把脉] 考生本题容易出错的地方是:通常单个形容词作定语要前置，所以常常误选丸英语中有些形容词作定语时要后置，如:大多数以字母a开头的形容词；形容词修饰不定代词时等。本题中，enough作副词修饰形容词或副词通常要后置。又因为students作句子的主语，要放在句子的开头，修饰它的形容词放在其后。故答案为C。 [对症下药] C

3.(典型例题 ) students are required to take part in the boat race. A. Ten strong young Chinese B. Ten Chinese strong young C. Chinese ten young strong D. Young strong ten Chinese [考场错解] B

[专家把脉] 本题容易受汉语习惯的影响从而导致误选。解答的关键是弄懂其排列顺序问题。可参见下文的“规律总结”。 [对症下药] A 总结：

1.英语中某些副词短语的意义和用法很重要。 这类短语常见的还有: more than， no more than， too much， much too， by far， more than， more… than， no less than， not less than 等，在平常练习中要加以注意。 2.意义相近的形容词和副词的用法要加以注意: hard， hardly; deep， deeply; high， highly; dead，deadly; most， mostly; fair， fairly; quite， fairly， rather; almost， nearly; such 等。

3.多个形容词同时一个名词时，多用下列顺序:性质+大小+形状+新旧+颜色，有时也要看与名词的密切关系，越密切越靠近名词。多个词同时作前置定语时的一般排列规律是:代词性定语+冠词／指／物主／所有格+数词(先序后基)+形容词+国籍／材料／用途形容词或名词或动名词+被修饰的名词。例如:a charming small round old brown French oak writing table. 训练：

1 Excuse me, but can I borrow your pencil- box?

A. blue cheap plastic B. cheap blue plastic C. plastic blue

cheap D. plastic cheap blue 答案: B

解析:最近的是材料，最远的是一般性描绘形容词cheap。

2 Mr. Evans is wise than smart. Few people can solve such a problem.

A. no less B. no more C. less D. more 答案: D

解析:more…than…与其说……不如说……。

3 Whoever has sense knows that smoking is harmftd to people’s health.

A. normal B. general C. ordinary D. common 答案: D

解析:根据语境，“拥有一般常识的人”，用common 来表示“普通的，平常的”。 命题角度2 形容词、副词的比较级结构；形容词、副词前面使用冠词的情况以及倍数的表达方法 典型例题

1.(典型例题)David has won the first prize in singing; he is still very excited now and feels __ desire to go to bed.

A. the most B. more C. worse D. the least [考场错解] A或C

[专家把脉] 解答本题首先要理解语境。David刚刚获奖，还很兴奋，那么睡觉的欲望当然是很少了。the least表示“最少的”的意思。 [对症下药] D

2.(典型例题) Mary kept weighing herself to see how much__ she was getting.

A. heavier B. heavy C. the heavier D. the heaviest

[考场错解] B

[专家把脉] 本题最容易出错的地方是考生难以理解句意中暗含的比较，常常会误选D.囚此，读懂题干是关键。在此基础上就不难理解玛丽所做的目的是“看看 (比以前)重了多少”。 [对症下药] A

3.(典型例题) The house rent is expensive. I’ve got about half the space I had at home and I paying here.

A. as three times much B. as much three times C. much as three times D. three times as much [考场错解] A

[专家把脉] 在表达倍数时，比较级的修饰词要放在 as...as结构之前。同时本题又是一个省略句，这都是错误的根源。具体用法参见下文的“规律总结”。 [对症下药] D 总结：

1.形容词和副词比较级和最高级前的冠词用法:形容词最高级前须加the，副词最高级前都可以。做表语的形容词前如果没有比较范围和比较对象也可省去the，比较级在特指意义时须加the，泛指时可数单数须加a／an.Most + 原级

形容词的结构中，前面用不定冠词a，an或无冠词时，并非是最高级意思，most意思为“very(非常)”。

2.形容词比较级的倍数表达方式:比较级修饰词+ as + adj.／adV.十as和比较级修饰词+ as + many／much+ n.+ as.在“as...as”结构中，第一个as是副词，修饰形容词或副词，强调程度。当某些副词如so,as,too,how等用来修饰名词前的形容词时；不定冠词放在该形容词之后，名词之前。后一个as引导比较状语从句。表示倍数的三个句 型是:

(1)… times as + 形容词原级 + as…例如:

This table is three times as big as that one. (2)… times +性质名词 + of … 例如:

This table is three times bigger than that one.

3.比较级前可以用 even, still,a bit /little,much, a lot, far, by far, no, any等修饰，表示程度。最高级前可以有序数词，by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not really ,not quite, nothing like等来修饰。例如: —Is your father any better? 你父亲好些了吗？ —Yes,much better.是的，好多了。

I’d like to buy the second most expensive laptop.

4.形容词副词比较的对象应该相同但不能相互包容。常用以下结构形式:

比较级 + than +any other + 单数名词；比较级 + than + anyone else；比较级 + than +any of the other +复数名词。 例如:

China is larger than any other country in Asia /all the other countries in Asia.

The weather here is colder than that of Huanggang.

The computers made in our factory are better than those in your factory, 训练

1 You’d better go and buy some tomatoes for the dinner party, for you see, there are _ _ tomatoes left in the basket than I imagined.

A. far more B. far fewer C. many more D. many fewer 答案: B

解析:far修饰比较级。

2 — Are you satisfied with his work? — Well, I’m afraid it couldn’t be __ .

A. any better B. the best C. any worse D. the worst 答案: C

解析:否定词和比较级连用相当于最高级。

3 Exercise is _ _ any other to lose unwanted weight.

A. so useful a way B. as a useful way C. as useful a way D. such a useful way 答案: C

二、反身代词

（一）反身代词用法讲解 1、反身代词的构成

反身代词又称自身代词，有人称和数的变化。其中，第一、二人称的反身代词

由“形容词性物主代词 + 后缀-self（单数）/ - selves（复数）”构成，第三人称的反身代词由“人称代词的宾格 + 后缀-self（单数）/ - selves（复数）”构成。 【家庭成员】 2、反身人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 myself yourself himself herself itself 代词的用法 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves ① She called herself Xiao Zhang. 她自称小张。 ② We can look after ourselves well. 我们会照顾好自己的。 ③ The poor boy in the story is myself. 故事里的那个可怜的男孩就是我自己 ④ They finished the work themselves. 他们独自完成了工作。 ⑤ Did you see Mr. Wang himself? 你见过 王先生本人吗？ 【规律总结】 反身代词可以作动词或介词的宾语，如例句①②；可以作表语，如例句③；可以作主语或宾语的同位语，用于加强语气，意为“亲自，本人”，如例句④⑤。 ★一些常用的固定搭配 look after oneself / take care of oneself 照顾自己 teach oneself sth. / learn sth. by oneself 自学 enjoy oneself 玩得高兴，过得愉快 help oneself to sth. 请自用……（随便吃/喝些……） hurt oneself摔伤自己 say to oneself 自言自语 （二）易错点讲解 ① 反身代词不能单独做主语，但可以做主语的同位语，起强调作用。例如： 我自己能完成作业。（误）Myself can finish my homework. （正）I myself can finish my homework. ② 反身代词表示“某人自己”，不能表示“某人自己的东西”，因为它没有所有格的形式。表达“某人自己的（东西）”时，须要用one’s own. 例如： 我用我自己的蜡笔画画。（误）I’m drawing with myself crayons. （正）I’m drawing with my own crayons. 【趁热打铁】用合适的反身代词填空。 1. Danny, can you do it by __________? 2. Lily is old enough to look after ________ now. 3. Please help _________ to the food, Jenny and Brian. 4. They are enjoying ___________ in the park now. 5. I want to go shopping. I want to buy _________ a T-shirt. Keys:1. yourself 2. herself 3. yourselves 4. themselves 5. myself 三、祈使句 （一）祈使句用法讲解 祈使句指的是表示命令、请求、建议或劝告的句子。其主语you常省略，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号或句号，读降调。 1. 肯定的祈使句 （1）动词原形+其他

由“形容词性物主代词 + 后缀-self（单数）/ - selves（复数）”构成，第三人称的反身代词由“人称代词的宾格 + 后缀-self（单数）/ - selves（复数）”构成。 【家庭成员】 2、反身人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 myself yourself himself herself itself 代词的用法 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves ① She called herself Xiao Zhang. 她自称小张。 ② We can look after ourselves well. 我们会照顾好自己的。 ③ The poor boy in the story is myself. 故事里的那个可怜的男孩就是我自己 ④ They finished the work themselves. 他们独自完成了工作。 ⑤ Did you see Mr. Wang himself? 你见过 王先生本人吗？ 【规律总结】 反身代词可以作动词或介词的宾语，如例句①②；可以作表语，如例句③；可以作主语或宾语的同位语，用于加强语气，意为“亲自，本人”，如例句④⑤。 ★一些常用的固定搭配 look after oneself / take care of oneself 照顾自己 teach oneself sth. / learn sth. by oneself 自学 enjoy oneself 玩得高兴，过得愉快 help oneself to sth. 请自用……（随便吃/喝些……） hurt oneself摔伤自己 say to oneself 自言自语 （二）易错点讲解 ① 反身代词不能单独做主语，但可以做主语的同位语，起强调作用。例如： 我自己能完成作业。（误）Myself can finish my homework. （正）I myself can finish my homework. ② 反身代词表示“某人自己”，不能表示“某人自己的东西”，因为它没有所有格的形式。表达“某人自己的（东西）”时，须要用one’s own. 例如： 我用我自己的蜡笔画画。（误）I’m drawing with myself crayons. （正）I’m drawing with my own crayons. 【趁热打铁】用合适的反身代词填空。 1. Danny, can you do it by __________? 2. Lily is old enough to look after ________ now. 3. Please help _________ to the food, Jenny and Brian. 4. They are enjoying ___________ in the park now. 5. I want to go shopping. I want to buy _________ a T-shirt. Keys:1. yourself 2. herself 3. yourselves 4. themselves 5. myself 三、祈使句 （一）祈使句用法讲解 祈使句指的是表示命令、请求、建议或劝告的句子。其主语you常省略，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号或句号，读降调。 1. 肯定的祈使句 （1）动词原形+其他

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